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Carpathian nouns: Difference between revisions
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*'''M''' (mobile) – the pitch (tone-2 or tone-3) alternates between final and non-final (usually initial) position. | *'''M''' (mobile) – the pitch (tone-2 or tone-3) alternates between final and non-final (usually initial) position. | ||
==Classes== | ==Classes== | ||
There are seven main stem classes in Carpathian, being defined by their specific case endings: ''a''-stem, ''u''-stem, ''i''-stem ''ā''-stem, ''ī''-stem, ''ū''-stem, and consonant-stem, the latter consisting of several subclasses. The following tables are examples of Carpathian noun-class paradigms. The example words belong to the M-paradigm, because the pitch pattern of the other two paradigms is predictable. | There are seven main stem classes in Carpathian, being defined by their specific case endings: ''a''-stem, ''u''-stem, ''i''-stem ''ā''-stem, ''ī''-stem, ''ū''-stem, and consonant-stem, the latter consisting of several subclasses. The following tables are examples of Eastern Carpathian noun-class paradigms, Western Carpathian has the same noun classes, so for the sake of brevity only the Eastern forms are shown. The example words belong to the M-paradigm, because the pitch pattern of the other two paradigms is predictable. | ||
===''a''-stem nouns === | |||
There are two subclasses: masculine "as"-nouns (''deiwas'' “god”) and neuter "a"-nouns (''àzera'' “lake”). In some dialects the nominative singular of the "as"-nouns is stressed, e.g. ''deiwàs'' instead of standard ''deĩwas'', the latter being an innovation. In dialects the dative singular and the instrumental plural have the "ui"-diphthong instead of standard ''ai'': ''deiwúi'' and ''deiwúis'' respectively. This is common for both Western and Eastern dialects and predate the original split. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Grammatical case|Case]] | |||
! colspan="2" |[[w:Grammatical number|Singular]] | |||
! colspan="2" |[[w:Dual (grammatical number)|Dual]] | |||
! colspan="2" |[[w:Plural|Plural]] | |||
|- | |||
![[w:Grammatical gender|Masculine]] | |||
![[w:Grammatical gender|Neuter]] | |||
!Masculine | |||
!Neuter | |||
!Masculine | |||
!Neuter | |||
|- | |||
![[w:Nominative case|Nominative]] | |||
|''deĩwas'' | |||
|''àzera'' | |||
|''deĩwū'' | |||
|''àzerai'' | |||
|''deĩwai'' | |||
|''azerā̃'' | |||
|- | |||
![[w:Genitive case|Genitive]] | |||
|''deĩwā'' | |||
|''àzerā'' | |||
|''deiwáu'' | |||
|''azeráu'' | |||
|''deiwū̃n'' | |||
|''azerū̃n'' | |||
|- | |||
![[w:Dative case|Dative]] | |||
|''deiwái'' | |||
|''azerái'' | |||
|''deiwamā̃'' | |||
|''azeramā̃'' | |||
|''deiwàmas'' | |||
|''azeràmas'' | |||
|- | |||
![[w:Accusative case|Accusative]] | |||
|''deĩwun'' | |||
|''àzerun'' | |||
|''deĩwū'' | |||
|''àzerai'' | |||
|''deĩwōn'' | |||
|''azerā̃'' | |||
|- | |||
![[w:Instrumental case|Instrumental]] | |||
|''deĩwū'' | |||
|''àzerū'' | |||
|''deiwamā̃'' | |||
|''azeramā̃'' | |||
|''deiwáis'' | |||
|''azeráis'' | |||
|- | |||
![[w:Locative case|Locative]] | |||
|''deĩwai'' | |||
|''àzerai'' | |||
|''deiwáu'' | |||
|''azeráu'' | |||
|''deiwáišu'' | |||
|''azeráišu'' | |||
|- | |||
![[w:Vocative case|Vocative]] | |||
|''deĩwe'' | |||
|''àzera'' | |||
|''deĩwū'' | |||
|''àzerai'' | |||
|''deiwaĩ'' | |||
|''azerā̃'' | |||
|} | |||
===''ā''-stem nouns === | |||
The "ā"-stem nouns are feminine. An example of this class is ''rasā'' “dew”. The Western dialects have tone-2 in the M-type nouns, while the Eastern dialects keep the original tone-1 (Western ''rasā̃'' Eastern ''rasā́''). Tone-1 was analogically eliminated from the M-paradigm in most Western Carpathian dialects, being replaced by circumflex, thus being restricted to the AS-type exclusively. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! rowspan="2" |Case | |||
! Singular | |||
! Dual | |||
! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!colspan = "3"|[[w:Grammatical gender|Feminine]] | |||
|- | |||
!Nominative | |||
|''rasā́'' | |||
|''ràsāi'' | |||
|''ràsās'' | |||
|- | |||
!Genitive | |||
|''rasā̃s'' | |||
|''rasáus'' | |||
|''rasū̃n'' | |||
|- | |||
!Dative | |||
|''rasái'' | |||
|''rasā́mā'' | |||
|''rasā́mas'' | |||
|- | |||
!Accusative | |||
|''ràsān'' | |||
|''rasái'' | |||
|''ràsānas'' | |||
|- | |||
!Instrumental | |||
|''rasā́n'' | |||
|''rasā́mā'' | |||
|''rasámīs'' | |||
|- | |||
!Locative | |||
|''rasái'' | |||
|''rasáus'' | |||
|''rasā́su'' | |||
|- | |||
!Vocative | |||
|''ràsa'' | |||
|''rasái'' | |||
|''rasás'' | |||
|} | |||
==== *''i''-stem nouns ==== | |||
There are two subclasses: common "is"-stem (''angilis'' “coal”), and neuter "i"-stem (''mari'' “sea”). The "i"-stem class consists of a few words and is obsolete in most dialects, being replaced by either "a"-stem (''maria'') or "is"-stem (''maris''). | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! rowspan="2" |Case | |||
! colspan="3" |Singular | |||
! colspan="3" |Dual | |||
! colspan="3" |Plural | |||
|- | |||
!Common | |||
!Neuter | |||
!Common | |||
!Neuter | |||
!Common | |||
!Neuter | |||
|- | |||
!Nominative | |||
|''angilìs'' | |||
|''marì'' | |||
|''ànglī'' | |||
|''màrī'' | |||
|''àngiliīs'' | |||
|''màriī'' | |||
|- | |||
!Genitive | |||
|''angiléis'' | |||
|''maréis'' | |||
|''angiliáu'' | |||
|''mariáu'' | |||
|''angiliū̃n'' | |||
|''mariū̃n'' | |||
|- | |||
!Dative | |||
|''àngilei'' | |||
|''màrei'' | |||
|''angilimā̃'' | |||
|''marimā̃'' | |||
|''angilìmas'' | |||
|''marìmas'' | |||
|- | |||
!Accusative | |||
|''àngilin'' | |||
|''màrin'' | |||
|''ànglī'' | |||
|''màrī'' | |||
|''àngilinis'' | |||
|''màrī'' | |||
|- | |||
!Instrumental | |||
|''angilimì'' | |||
|''marimì'' | |||
|''angilimā̃'' | |||
|''marimā̃'' | |||
|''angilìmīs'' | |||
|''*marìmīs'' | |||
|- | |||
!Locative | |||
|''angiléi'' | |||
|''maréi'' | |||
|''angiliáu'' | |||
|''mariáu'' | |||
|''angilišù'' | |||
|''marišù'' | |||
|- | |||
!Vocative | |||
|''ànglei'' | |||
|''màri'' | |||
|''ànglī'' | |||
|''màrī'' | |||
|''àngiliīs'' | |||
|''màriī'' | |||
|} | |||
[[Category:Carpathian]] | [[Category:Carpathian]] | ||