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Carpathian nouns: Difference between revisions
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|''deĩwū'' | |''deĩwū'' | ||
|''àzerai'' | |''àzerai'' | ||
|'' | |''deĩwōnas'' | ||
|''azerā̃'' | |''azerā̃'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|''azerā̃'' | |''azerā̃'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
===''ā''-stem nouns === | ===''ā''-stem nouns === | ||
The "ā"-stem nouns are feminine. An example of this class is ''rasā'' “dew”. The Western dialects have tone-2 in the M-type nouns, while the Eastern dialects keep the original tone-1 (Western ''rasā̃'' Eastern ''rasā́''). Tone-1 was analogically eliminated from the M-paradigm in most Western Carpathian dialects, being replaced by circumflex, thus being restricted to the AS-type exclusively. | The "ā"-stem nouns are feminine. An example of this class is ''rasā'' “dew”. The Western dialects have tone-2 in the M-type nouns, while the Eastern dialects keep the original tone-1 (Western ''rasā̃'' Eastern ''rasā́''). Tone-1 was analogically eliminated from the M-paradigm in most Western Carpathian dialects, being replaced by circumflex, thus being restricted to the AS-type exclusively. | ||
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|''rasā́n'' | |''rasā́n'' | ||
|''rasā́mā'' | |''rasā́mā'' | ||
|'' | |''rasā́mīs'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Locative | !Locative | ||
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|''ànglī'' | |''ànglī'' | ||
|''màrī'' | |''màrī'' | ||
|'' | |''àngilins'' | ||
|''màrī'' | |''màrī'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|''lèdū'' | |''lèdū'' | ||
|''mèdwī'' | |''mèdwī'' | ||
|'' | |''lèdawis'' | ||
|''mèdū'' | |''mèdū'' | ||
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|''lèdū'' | |''lèdū'' | ||
|''mèdwī'' | |''mèdwī'' | ||
|'' | |''lèduns'' | ||
|''mèdū'' | |''mèdū'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|''mèdū'' | |''mèdū'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
===''ī''-stem nouns === | ===''ī''-stem nouns === | ||
The "ī"-stem nouns are feminine. An example of this class is ''martī'' “married woman”. The "ī"-class consist of primarily deadjectival nouns of state or condition, as well as some old feminine noun forms, such as the example noun, as well as the Slavic borrowing ''pānī'' (from Polish ''pani'' “Mrs”). The last root consonant is palatalised in oblique cases, unless the consonant is labial or glottal. | The "ī"-stem nouns are feminine. An example of this class is ''martī'' “married woman”. The "ī"-class consist of primarily deadjectival nouns of state or condition, as well as some old feminine noun forms, such as the example noun, as well as the Slavic borrowing ''pānī'' (from Polish ''pani'' “Mrs”). The last root consonant is palatalised in oblique cases, unless the consonant is labial or glottal. | ||
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|''màrtīs'' | |''màrtīs'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
===''ū''-stem nouns=== | ===''ū''-stem nouns=== | ||
The "ū"-stem nouns are feminine. An example of this class is ''burū'' “eyebrow”. The class consist of mostly abstract nouns, derived from adjectives or verbal nouns, as well as old inanimate nouns, such as ''lakū'' “lake”. Most of these nouns became ''is''-stem in modern Carpathian (Western Carpathian ''lokwis'' “pond”). | The "ū"-stem nouns are feminine. An example of this class is ''burū'' “eyebrow”. The class consist of mostly abstract nouns, derived from adjectives or verbal nouns, as well as old inanimate nouns, such as ''lakū'' “lake”. Most of these nouns became ''is''-stem in modern Carpathian (Western Carpathian ''lokwis'' “pond”). | ||
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|''bùrwin'' | |''bùrwin'' | ||
|''bùrū'' | |''bùrū'' | ||
|'' | |''bùrwins'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Instrumental | !Instrumental | ||
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|''dùkterī'' | |''dùkterī'' | ||
|''ìmmenī'' | |''ìmmenī'' | ||
|''- | |''-eCins'' | ||
|'' | |''dùkterins'' | ||
|''immenā̃'' | |''immenā̃'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|} | |} | ||
*The letter '''C''' in the table above represents a consonant that defines the subclass: ''n'', ''nt'', ''s'' or ''r''. | *The letter '''C''' in the table above represents a consonant that defines the subclass: ''n'', ''nt'', ''s'' or ''r''. | ||
==Possession== | ==Possession== | ||
The category of [[w:Possession (linguistics)|possession]] is indicated with possessive [[w:Possessive affix|affixes]]. The number of possessors and their person can be distinguished in both suffixes and prefixes. The prefixes are used with nouns that have no other prefixes attached, while in case, when a noun has at least one prefix, suffixes are used instead, for example: '''''mi'''damas'' “my house”, ''pasatiā'''ti''''' “your story”. Just as pronouns, the possessive suffixes distinguish between the more salient and the less salient argument of a sentence, also called [[w:Obviative|fourth person]]. For instance both '' | The category of [[w:Possession (linguistics)|possession]] is indicated with possessive [[w:Possessive affix|affixes]]. The number of possessors and their person can be distinguished in both suffixes and prefixes. The prefixes are used with nouns that have no other prefixes attached, while in case, when a noun has at least one prefix, suffixes are used instead, for example: '''''mi'''damas'' “my house”, ''pasatiā'''ti''''' “your story”. Just as pronouns, the possessive suffixes distinguish between the more salient and the less salient argument of a sentence, also called [[w:Obviative|fourth person]]. For instance both ''“widēji māterinsi” and “widēji māterinii”'' mean “he/she saw their mother”, but in the first sentence the person saw their own mother, while in the second sentence the person saw someone else’s mother. The sentence ''Martā Marijai atandōdesa paislanna'' “Martha gave Mary her pen” is not ambiguous in Carpathian (the ''-na'' suffix indicates, that it was Maria’s pen, not Martha’s). All Carpathian possessive affixes are represented in the table below: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural | ! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1st person || ''mi-'' || ''nō-'' || ''na-'' || ''-mi'' || ''- | | 1st person || ''mi-'' || ''nō-'' || ''na-'' || ''-mi'' || ''-nū'' || ''-nas'' || my, our | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2nd person || ''ti-'' || ''wō-'' || ''wa-'' || ''-ti'' || ''- | | 2nd person || ''ti-'' || ''wō-'' || ''wa-'' || ''-ti'' || ''-(j)ū'' || ''-was'' || your | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3rd person<br>Animate || ''ji(s)-''|| ''jī(s)-'' || ''ei(s)- || ''-(j)i''|| ''-(j)ī'' || ''-(j)eis'' || their (proximate) | | 3rd person<br>Animate || ''ji(s)-''|| ''jī(s)-'' || ''ei(s)- || ''-(j)i''|| ''-(j)ī'' || ''-(j)eis'' || their (proximate) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3rd person<br>Inanimate || '' | | 3rd person<br>Inanimate || ''ši(s)-'' || ''šī(s)-'' || ''šai(s)-'' || ''-ši'' || ''-šī'' || ''-šei'' || its (proximate) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3rd person<br>Animate || ''an-'' || ''nō-'' || ''nai-'' || ''-na'' || ''-nī'' || ''-nais'' || their (obviate) | | 3rd person<br>Animate || ''an-'' || ''nō-'' || ''nai-'' || ''-na'' || ''-nī'' || ''-nais'' || their (obviate) | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Certain case endings change their form, when used with possessive suffixes: ''samsēd'''ū''''' “two neighbours” and ''samsēd'''ū'''''n “of neighbours”, but ''samsēd'''ō'''jī'' “their two neighbours” and ''samsēd'''ō'''nī'' “of their neighbours”. | |||
[[Category:Carpathian]] | [[Category:Carpathian]] | ||