2,334
edits
Carpathian verbs: Difference between revisions
→Participles
m (→Participles) |
|||
| Line 1,060: | Line 1,060: | ||
One of the main functions of active participles is to describe a characteristic of a noun related to some ongoing, past or future action in which the said noun is the agent: ''paustīs perelektunīs'' “migrating birds”, ''wadījas nepatairānas'' “inexperienced driver”. Only imperfective, perfective and future participles can fulfill this function. Another function of active participles is to describe an action performed by the sentence subject before the main action: ''Akunan '''atihwerwā''', meriā dangānas pagiledēsā''. – “'''Having opened''' the window, the girl looked at the clouds”. | One of the main functions of active participles is to describe a characteristic of a noun related to some ongoing, past or future action in which the said noun is the agent: ''paustīs perelektunīs'' “migrating birds”, ''wadījas nepatairānas'' “inexperienced driver”. Only imperfective, perfective and future participles can fulfill this function. Another function of active participles is to describe an action performed by the sentence subject before the main action: ''Akunan '''atihwerwā''', meriā dangānas pagiledēsā''. – “'''Having opened''' the window, the girl looked at the clouds”. | ||
Just as adjectives, participles decline for gender, case and number of the noun they modify, except for the dative absolute construction. Participles can be conjugated for person in the same way as inactive verbs by taking pronominal suffixes. The table below represents all possible participle forms of the verb ''skeistei'' “to read”, the pronominal forms having the third person singular suffix ''-is''. | |||
:{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 rowspan=3 | | |||
! colspan=4| Simple | |||
! colspan=4| Pronominal | |||
|- | |||
! <small>masculine</small> | |||
! <small>neuter</small> | |||
! <small>feminine</small> | |||
! <small>common</small> | |||
! <small>masculine</small> | |||
! <small>neuter</small> | |||
! <small>feminine</small> | |||
! <small>common</small> | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=8| Active | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3| Imperfective | |||
! <small>sg</small> | |||
| skitañs || skitañ || skiteñtī || skiteñtis || skitañsis || skitànis || skiteñtihis || skiteñtisis | |||
|- | |||
! <small>du</small> | |||
| skitañte || colspan=3| skitañtī || skitañtejī || colspan=3| skitañtīhī | |||
|- | |||
! <small>pl</small> | |||
| skitañtis || skitán || colspan=2| skiteñtīs || skitañtisis || skitáinis || colspan=2| skiteñtīhis | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3| Aorist | |||
! <small>sg</small> | |||
| skaitàwas || skaitàwan || skaitàwī || skaitàwis | skaitàwasis || skaitàwanis || skaitàwihis || skaitàwisis | |||
|- | |||
! <small>du</small> | |||
| skaĩtawe || colspan=3| skaĩtawī || skaĩtawejis || colspan=3| skaĩtawīhis | |||
|- | |||
! <small>pl</small> | |||
| skaĩtawis || skaitawā̃ || colspan=2| skaĩtawīs || skaĩtawisis || skaitawànis || colspan=2| skaĩtawīsis | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3| Perfect | |||
! <small>sg</small> | |||
| skitùs || skituñ || skitwī́ || skitwìs || skitùsis || skitùnis || skitwìhis || skitwìsis | |||
|- | |||
! <small>du</small> | |||
| colspan=4| skitàwī || colspan=4| skitàwīhis | |||
|- | |||
! <small>pl</small> | |||
| colspan=2| skitū́s || colspan=2| skitwī́s || colspan=2| skitū́sis || colspan=2| skitwī́sis | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3| Desiderative | |||
! <small>sg</small> | |||
| skitasiañs || skitasiañ || skitasiañtī || skitasiñtis || skitasiañsis || skitasiànis || skitasiañtihis || skitasiñtisis | |||
|- | |||
! <small>du</small> | |||
| skitasiañte || colspan=3| skitasiñtī || skitasiañtejī || colspan=3| skitasiñtīhī | |||
|- | |||
! <small>pl</small> | |||
| skitasiañtis || skitasián || colspan=2| skitasiñtīs || skitasiañtisis || skitasiáinis || colspan=2| skitasiñtīhis | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3| Resultative | |||
! <small>sg</small> | |||
| skillùs || skilluñ || skillī́ || skillìs || skillùsis || skillùnis || skillìhis || skillìsis | |||
|- | |||
! <small>du</small> | |||
| colspan=4| skitèlī || colspan=4| skitèlīhis | |||
|- | |||
! <small>pl</small> | |||
| colspan=2| skillū́s || colspan=2| skillī́s || colspan=2| skillū́sis || colspan=2| skillī́sis | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
Passive participles mainly denote actions that have impact upon nouns they describe: ''skaunas kuramas'' “a house that is being built”, ''haiskas histas'' – “a question that has been asked”. | Passive participles mainly denote actions that have impact upon nouns they describe: ''skaunas kuramas'' “a house that is being built”, ''haiskas histas'' – “a question that has been asked”. | ||