@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Carrick''' (Ck. ''Kærðiᵹa'' /kærðiɣa/) is a Brittonic Celtic language spoken by the mountain-dwelling Carthi (Ck. ''Kærði'') on the archipelago of ''Inhi Oysir''.
+'''Carrick''' (Ck. ''Kærthío'' /ˈkærðiˑo/) is a Brittonic Celtic language spoken by the mountain-dwelling Carthi (Ck. ''Kærthi'') on the archipelago of ''Íni Oyir''.
 ==Phonology and Orthography==
 Carrick is written in the Latin alphabet:
-:: ''a æ b d ð e f g ᵹ h i j k l m n o œ p r s t u v y''
+:: ''a á æ ǽ b d e é f g h i í j k l m n o ó œ œ́ p r s t u ú v y ý''
+===Vowels===
+There are 8 pure vowels and 7 diphthongs, each of which has long and short variants.
+{| class="IPA" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; background:none;"
+|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
+|style="padding-bottom:3px;"| &nbsp;
+| style="width: 60px;" | '''Front'''
+| style="width: 60px; word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- front'''
+| style="width: 60px;" | '''Central'''
+| style="width: 60px;word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- back'''
+| style="width: 60px;" | '''Back'''
+|-
+| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close'''
+| style="height: 210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position: relative;">[[File:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px|link=]]<div style="background:none; position:absolute; top:0; left:0;">
+{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none;"
+|-
+| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none; font-size:120%;"|
+<!-- CLOSE VOWELS -->
+<div style="position: absolute; left: 5%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">i(ː)</div>
+<div style="position: absolute; left: 43%; width: 3.1em; top: 2%; background: white;">ʉ(ː)</div>
+<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">u(ː)</div>
+<!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS -->
+<div style="position: absolute; left: 28%; width: 2.33em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
+<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 4em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
+<div style="position: absolute; left: 74%; width: 1.5em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
+<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS -->
+<div style="position: absolute; left: 16%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;">e(ː)</div>
+<div style="position: absolute; left: 50%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;">ɵ(ː)</div>
+<div style="position: absolute; left: 84%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;">o(ː)</div>
+<!-- MID VOWELS -->
+<div style="position: absolute; left: 24%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;"></div>
+<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 1em; top: 44%; background: white;"></div>
+<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;"></div>
+<!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS -->
+<div style="position: absolute; left: 30%; width: 3em; top: 58%; background: white;">ɛ(ː)</div>
+<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
+<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;">ɔ(ː)</div>
+<!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS -->
+<div style="position: absolute; left: 37%; width: 1.3em; top: 73%;"></div>
+<div style="position: absolute; left: 64%; width: 1em; top: 73%; background: white;"></div>
+<!-- OPEN VOWELS -->
+<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 3em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div>
+<div style="position: absolute; left: 68%; width: 1.5em; top: 86%; background: white;">ä(ː)</div>
+<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div>
+|}
+</div></div>
+|-
+| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;'''Near-close'''
+|-
+| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close-mid'''
+|-
+| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Mid'''
+|-
+| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open-mid'''
+|-
+| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-open'''
+|-
+| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open'''
+|}
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+|-
+! colspan="2;" | Pure Vowels
+|-
+! width="100px;" | Short !! width="100px;" | Long
+|-
+| '''a''' /ä/ || '''á''' /äː/
+|-
+| '''æ''' /ɛ/ || '''ǽ''' /ɛː/
+|-
+| '''e''' /e/ || '''é''' /eː/
+|-
+| '''i''' /i// || '''í''' /iː/
+|-
+| '''o''' /o/ || '''ó''' /oː/
+|-
+| '''œ''' /ɵ/ || '''œ́''' /ɵː/
+|-
+| '''ǫ''' /ɔ/ || '''ǫ́''' /ɔː/
+|-
+| '''u''' /u/ || '''ú''' /uː/
+|-
+| '''y''' /y/ || '''ý''' /yː/
+|-
+! colspan="2;" | Dipthongs
+|-
+| '''ai''' /æi/ || '''ái''' /æiː/
+|-
+| '''au''' /au/ || '''áu''' /auː/
+|-
+| '''ei''' /əi/ || '''éi''' /əiː/
+|-
+| '''eu''' /əu/ || '''éu''' /əuː/
+|-
+| '''ey''' /əy/ || '''éy''' /əyː/
+|-
+| '''ou''' /ɔu/ || '''óu''' /ɔuː/
+|-
+| '''oy''' /ɔy/ || '''óy''' /ɔyː/
+|}
+===Consonants===
+===Mutations===
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 |+ Mutations
@@ Line 19: / Line 130: @@
 | ''i'' || - || ''y''
 |-
-| ''o'' || ''œ'' || -
+| ''o'' || ''œ'' (''e'') || -
 |-
 | ''u'' || ''y'' || -
+|-
+!  colspan="3;" | Long Vowels
+|-
+|  ''á'' || ''ǽ'' || ''ó''
+|-
+| ''é'' || ''í'' || ''œ́''
+|-
+| ''í'' || - || ''ý''
+|-
+| ''ó'' || ''œ́'' || -
+|-
+| ''ú'' || ''ý'' || -
 |-
 ! colspan="3;" | Diphthongs
@@ Line 33: / Line 156: @@
 | ''ou'' || ''oy'' || -
 |-
-| ''jau'' || ''jai'' || ''jou''
+| ''je'' || ''ei'' || ''jo''
+|-
+| ''vo'' || ''jo'' || -
+|}
+When ''a, á'' or ''au, áu'' are affected by both i-mutation and u-mutation simultaneously, the result is ''œ, œ́'' and ''oy, óy'' respectively.
+==Morphology==
+===Nouns===
+Nouns may be masculine, feminine or neuter and decline for 4 cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative) in the singular and plural. There are 8 stem classes (a-, o-, u-, i-, Ø-, s-, n-, r-), within which are a number of sub-classes.
+Stems can be divided into a number of types:
+* short monosyllables (those with a short or long vowel)
+* long monosyllables (those with a diphthong)
+* polysyllables
+A summary of the endings for monosyllables is given below.
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+|-
+! rowspan="2;" width="30px;" | !! rowspan="2;" width="40px;" | !! colspan="2;" | A-Stems !! O-Stems !! colspan="2;" | U-Stems !! colspan="3;" | I-Stems || colspan="2;" | Ø-Stems !! colspan="2;" | N-Stems !! S-Stems || R-Stems
+|-
+!! width="70px;" | Masc. !! width="70px;" | Neut. !! width="70px;" | Fem. !! width="70px;" | Masc/Fem. !! width="70px;" | Neut. !! width="70px;" | Masc. !! width="70px;" | Neut. !! width="70px;" | Fem.  !! width="70px;" | Masc/Fem.  !! width="70px;" | Neut. !! width="70px;" | Masc/Fem.  !! width="70px;" | Neut.  !! width="70px;" | Neut.  !! width="70px;" | Masc/Fem.
+|-
+! rowspan="4;" | Sg. !! Nom.
+| colspan="2;" | ― || ''-o'' || colspan="2;" | ―<sup><small>U</small></sup> || colspan="2;" | ―<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-i''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || colspan="2;" | ― || ''-u''<sup><small>U</small></sup> || ― || ― || ''-ir''<sup><small>I</small></sup>
+|-
+! Acc.
+| colspan="2;" | ― || ― || colspan="2;" | ―<sup><small>U</small></sup> || colspan="3;" | ―<sup><small>I</small></sup> || colspan="2;" | ― || ''-an'' || ― || ― || ''-er''
+|-
+! Gen.
+| colspan="2;" | ―<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-o'' || colspan="2;" | ''-o'' || colspan="2;" | ''-i''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-jo''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || colspan="2;" | ― || ''-an'' || ''-i''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-i''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-r'''
+|-
+! Dat.
+|  colspan="2;" | -''u''<sup><small>U</small></sup> || ''-e'' || colspan="2;" | ''-o'' || colspan="2;" | ''-i''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-e''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || colspan="2;" | ''-i''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || colspan="2;" | ''-(e)ni'' || ''-i''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-ri''<sup><small>I</small></sup>
+|-
+! rowspan="4;" | Pl. !! Nom.
+| -''i''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-o'' || ''-o'' || ''-o'' || ''-o''<sup><small>U</small></sup> || ''-i''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-jo''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-i''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ― || ''-o'' || ''-an'' || ''-(a)no''|| ''-jo''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-r''
+|-
+! Acc.
+| -''u''<sup><small>U</small></sup> || ''-o'' || ''-o'' || ''-u''<sup><small>U</small></sup>  || ''-o''<sup><small>U</small></sup> || ''-i''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-jo''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-i''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ― || ''-o'' || colspan="2;" | ''-(a)no''
+|| ''-jo''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-ro''
+|-
+! Gen.
+| colspan="2;" | ― || ''-on'' || colspan="2;" | ''-u''<sup><small>U</small></sup> || colspan="2;" | ''-i''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ―<sup><small>I</small></sup> || colspan="2;" | ― || colspan="2;" | ''-an'' || ''-i''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-r''
+|-
+! Dat.
+| colspan="2;" | ''-au'' || ''-ou'' || colspan="2;" | ''-u''<sup><small>U</small></sup> || colspan="2;" | ''-if''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-jou'' || colspan="2;" |  ― || colspan="2;" | ''-amb'' || ''-ith''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-rif''
+|-
+|}
+Generally speaking, polysyllabic forms follow the same paradigms but do not undergo i- or u-mutation unless there is a following vowel (e.g. ''áratt'' "silver" (a, n.), g.sg. ''áratt'' but n.pl. ''árett''). Polysyllabic forms are also liable to lose the final vowel of the stem when endings are added when the syllable is short and this may obstruct mutations from occurring (e.g. ''dafath'' (a, m.), g.sg. ''dafath'' but n.pl. ''dafthi'').
+The vocalic stem classes include stems with either ''j'' or ''v'' in the stem (e.g. ''dan'' 'man', d.sg. ''dænju''; ''mor'' 'ant', d.sg. ''morvi''):
+* In ''-j-'' stems:
+** ''j'' occurs only before ''a, o, u''
+** monosyllables undergo i-mutation throughout the paradigm, except in the n.sg. of masculine a-stems (e.g. ''dan'' 'man', a.sg. ''dæn'' but ''kærjo'' 'crime', a.sg. ''kær'')
+** in polysyllables, the same is true but only pure vowels are affected (e.g. ...).
+** u-mutation is blocked
+* In ''-v-'' stems:
+** ''v'' shows only before ''i, e'' (except following certain vowels, e.g. ''ý'' 'yew tree', a.sg. ''ývu'')
+** monosyllables undergo u-mutation everywhere except the n.sg. of masculine a-stems (e.g. ''kar'' 'deer', a.sg. ''kor'')
+** polysyllables do not show u-mutation except where the ''v'' survives (e.g. ...)
+** i-mutation is not blocked.
+The following nouns are irregular:
+* ''sovol'' 'sun' (Ø, n.), oblique stem ''seul-''
+* ''keu'' 'hound' (N, m.), oblique stem ''kun-''
+* ''bou'' 'cow' (Ø, f.), oblique stem ''ba(v)-''
+* ''sœ́ur'' 'sister' (R, f.):
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+|-
+! width="40px;" !! width="100px;" | Singular !! width="100px;" | Plural
+|-
+! Nom.
+| ''soyur'' || ''soyar''
+|-
+! Acc.
+| ''soyar'' || ''soyro''
+|-
+! Gen.
+| ''soyr'' || ''soyr''
 |-
-| ''vau'' || ''vai'' || ''vou''
+! Dat.
+| ''soyr'' || ''seyrif''
 |}
+===Determiners===
+===Adjectives===
+Adjectives must agree with their noun in gender, number and case, and follow the same declension patterns as nouns. A-stem adjectives take the o-stem endings following a feminine noun (e.g. ''dæni sini'' 'old men' but ''rægi sjano'' 'old women', ''hœthlo sjano'' 'old stories').
+====Comparison====
+Comparative adjectives decline only for number and gender, not case. They are formed with the following suffixes:
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+|-
+! width="100px;" |  !! width="100px;" | Singular !! width="100px;" | Plural
+|-
+! Masc/Fem.
+| ''-ju<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-ja''<sup><small>I</small></sup>
+|-
+! Neut.
+| ―<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-jo''<sup><small>I</small></sup>
+|-
+|}
+The comparative is used in two forms of sentence:
+* with the copula, e.g. ''ih keu sant kænju ith sau'' 'this dog is nicer than that one'
+* with a relative clause, e.g. ''rái-sei í koylju'' 'the woman who is thinner'.
+Superlative adjectives take ''-jau''<sup><small>I</small></sup>, which declines like an a/o-stem adjective:
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+|-
+! width="40px;" rowspan="2;" | !! colspan="3;" | Singular !! colspan="3;" | Plural
+|-
+! width="50px;" | Masc. !! width="50px;" | Neut. !! width="50px;" | Fem. !! width="50px;" | Masc. !! width="50px;" | Neut. !! width="50px;" | Fem.
+|-
+! Nom.
+| colspan="2;" | ''-jau'' || ''-javo'' || ''-jevi'' || colspan="2;" | ''-javo''
+|-
+! Acc.
+| colspan="3;" | ''-jau'' || ''-jou'' || colspan="2;" | ''-javo''
+|-
+! Gen.
+| colspan="2;" | ''-jey'' || ''-javo'' || colspan="2;" | ''-jau'' || ''-javon''
+|-
+! Dat.
+| colspan="2;" | ''-jou'' || ''-jave'' || colspan="2;" | ''-javau'' || ''-javou''
+|}
+The following adjectives are compared irregularly:
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+|-
+! width="150px;" | Positive !! width="100px;" | Comparative !! width="100px;" | Superlative
+|-
+! ''dah'' 'good'
+| ''vjall'' || ''villjau''
+|-
+! ''druh'' 'bad'
+| ''vaut'' || ''vaudau''
+|-
+! ''ljathan'' 'wide'
+| ''lithju'' || ''lithjau''
+|-
+! ''mor'' 'big'
+| ''maju'' || ''mau''
+|-
+! ''seir'' 'long'
+| ''siju'' || ''sijau''
+|-
+! ''ail'' 'high''
+| ''ai'' || ''au''
+|}
+===Numerals===
+===Pronouns===
+===Verbs===
+===Adverbs===
+===Prepositions===
+===Syntax===
 ==Vocabulary==
@@ Line 44: / Line 326: @@
 * '''maf'''  ''1m'' son, boy
 * '''ginda''' ''2f'' daughter, girl
-* '''boða''' ''2f'' house
+* '''botha''' ''2f'' house
 * '''keu''' ''4m'' dog (g.s. ''kun'')
 * '''kada''' ''2f'' cat
 * '''bau''' ''irr. f'' cow
-* '''dauð''' ''1m'' sheep
+* '''dauth''' ''1m'' sheep
 * '''mok''' ''5f'' pig
 * '''gaur''' ''1m'', '''gaura''' ''2f'' goat
 * '''prjann''' ''1n'' tree
-* '''klæðif''' ''1m'' sword
+* '''klæthif''' ''1m'' sword
 * '''kolᵹa''' ''2f'' short sword, dagger
 * '''gau''' ''1m'' spear
-* '''skjauð''' ''1m'' shield
+* '''skjauth''' ''1m'' shield
-* '''ekeuða''' ''2f'' shoe
+* '''ekeutha''' ''2f'' shoe
 * '''rouga''' ''2f'' tunic
 * '''brada''' ''1m'' cloak
-* '''lauðr''' ''1m'' trousers, hose
+* '''lauthr''' ''1m'' trousers, hose
-* '''kry'' ''5m'' shirt
+* '''kry''' ''5m'' shirt
 * '''vaᵹry''' ''5m'' belt
 * '''barᵹ''' ''1m'' bread
 * '''bleit''' ''1m'' milk
 * '''kyrf''' ''3n''

Carrick: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 14:22, 17 October 2023