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Carpathian verbs (view source)

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==Conjugation==
==Conjugation==
The following conjugations of verbs exist in the present tense: athematic, simple thematic ("e"-stem verbs) and suffixed ("ī"-stem, "ē"-stem, and "ā"-stem verbs, as well as derived "jā"-stem, "ej"-verbs, "au"-stem, "nō"-stem among others). The future tense is formed using the ''si-'' suffix attached to the infinitive stem. The aorist tense has "ā"- and "ē"-stems. With a few exceptions, all verb endings were at some point of Carpathian history influenced by the ending of the present tense.
The following conjugations of verbs exist in the present tense: athematic, simple thematic ("e"-stem verbs) and suffixed ("ī"-stem, "ē"-stem, and "ā"-stem verbs, as well as derived "jā"-stem, "ej"-verbs, "au"-stem, "nō"-stem among others). The future tense is formed using the ''si-'' suffix attached to the infinitive stem. The aorist tense has "ā"- and "ē"-stems. With a few exceptions, all verb endings were at some point of Carpathian history influenced by the ending of the present tense.  
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+[[w:Present tense|Present]]
|+[[w:Present tense|Present]]
Line 672: Line 672:
|}
|}
*Imperative has no first person forms. When necessary, optative forms are used.
*Imperative has no first person forms. When necessary, optative forms are used.
===Inactive verbs===
The category of inactive verbs convey the meaning of emotion and prolonged state belong to this class. There are two classes: autocausative and impersonal verbs. The common examples of [[w:Autocausative verb|autocausative]] verbs are ''supāteisin'' “to sleep”, ''dōmāteisin'' “to suppose”, ''wōjāteisin'' “to believe” and ''tinkāteisin'' “to suit, to be appropriate”. These verbs mark the subject with the dative instead of the nominative. The [[w:Impersonal verb|impersonal]] verbs are almost all denominative and take no arguments, the examples being ''snigetei'' “to snow”, ''zarētei'' “to dawn”, ''lītei''. Their conjugation is different from the active verbs in that the autocausative verbs only take object markers and impersonal verbs do not take any personal markers. The tenses are exactly the same, except the inactive verbs lack the imperative and have a separate subjunctive form, derived from the indicative of the PIE perfective verbs. Here is the example of the conjugation of some inactive verbs (the autocausative example is in the first person singular):
!''supā́teisin'' “to sleep”
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="3" | Impersonal
! Autocausative
|-
! ''e''-stem verbs
! ''ē''-stem verbs
! ''j''-stem verbs
! ''ā''-stem verbs
|-
!''snigetéi'' “to snow”
!''zarḗtei'' “to dawn”
!''lī́tei'' “to rain”
!''supā́teisin'' “to sleep”
|-
! Present
|''sniñgi''
|''zarḗ''
|''lī́ji''
|''supéimisin''
|-
! Aorist
|''snìgā''
|''zàriā''
|''lìjā''
|''supā́misin''
|-
! Imperfect
|''snìgḗ''
|''zàriḗ''
|''lìjḗ''
|''supḗmisin''
|-
! Perfect
|''snìga''
|''zària''
|''lìja''
|''supā́jamisin''
|-
! Future
|''snìgis''
|''zarḗs''
|''lī́s''
|''supā́smisin''
|-
! Optative
|''snìgai''
|''zàriai''
|''lī́jai''
|''supā́jaimisin''
|-
! Subjunctive
|''snìge''
|''zàre''
|''lìje''
|''sùpemisin''
|-
|}
===Object markers===
Below is the table of object markers, used by both active and inactive verbs:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Direct Object
|-
! rowspan=2 |
! rowspan=2 |[[w:Grammatical person|1st]]
! rowspan=2 |[[w:Grammatical person|2nd]]
! colspan=4 | [[w:Grammatical person|3rd]]
|-
! <small>animate proximate</small>
! <small>animate obviate</small>
! <small>inanimate proximate</small>
! <small>inanimate obviate</small>
|-
! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]]
| ''-mi''
| ''-ti''
| ''-(j)i''
| ''-ni''
| ''-sa''
| ''-ta''
|-
! [[w:Grammatical number|Dual]]
| ''-nū''
| ''-wū''
| ''-(j)ī''
| ''-nai''
| ''-sai''
| ''-tai''
|-
! [[w:Grammatical number|Plural]]
| ''-nas''
| ''-was''
| ''-is''
| ''-nan''
| ''-sā''
| ''-tā''
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Indirect Object
|-
! rowspan=2 |
! rowspan=2 |[[w:Grammatical person|1st]]
! rowspan=2 |[[w:Grammatical person|2nd]]
! colspan=4 | [[w:Grammatical person|3rd]]
|-
! <small>animate proximate</small>
! <small>animate obviate</small>
! <small>inanimate proximate</small>
! <small>inanimate obviate</small>
|-
! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]]
| ''mei-''
| ''tei-''
| ''ei-''
| ''nai-''
| ''sai-''
| ''tai-''
|-
! [[w:Grammatical number|Dual]]
| ''nō-''
| ''wō-''
| ''ī-''
| ''nan-''
| ''san-''
| ''tan-''
|-
! [[w:Grammatical number|Plural]]
| ''in-''
| ''us-''
| ''īn-''
| ''nei-''
| ''sei-''
| ''tei-''
|-
|}
==Periphrastic formations==
==Periphrastic formations==
The original Proto-Indo-European subjunctive had fell out of use already by the Proto-Carpathian period, instead being replaced by the preterit form of ''būtei'' and the supine or the infinitive of the main verb, for example: ''būnta skeistei'' “I would be reading that”; ''būsta skeistun'' “(that) you read that” The subjunctive forms of the verb ''būtei'' (subject endings only) are as follows:
The original Proto-Indo-European subjunctive had fell out of use already by the Proto-Carpathian period, instead being replaced by the preterit form of ''būtei'' and the supine or the infinitive of the main verb, for example: ''būnta skeistei'' “I would be reading that”; ''būsta skeistun'' “(that) you read that” The subjunctive forms of the verb ''būtei'' (subject endings only) are as follows:
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