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Carpathian verbs: Difference between revisions
→Aspectual and deictic affixes
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Carpathian also has a special class of motion verbs (e.g. ''bēgetei'' “run”, ''eitei'' “go”, ''nestei'' “carry”, ''westei'' “lead” etc), which are usually used with various prefixes to define the direction or duration of motion, thus creating two aspectual groups: one, expressing determinate action (motion towards or away from a place), and the other, expressing indeterminate action (motion back and forth or without a specified goal). These two groups form verb pairs, one perfective and one imperfective. for example the ''pereinestei per hapān'' “to carry through a river (once)” — ''pereinasītei'' “to be carrying through something (in general, more than once)”. | Carpathian also has a special class of motion verbs (e.g. ''bēgetei'' “run”, ''eitei'' “go”, ''nestei'' “carry”, ''westei'' “lead” etc), which are usually used with various prefixes to define the direction or duration of motion, thus creating two aspectual groups: one, expressing determinate action (motion towards or away from a place), and the other, expressing indeterminate action (motion back and forth or without a specified goal). These two groups form verb pairs, one perfective and one imperfective. for example the ''pereinestei per hapān'' “to carry through a river (once)” — ''pereinasītei'' “to be carrying through something (in general, more than once)”. | ||
Unlike prefixes, which do not change the way a verb is conjugated, suffixed verbs form a separate conjugation class, which is characterised by the retention of a thematic vowel. Here is a table of all aspectual suffixes in Carpathian: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! Suffix | |||
! 3sg Present | |||
! Infinitive | |||
! Examples | |||
! Function | |||
! Notes | |||
|- | |||
| ''-na'' | |||
| ''-ne'' | |||
| ''-natei'' | |||
| ''kun'''na'''tei'' “to throw”<br>''lim'''na'''tei “to get stuck” | |||
| [[w:Inchoative aspect|Inchoative]], [[w:Momentane|momentaneous]] | |||
| The plosive consonant, preceding this suffix, assimilates to "m" or "n". | |||
|- | |||
| ''-j'' | |||
| ''-je'' | |||
| ''-tei'' | |||
| ''mautei'' “to wash”<br/>''nautei'' “to yearn” | |||
| Transitive imperfective Not productive. | |||
| The infinitive stem ends in a long vowel, or a diphthong (usually only in dialects), while the present stem ends in a short vowel and "j". | |||
|- | |||
| ''-j'' | |||
| ''-ie'' | |||
| ''-tei'' | |||
| ''siltei'' “to send”<br/>''nautei'' “to yearn” | |||
| [[w:Dynamic verb|fientive]] verbs. | |||
| Sigmatic aorist. Palatalised final root consonant in the present. | |||
|- | |||
| ''-ēj'' | |||
| ''-ēje'' | |||
| ''-ātei'' | |||
| ''haujētei'' “to be aware”<br/>''legētei'' “to lie (be situated)”<br/>''bilētei'' “to be white” | |||
| [[w:Stative verb|Stative]] verbs, often continuous. | |||
| Sigmatic aorist. [[w:Deadjectival verb|Deadjectival]] inactive verbs have zero-grade throughout their conjugation. | |||
|- | |||
| ''-ā'' | |||
| ''-āhe'' | |||
| ''-ātei'' | |||
| ''kējātei'' “to observe”<br/>''taupātei'' “to stamp”<br/>''harbātei'' “to work” | |||
| [[w:Denominal verb|Denominative]], [[w:Frequentative|frequentative]], [[w:Intensive word form|intensive]]. | |||
| Sigmatic or root aorist. The vowel "ā" is present throughout the conjugation. | |||
|- | |||
| ''-ō'' | |||
| ''-ōhe'' | |||
| ''-ōtei'' | |||
| ''wan'''ō'''tei'' “to become violet”<br/> | |||
| [[w:Deadjectival verb|deadjectival]] inchoative verbs. | |||
| Prothetic "-aw-" in aorist and imperfect, "h" in present and optative. The vowel "ō" is present throughout the conjugation. | |||
|- | |||
| ''-au'' | |||
| ''-auje'' | |||
| ''-autei'' | |||
| ''ōg'''au'''tei'' “to gather berries”<br/>''mīlautei'' “to endear” | |||
| [[w:Denominal verb|Denominative]] progressive verbs. | |||
| The diphthong "-au-" becomes "-awā-" in the aorist. | |||
|- | |||
| ''-ī'' | |||
| ''-ei'' | |||
| ''-ītei'' | |||
| ''pars'''ī'''tei'' “to ask”<br/>''kailītei'' “to cure”<br/>''pirgītei'' “to fry” | |||
| [[w:Causative|Causative]]. | |||
| The diphthong "-ei-" becomes "-īj-" before vowels. | |||
|- | |||
| ''-jē'' | |||
| ''-iei'' | |||
| ''-ētei'' | |||
| ''pars'''ī'''tei'' “to ask”<br/>''kailītei'' “to cure”<br/>''pirgītei'' “to fry” | |||
| [[w:Causative|Causative]]. | |||
| The diphthong "-ei-" becomes "-īj-" before vowels. | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
Other affixes, that are no longer productive, are the present nasal infix: ''legetei'' “to lie down” — ''li'''n'''gū'' “I lie down”; the "nu"-suffix: ''slūnautei'' “to be famous”, ''kurnautei'' “to prepare”. | |||
==Periphrastic formations== | ==Periphrastic formations== | ||