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Carpathian verbs: Difference between revisions
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Carpathian '''verbs''' reflect a complex system of morphology, more complicated than the nominals, with verbs categorized according to their conjugation class. Each finite verb is conjugated for person, number, tense, aspect, and mood, the last three usually being combined into a single category, called [[w:Tense–aspect–mood|TAM]]. In addition to finite verbs, non-finite forms such as [[w:Participle|participles]], [[w:Infinitive|infinitive]] and [[w:Supine|supine]] are also extensively used. Transitive verbs agree with two or more of its [[w:Argument (linguistics)|arguments]], which is called [[w:Polypersonal agreement|polypersonal agreement]], while intransitive verbs only agree with one argument — its subject. An extreme example of the agreement complexity can be seen in the following sentence: ''ei-ta-dōdah-ā-mi'' “He/she made me give it to them” ("to.them-that-made.give-he/she-me"). | Carpathian '''verbs''' reflect a complex system of morphology, more complicated than the nominals, with verbs categorized according to their conjugation class. Each finite verb is conjugated for person, number, tense, aspect, and mood, the last three usually being combined into a single category, called [[w:Tense–aspect–mood|TAM]]. In addition to finite verbs, non-finite forms such as [[w:Participle|participles]], [[w:Infinitive|infinitive]] and [[w:Supine|supine]] are also extensively used. Transitive verbs agree with two or more of its [[w:Argument (linguistics)|arguments]], which is called [[w:Polypersonal agreement|polypersonal agreement]], while intransitive verbs only agree with one argument — its subject. An extreme example of the agreement complexity can be seen in the following sentence: ''ei-ta-dōdah-ā-mi'' “He/she made me give it to them” ("to.them-that-made.give-he/she-me"). | ||
Most Carpathian verbs have three or four distinct basic stems, i.e. the stems of the imperfective, the aorist, the perfect and the infinitive. All forms of the verb were based on those stems: “sit” — ''sēdē-'' (infinitive and aorist), ''sēdi-'' (imperfective) and ''sōd-'' (perfect); “remain” — ''lik-'' (infinitive), ''leik-'' (present), ''likā-'' (aorist) ''laik-'' (perfect). | Most Carpathian verbs have three or four distinct basic stems, i.e. the stems of the imperfective, the aorist, the perfect and the infinitive. All forms of the verb were based on those stems: “sit” — ''sēdē-'' (infinitive and aorist), ''sēdi-'' (imperfective) and ''sōd-'' (perfect); “remain” — ''lik-'' (infinitive), ''leik-'' (present), ''likā-'' (aorist) ''laik-'' (perfect). | ||
==Personal Endings== | ==Personal Endings== | ||
Carpathian has two different categories of verbs, based on their present tense personal endings: '''athematic''' and '''thematic''', the latter category being much larger and still productive, consisting of every class of verbs but one. The subject endings of the two categories (for the M-type accent paradigm) are: | Carpathian has two different categories of verbs, based on their present tense personal endings: '''athematic''' and '''thematic''', the latter category being much larger and still productive, consisting of every class of verbs but one. The subject endings of the two categories (for the M-type accent paradigm) are: | ||