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Carpathian verbs: Difference between revisions
→Aspectual and deictic affixes
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Carpathian also has a special class of motion verbs (e.g. ''bēgetei'' “run”, ''eitei'' “go”, ''nestei'' “carry”, ''westei'' “lead” etc), which are usually used with various prefixes to define the direction or duration of motion, thus creating two aspectual groups: one, expressing determinate action (motion towards or away from a place), and the other, expressing indeterminate action (motion back and forth or without a specified goal). These two groups form verb pairs, one perfective and one imperfective. for example the ''pernestei per hapān'' “to carry through a river (once)” — ''pernasītei'' “to be carrying through something (in general, more than once)”. | Carpathian also has a special class of motion verbs (e.g. ''bēgetei'' “run”, ''eitei'' “go”, ''nestei'' “carry”, ''westei'' “lead” etc), which are usually used with various prefixes to define the direction or duration of motion, thus creating two aspectual groups: one, expressing determinate action (motion towards or away from a place), and the other, expressing indeterminate action (motion back and forth or without a specified goal). These two groups form verb pairs, one perfective and one imperfective. for example the ''pernestei per hapān'' “to carry through a river (once)” — ''pernasītei'' “to be carrying through something (in general, more than once)”. | ||
Unlike prefixes, which do not change the way a verb is conjugated, suffixed verbs form a separate conjugation class, which is characterised by the retention of a thematic vowel. | Unlike prefixes, which do not change the way a verb is conjugated, suffixed verbs form a separate conjugation class, which is characterised by the retention of a thematic vowel. Below is a table of all aspectual suffixes in Carpathian: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! Suffix | ! Suffix | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Other affixes, that are no longer productive, are the present nasal infix: ''legetei'' “to lie down” — ''li'''n'''gū'' “I lie down”; the "nau"-suffix: ''slūnautei'' “to be famous”, ''kurnautei'' “to prepare”. | Other affixes, that are no longer productive, are the present nasal infix: ''legetei'' “to lie down” — ''li'''n'''gū'' “I lie down”; the "nau"-suffix: ''slūnautei'' “to be famous”, ''kurnautei'' “to prepare”. | ||
Carpathian prefixes: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! Prefix | |||
! Examples | |||
! Approximate<br>meaning | |||
! Notes | |||
|- | |||
| ''ar-'' | |||
| ''arkaltei'' “to break apart” | |||
| “dis-”, “un-”. | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| ''at-'' | |||
| ''addōtei'' “to give back” | |||
| “from”, “back”. | |||
| Has a form ''ati-'' before consonants, assimilates to the next plosive. | |||
|- | |||
| ''ap-'' | |||
| ''apeitei'' “to walk around” | |||
| “around”. | |||
| Western Carpathian has ''ep-'' instead. Has a form ''api-'' before consonants. | |||
|- | |||
| ''da-'' | |||
| ''dajeitei'' “to go to” | |||
| “towards”, “till”. | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| ''au-'' | |||
| ''aweitei'' “to walk between” | |||
| “between”, “at”. | |||
| Has a form ''aw-'' before vowels. | |||
|- | |||
| ''in-'' | |||
| ''ineitei'' “to enter” | |||
| “in”, “into”. | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| ''is-'' | |||
| ''ineitei'' “to enter” | |||
| “out of”. | |||
| Western Carpathian has ''iš-'' instead. | |||
|- | |||
| ''ni-'' | |||
| ''nijeitei'' “to descend” | |||
| “down”, “below”. | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| ''nō-'' | |||
| ''nōjeitei'' “to walk upwards” | |||
| “up”, “over”. | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| ''pō-'' | |||
| ''pōmintei'' “to recall”, ''pōjeitei'' “to come later” | |||
| “later”. | |||
| Some Western dialects have ''pā-'' instead. | |||
|- | |||
| ''pa-'' | |||
| ''pamintei'' “to remember”, ''panestei'' “to carry away” | |||
| “at”, “away”. Forms iterative, frequentative and semelfactive verbs. | |||
| Has a form ''paj-'' before vowels | |||
|- | |||
| ''per-'' | |||
| ''perdōtei'' “to pass over”, ''pereitei'' “to cross” | |||
| “over”, “re-”, “through”. | |||
| Has a form ''pere-'' before a consonant cluster. | |||
|- | |||
| ''par-'' | |||
| ''pareitei'' “to walk along” | |||
| “along”, “completely”. | |||
| Has a form ''para-'' before a consonant cluster. | |||
|- | |||
| ''perei-'' | |||
| ''perijeitei'' “to approach” | |||
| “by”, “next to”. | |||
| Has a form ''perij-'' before vowels. | |||
|- | |||
| ''pirt-'' | |||
| ''pirtistātei'' “to contrast” | |||
| “against”. | |||
| Has a form ''pirti-'' before consonants. | |||
|- | |||
| ''ō-'' | |||
| ''ōjeitei'' “to almost reach”, ''ōsiausteisin'' “to be like a joke” | |||
| “Afterwards”, “up to”. Forms collective abstract nouns. | |||
| Has the form ''ōj-'' before vowels. | |||
|- | |||
| ''sam-'' | |||
| ''sameitei'' “to walk together” | |||
| “together”. | |||
| Has a form ''sama-'' before a consonant cluster. | |||
|- | |||
| ''su-'' | |||
| ''sumētei'' “to dare” | |||
| “good”. | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| ''sun-'' | |||
| ''suntartei'' “to talk with someone” | |||
| “with”, “alongside”. | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| ''uz-'' | |||
| ''uzimtei'' “to obtain” | |||
| “at”, “onto”, “in return for”. | |||
| Western Carpathian has ''už-'' instead. Becomes ''us-'' before voiceless consonants. | |||
|- | |||
| ''zō-'' | |||
| ''zōjeitei'' “to walk from behind” | |||
| “behind”, “after”. | |||
| Western Carpathian has ''žō-'' instead. Becomes ''zōj-'' before vowels | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Periphrastic formations== | ==Periphrastic formations== | ||