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Carpathian verbs (view source)

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| ''-e''
| ''-e''
| ''-ei''
| ''-ei''
| ''-e''
| ''-i''
| ''-(j)ē''
| ''-(j)ē''
| ''-(j)ai''
| ''-(j)ai''
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==Conjugation==
==Conjugation==
The following conjugations of verbs exist in the present tense: athematic, simple thematic ("e"-stem verbs) and suffixed ("ī"-stem, "ē"-stem, and "ā"-stem verbs, as well as derived "jā"-stem, "ej"-verbs, "au"-stem, "nō"-stem among others). The future tense is formed using the ''si-'' suffix attached to the infinitive stem. The aorist tense has "ā"- and "ē"-stems. With a few exceptions, all verb endings were at some point of Carpathian history influenced by the ending of the present tense.
The following conjugations of verbs exist in the present tense: athematic, simple thematic ("e"-stem verbs) and suffixed ("ī"-stem, "ē"-stem, and "ā"-stem verbs, as well as derived "jā"-stem, "ej"-verbs, "au"-stem, "nō"-stem among others). The future tense is formed using the ''si-'' suffix attached to the infinitive stem. The aorist tense has "ā"- and "ē"-stems. With a few exceptions, all verb endings were at some point of Carpathian history influenced by the ending of the present tense.  
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+[[w:Present tense|Present]]
|+[[w:Present tense|Present]]
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|''stèrhe''
|''stèrhe''
|''tùrie''
|''tùrie''
|''gidā́''
|''gidā́he''
|''zirhḗje''
|''zirhḗje''
|-
|-
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|''stèrhe''
|''stèrhe''
|''turḗ''
|''turḗ''
|''gidā́s''
|''gidā́se''
|''zirhḗje''
|''zirhḗ''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[w:Dual (grammatical number)|Dual]]
! rowspan="3" |[[w:Dual (grammatical number)|Dual]]
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|''turēwā́''
|''turēwā́''
|''gidāsawā́''
|''gidāsawā́''
|''zirhējawā́''
|''zirhēwā́''
|-
|-
![[w:Second person plural|2nd du]]
![[w:Second person plural|2nd du]]
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|''turētā́''
|''turētā́''
|''gidāsatā́''
|''gidāsatā́''
|''zirhējatā́''
|''zirhētā́''
|-
|-
![[w:Third person plural|3rd du]]
![[w:Third person plural|3rd du]]
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|''turētìs''
|''turētìs''
|''gidāsatìs''
|''gidāsatìs''
|''zirhējatìs''
|''zirhētìs''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[w:Plural|Plural]]
! rowspan="3" |[[w:Plural|Plural]]
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|''turēmè''
|''turēmè''
|''gidāsamè''
|''gidāsamè''
|''zirhējamè''
|''zirhēmè''
|-
|-
![[w:Second person plural|2nd pl]]
![[w:Second person plural|2nd pl]]
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|''turētè''
|''turētè''
|''gidāsatè''
|''gidāsatè''
|''zirhējatè''
|''zirhētè''
|-
|-
![[w:Third person plural|3rd pl]]
![[w:Third person plural|3rd pl]]
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|''zirhējañ''
|''zirhējañ''
|}
|}
The verb ''gidā́tei'' “to wait” has sigmatic aorist, while all other verbs from the example above have root aorist. The difference is the addition of the suffix ''-s'' with the lengthening of the previous vowel: ''kurtéi'' “to build”, ''degetéi'' “to burn” — ''kūr̃'''š'''anta'' “I built it”, ''dē'''š'''anta'' “I burnt it” (sigmatic aorist); but ''tirimtéi'' “to shiver” — ''tirìmun'' “I shivered” (root aorist).
The verb ''gidā́tei'' “to wait” has sigmatic aorist, while all other verbs from the example above have root aorist. The difference is the addition of the suffix ''-s'' with the lengthening of the previous vowel: ''kurtéi'' “to build”, ''degetéi'' “to burn” — ''kúr'''š'''anta'' “I built it”, ''dē'''š'''anta'' “I burnt it” (sigmatic aorist); but ''tirimtéi'' “to shiver” — ''tirìmun'' “I shivered” (root aorist).


Some irregular "e"-stem verbs have zero-grade ablaut in their root, usually those belonging to PIE bhárati-verbs: ''b'''è'''rōsa'' “I’m picking it up” — ''b'''i'''rā́hansa'' “I picked it up”, but ''g'''i'''dā́hū'' “I’m waiting” — ''g'''i'''dā́sun'' “I waited”.
Some irregular "e"-stem verbs have zero-grade ablaut in their root, usually those belonging to PIE bhárati-verbs: ''b'''è'''rōsa'' “I’m picking it up” — ''b'''i'''rā́hansa'' “I picked it up”, but ''g'''i'''dā́hū'' “I’m waiting” — ''g'''i'''dā́sun'' “I waited”.
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![[w:First person singular|1st sg]]
![[w:First person singular|1st sg]]
|''skéitun''
|''skéitun''
|''stirhaũn''
|''stirhán''
|''turiáun''
|''turián''
|''gidiáun''
|''gidián''
|''zirhḗjaun''
|''zirhḗjan''
|-
|-
![[w:Second person singular|2nd sg]]
![[w:Second person singular|2nd sg]]
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|''zirhḗsianti''
|''zirhḗsianti''
|}
|}
The future tense in  Carpathian still retains its connection to the [[w:Desiderative mood|desiderative]] aspect, from which it originated. In fact, it is more accurate to translate Carpathian verbs in future tense with a phrase “wanting to do something”, for example: ''skeisiū'' “I’d like to read” or “I want to read”, which implies the speaker’s own volition or intent to do it. Otherwise, optative form is preferred: ''skitiēn'' “I am to read”.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+[[w:Optative mood|Optative]]
|+[[w:Optative mood|Optative]]
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|}
|}
*Imperative has no first person forms. When necessary, optative forms are used.
*Imperative has no first person forms. When necessary, optative forms are used.
===Inactive verbs===
The category of inactive verbs convey the meaning of emotion and prolonged state belong to this class. There are two classes: autocausative and impersonal verbs. The common examples of [[w:Autocausative verb|autocausative]] verbs are ''supāteisin'' “to sleep”, ''dōmāteisin'' “to suppose”, ''wōjāteisin'' “to believe” and ''tinkāteisin'' “to suit, to be appropriate”. These verbs mark the subject with the dative instead of the nominative. The [[w:Impersonal verb|impersonal]] verbs are almost all denominative and take no arguments, the examples being ''snigetei'' “to snow”, ''zarētei'' “to dawn”, ''lītei''. Their conjugation is different from the active verbs in that the autocausative verbs only take object markers and impersonal verbs do not take any personal markers. The tenses are exactly the same, except the inactive verbs lack the imperative and have a separate subjunctive form, derived from the indicative of the PIE perfective verbs. Here is the example of the conjugation of some inactive verbs (the autocausative example is in the first person singular):
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="3" | Impersonal
! Autocausative
|-
! ''e''-stem verbs
! ''ē''-stem verbs
! ''j''-stem verbs
! ''ā''-stem verbs
|-
!''snigetéi'' “to snow”
!''zarḗtei'' “to dawn”
!''lī́tei'' “to rain”
!''supā́teisin'' “to sleep”
|-
! Present
|''sniñgi''
|''zarḗ''
|''lī́ji''
|''supéimisin''
|-
! Aorist
|''snìgā''
|''zàriā''
|''lìjā''
|''supā́misin''
|-
! Imperfect
|''snìgḗ''
|''zàriḗ''
|''lìjḗ''
|''supḗmisin''
|-
! Perfect
|''snìga''
|''zària''
|''lìja''
|''supā́jamisin''
|-
! Future
|''snìgis''
|''zarḗs''
|''lī́s''
|''supā́smisin''
|-
! Optative
|''snìgai''
|''zàriai''
|''lī́jai''
|''supā́jaimisin''
|-
! Subjunctive
|''snìge''
|''zàre''
|''lìje''
|''sùpemisin''
|-
|}
===Object markers===
One, two, three or, rarely, four grammatical persons can be indicated in a single Carpathian verb. The performer of an action is called the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]], and affected persons are [[w:Object (grammar)|objects]] (indirect or direct). The category of number (singular or plural) is also indicated. The [[w:Adjunct (grammar)|adjunct]] is not indicated.
Below is the table of object markers, used by both active and inactive verbs:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Direct Objects
|-
! rowspan=2 |
! rowspan=2 |[[w:Grammatical person|1st]]
! rowspan=2 |[[w:Grammatical person|2nd]]
! colspan=4 | [[w:Grammatical person|3rd]]
|-
! <small>animate proximate</small>
! <small>animate obviate</small>
! <small>inanimate proximate</small>
! <small>inanimate obviate</small>
|-
! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]]
| ''-mi''
| ''-ti''
| ''-(j)i''
| ''-ni''
| ''-sa''
| ''-ta''
|-
! [[w:Grammatical number|Dual]]
| ''-nū''
| ''-wū''
| ''-(j)ī''
| ''-nai''
| ''-sai''
| ''-tai''
|-
! [[w:Grammatical number|Plural]]
| ''-nas''
| ''-was''
| ''-is''
| ''-nan''
| ''-sā''
| ''-tā''
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Indirect Objects
|-
! rowspan=2 |
! rowspan=2 |[[w:Grammatical person|1st]]
! rowspan=2 |[[w:Grammatical person|2nd]]
! colspan=4 | [[w:Grammatical person|3rd]]
|-
! <small>animate proximate</small>
! <small>animate obviate</small>
! <small>inanimate proximate</small>
! <small>inanimate obviate</small>
|-
! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]]
| ''mei-''
| ''tei-''
| ''ei-''
| ''nai-''
| ''sai-''
| ''tai-''
|-
! [[w:Grammatical number|Dual]]
| ''nō-''
| ''wō-''
| ''ī-''
| ''nan-''
| ''san-''
| ''tan-''
|-
! [[w:Grammatical number|Plural]]
| ''in-''
| ''us-''
| ''īn-''
| ''nei-''
| ''sei-''
| ''tei-''
|-
|}
Inactive verbs only use direct object markers, while active verbs can use both: '''''ei'''dṓdan'''ta''''' “I gave it to him/her”. The first person subject endings change their quality, for example: ''turi'''ū'''-'' “I hold” and ''turēj'''u'''n-'' “I held” become ''turi'''ō'''sa'' “I’m holding it” and ''turēj'''a'''nsa'' “I held it”.
==Aspectual and deictic affixes==
Carpathian verbs form [[w:Lexical aspect|lexical aspect]] using various affixes, which make up systematic groups, based on the similarity in meaning. Essentially, there are three distinct groups of aspect affixes:
*Suffixes, which make imperfective ([[w:Continuous and progressive aspects|progressive]]) or [[w:Frequentative|frequentative]] verbs from simple perfective verbs: ''nestei'' “to carry” — ''nasītei'' “to be carrying”, ''nasiōtei'' “to carry often”.
*A suffix, which makes [[w:Inchoative aspect|inchoative]] verbs, from imperfective verbs: ''stahētei'' “to be standing” — “stanautei” “to step”.
*Prefixes, added to imperfective verbs to make perfective, [[w:Iterative aspect|iterative]] verbs: ''peistei'' “to write” — ''kirtātei'' “to write” — ''nōkirtātei'' “to write down”, ''pakirtātei'' “to write several times (iterative)”.
Carpathian also has a special class of motion verbs (e.g. ''bēgetei'' “run”, ''eitei'' “go”, ''nestei'' “carry”, ''westei'' “lead” etc), which are usually used with various prefixes to define the direction or duration of motion, thus creating two aspectual groups: one, expressing determinate action (motion towards or away from a place), and the other, expressing indeterminate action (motion back and forth or without a specified goal). These two groups form verb pairs, one perfective and one imperfective. for example the ''pernestei per hapān'' “to carry through a river (once)” — ''pernasītei'' “to be carrying through something (in general, more than once)”.
Unlike prefixes, which do not change the way a verb is conjugated, suffixed verbs form a separate conjugation class, which is characterised by the retention of a thematic vowel. Below is a table of all aspectual suffixes in Carpathian:
{| class="wikitable"
! Suffix
! 3sg Present
! Infinitive
! Examples
! Function
! Notes
|-
| ''-na''
| ''-ne''
| ''-natei''
| ''kun'''na'''tei'' “to throw”<br>''lim'''na'''tei “to get stuck”
| [[w:Inchoative aspect|Inchoative]], [[w:Momentane|momentaneous]]
| The plosive consonant, preceding this suffix, assimilates to "m" or "n".
|-
| ''-j''
| ''-je''
| ''-tei''
| ''mautei'' “to wash”<br/>''nautei'' “to yearn”
| Transitive imperfective Not productive.
| The infinitive stem ends in a long vowel, or a diphthong (usually only in dialects), while the present stem ends in a short vowel and "j".
|-
| ''-j''
| ''-ie''
| ''-tei''
| ''siltei'' “to send”<br/>''nautei'' “to yearn”
| [[w:Dynamic verb|fientive]] verbs.
| Sigmatic aorist. Palatalised final root consonant in the present.
|-
| ''-ēj''
| ''-ēje''
| ''-ētei''
| ''hauj'''ē'''tei'' “to be aware”<br/>''leg'''ē'''tei'' “to lie (be situated)”<br/>''bil'''ē'''tei'' “to be white”<br/>''dih'''ē'''tei'' “to think”
| [[w:Stative verb|Stative]] verbs, often continuous.
| Sigmatic aorist. [[w:Deadjectival verb|Deadjectival]] inactive verbs have zero-grade throughout their conjugation.
|-
| ''-ā''
| ''-āhe''
| ''-ātei''
| ''kēj'''ā'''tei'' “to observe”<br/>''taup'''ā'''tei'' “to stamp”<br/>''harb'''ā'''tei'' “to work”
| [[w:Denominal verb|Denominative]], [[w:Frequentative|frequentative]], [[w:Intensive word form|intensive]].
| Sigmatic or root aorist. The vowel "ā" is present throughout the conjugation.
|-
| ''-ō''
| ''-ōhe''
| ''-ōtei''
| ''wan'''ō'''tei'' “to become violet”<br/>
| [[w:Deadjectival verb|deadjectival]] inchoative verbs.
| Prothetic "-aw-" in aorist and imperfect, "h" in present and optative. The vowel "ō" is present throughout the conjugation.
|-
| ''-au''
| ''-auje''
| ''-autei''
| ''ōg'''au'''tei'' “to gather berries”<br/>''mīl'''au'''tei'' “to endear”
| [[w:Denominal verb|Denominative]] progressive verbs.
| The diphthong "-au-" becomes "-awā-" in the aorist.
|-
| ''-ī''
| ''-ī''
| ''-ītei''
| ''pars'''ī'''tei'' “to ask”<br/>''kail'''ī'''tei'' “to cure”<br/>''parg'''ī'''tei'' “to fry”
| [[w:Causative|Causative]].
| The vowel "-ī-" becomes "-ei", when final.
|-
| ''-jē''
| ''-iei''
| ''-ētei''
| ''milk'''ē'''tei'' “to be silent”<br/>''mud'''ē'''tei'' “to be weak”<br/>''girb'''ē'''tei'' “to have a need for something”
| Inactive imperfective denominal verbs.
| The vowel "-e-" becomes "-ei-", when final.
|-
|}
Other affixes, that are no longer productive, are the present nasal infix: ''legetei'' “to lie down” — ''li'''n'''gū'' “I lie down”; the "nau"-suffix: ''slūnautei'' “to be famous”, ''kurnautei'' “to prepare”.
Carpathian prefixes:
{| class="wikitable"
! Prefix
! Examples
! Approximate<br>meaning
! Notes
|-
| ''ar-''
| ''arkaltei'' “to break apart”
| “dis-”, “un-”.
|
|-
| ''at-''
| ''addōtei'' “to give back”
| “from”, “back”.
| Has a form ''ati-'' before consonants, assimilates to the next plosive.
|-
| ''ap-''
| ''apeitei'' “to walk around”
| “around”.
| Western Carpathian has ''ep-'' instead. Has a form ''api-'' before consonants.
|-
| ''da-''
| ''dajeitei'' “to go to”
| “towards”, “till”.
|
|-
| ''au-''
| ''aweitei'' “to walk between”
| “between”, “at”.
| Has a form ''aw-'' before vowels.
|-
| ''in-''
| ''ineitei'' “to enter”
| “in”, “into”.
|
|-
| ''is-''
| ''ineitei'' “to enter”
| “out of”.
| Western Carpathian has ''iš-'' instead.
|-
| ''ni-''
| ''nijeitei'' “to descend”
| “down”, “below”.
|
|-
| ''nō-''
| ''nōjeitei'' “to walk upwards”
| “up”, “over”.
|
|-
| ''pō-''
| ''pōmintei'' “to recall”, ''pōjeitei'' “to come later”
| “later”.
| Some Western dialects have ''pā-'' instead.
|-
| ''pa-''
| ''pamintei'' “to remember”, ''panestei'' “to carry away”
| “at”, “away”. Forms iterative, frequentative and semelfactive verbs.
| Has a form ''paj-'' before vowels
|-
| ''per-''
| ''perdōtei'' “to pass over”, ''pereitei'' “to cross”
| “over”, “re-”, “through”.
| Has a form ''pere-'' before a consonant cluster.
|-
| ''par-''
| ''pareitei'' “to walk along”
| “along”, “completely”.
| Has a form ''para-'' before a consonant cluster.
|-
| ''perei-''
| ''perijeitei'' “to approach”
| “by”, “next to”.
| Has a form ''perij-'' before vowels.
|-
| ''pirt-''
| ''pirtistātei'' “to contrast”
| “against”.
| Has a form ''pirti-'' before consonants.
|-
| ''ō-''
| ''ōjeitei'' “to almost reach”, ''ōsiausteisin'' “to be like a joke”
| “Afterwards”, “up to”. Forms collective abstract nouns.
| Has the form ''ōj-'' before vowels.
|-
| ''sam-''
| ''sameitei'' “to walk together”
| “together”.
| Has a form ''sama-'' before a consonant cluster.
|-
| ''su-''
| ''sumētei'' “to dare”
| “good”.
|
|-
| ''sun-''
| ''suntartei'' “to talk with someone”
| “with”, “alongside”.
|
|-
| ''uz-''
| ''uzimtei'' “to obtain”
| “at”, “onto”, “in return for”.
| Western Carpathian has ''už-'' instead. Becomes ''us-'' before voiceless consonants.
|-
| ''zō-''
| ''zōjeitei'' “to walk from behind”
| “behind”, “after”.
| Western Carpathian has ''žō-'' instead. Becomes ''zōj-'' before vowels
|-
|}
==Periphrastic formations==
The original Proto-Indo-European [[w:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive]] had fell out of use already by the Proto-Carpathian period, instead being replaced by the preterit form of ''būtei'' and the supine or the infinitive of the main verb, for example: ''būnta skeistei'' “I would be reading that”; ''būsta skeistun'' “(that) you read that” The subjunctive forms of the verb ''būtei'' (subject endings only) are as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|+[[w:Subjunctive mood|Subjunctive]]
|-
! rowspan=3 | [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]]
! [[w:Grammatical person|1st]]
| ''bū́n''
|-
! [[w:Grammatical person|2nd]]
| ''bū́s''
|-
! [[w:Grammatical person|3rd]]
| ''bū́''
|-
! rowspan=3 | [[w:Grammatical number|Dual]]
! [[w:Grammatical person|1st]]
| ''bū́wā''
|-
! [[w:Grammatical person|2nd]]
| ''bū́tā''
|-
! [[w:Grammatical person|3rd]]
| ''bū́tis''
|-
! rowspan=3 | [[w:Grammatical number|Plural]]
! [[w:Grammatical person|1st]]
| ''bū́me''
|-
! [[w:Grammatical person|2nd]]
| ''bū́te''
|-
! [[w:Grammatical person|3rd]]
| ''bū́wen''
|-
|}
In some dialects of both Western and Eastern Carpathian the auxiliary verb merged with the main verb into a new synthetic form, for example: ''skeistumbū́'' “he/she would read”. Despite being widespread, this form is not in the standard written language itself.
In addition to synthetic future-desiderative, there are also several '''analytic future''' constructions with a modal verb and an infinitive or supine, which, unlike the former synthetic form, express necessity or obligation, for example: ''eimi skeistei'' “I’m going to read”, ''immi dētun'' “I must have it done”. In order to denote simple futurity of an action, present tense may be used: ''tā pa skeisteta kunīgān'' “later he/she will read a book”.
Carpathian verbs express [[w:Irrealis mood#Potential|potentiality]] of an action by means of the verb ''leistei'' “to let” and the infinitive of the main verb, for example: ''leide eitei'' “he/she will probably go”, ''lais eitei'' “he/she might have gone”. If used with supine instead, the latter phrase gains a permissive meaning: ''laidinti eitun'' “they are allowed to go”.
==Participles==
Carpathian retains a rich system of participles. Unlike the neighbouring Slavic languages, Carpathian has no distinct categories of adjectival and adverbial participles, but in the way the two categories behave morphologically. Adjectival participles decline as adjectives, while adverbial participles are not declined. Participles are an important part of speech. All of them have their own function, but not all are used equally often. Unlike verbs, participles can both active and passive.
One of the main functions of active participles is to describe a characteristic of a noun related to some ongoing, past or future action in which the said noun is the agent: ''paustīs perelektunīs'' “migrating birds”, ''wadījas nepatairānas'' “inexperienced driver”. Only imperfective, perfective and future participles can fulfill this function. Another function of active participles is to describe an action performed by the sentence subject before the main action: ''Akunan '''atihwerwā''', meriā dangānas pagiledēsā''. – “'''Having opened''' the window, the girl looked at the clouds”.
Just as adjectives, participles decline for gender, case and number of the noun they modify, except for the dative absolute construction. Participles can be conjugated for person in the same way as inactive verbs by taking pronominal suffixes. The table below represents all possible participle forms of the verb ''skeistei'' “to read”, the pronominal forms having the third person singular suffix ''-is''.
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;
|-
! colspan=2 rowspan=3 |
! colspan=4| Simple
! colspan=4| Pronominal
|-
! <small>masculine</small>
! <small>neuter</small>
! <small>feminine</small>
! <small>common</small>
! <small>masculine</small>
! <small>neuter</small>
! <small>feminine</small>
! <small>common</small>
|-
! colspan=8| Active
|-
! rowspan=3| Imperfective
! <small>sg</small>
| skitañs || skitañ || skiteñtī || skiteñtis || skitañsis || skitànis || skiteñtihis || skiteñtisis
|-
! <small>du</small>
| skitañte || colspan=3| skitañtī || skitañtejī || colspan=3| skitañtīhī
|-
! <small>pl</small>
| skitañtis || skitán || colspan=2| skiteñtīs || skitañtisis || skitáinis || colspan=2| skiteñtīhis
|-
! rowspan=3| Aorist
! <small>sg</small>
| skaitàwas || skaitàwan || skaitàwī || skaitàwis || skaitàwasis || skaitàwanis || skaitàwihis || skaitàwisis
|-
! <small>du</small>
| skaĩtawe || colspan=3| skaĩtawī || skaĩtawejis || colspan=3| skaĩtawīhis
|-
! <small>pl</small>
| skaĩtawis || skaitawā̃ || colspan=2| skaĩtawīs || skaĩtawisis || skaitawànis || colspan=2| skaĩtawīsis
|-
! rowspan=3| Perfect
! <small>sg</small>
| skitùs || skituñ || skitwī́ || skitwìs || skitùsis || skitùnis || skitwìhis || skitwìsis
|-
! <small>du</small>
| colspan=4| skitàwī || colspan=4| skitàwīhis
|-
! <small>pl</small>
| colspan=2| skitū́s || colspan=2| skitwī́s || colspan=2| skitū́sis || colspan=2| skitwī́sis
|-
! rowspan=3| Desiderative
! <small>sg</small>
| skitasiañs || skitasiañ || skitasiañtī || skitasiñtis || skitasiañsis || skitasiànis || skitasiañtihis || skitasiñtisis
|-
! <small>du</small>
| skitasiañte || colspan=3| skitasiñtī || skitasiañtejī || colspan=3| skitasiñtīhī
|-
! <small>pl</small>
| skitasiañtis || skitasián || colspan=2| skitasiñtīs || skitasiañtisis || skitasiáinis || colspan=2| skitasiñtīhis
|-
! rowspan=3| Resultative
! <small>sg</small>
| skillùs || skilluñ || skillī́ || skillìs || skillùsis || skillùnis || skillìhis || skillìsis
|-
! <small>du</small>
| colspan=4| skitèlī || colspan=4| skitèlīhis
|-
! <small>pl</small>
| colspan=2| skillū́s || colspan=2| skillī́s || colspan=2| skillū́sis || colspan=2| skillī́sis
|-
|}
Passive participles mainly denote actions that have impact upon nouns they describe: ''skaunas kuramas'' “a house that is being built”, ''haiskas histas'' – “a question that has been asked”.
In a similar way to adjectives, some participles have three degrees of comparison: ''laubīmas'' “liked” — ''laubīmesas'' “more liked” — ''laubīmimmas'' “most liked”.


[[Category:Carpathian]]
[[Category:Carpathian]]
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