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Carrick: Difference between revisions
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==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Nouns may be masculine, feminine or neuter and decline for four cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative) in the singular and plural. There are X stem classes (a-, o-, u-, i-, ...), within which are a number of sub-classes. | |||
Stems can be divided into a number of types: | |||
* short monosyllables (those with a short or long vowel) | |||
* long monosyllables (those with a diphthong) | |||
* polysyllables | |||
A summary of the endings for monosyllables is given below. | |||
===Example Declensions=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2;" width="30px;" | !! rowspan="2;" width="40px;" | !! colspan="2;" | A-Stems !! O-Stems !! colspan="2;" | U-Stems !! colspan="3;" | I-Stems || colspan="2;" | Ø-Stems !! colspan="2;" | N-Stems !! S-Stems || R-Stems | |||
|- | |||
!! width="70px;" | Masc. !! width="70px;" | Neut. !! width="70px;" | Fem. !! width="70px;" | Masc/Fem. !! width="70px;" | Neut. !! width="70px;" | Masc. !! width="70px;" | Neut. !! width="70px;" | Fem. !! width="70px;" | Masc/Fem. !! width="70px;" | Neut. !! width="70px;" | Masc/Fem. !! width="70px;" | Neut. !! width="70px;" | Neut. !! width="70px;" | Masc/Fem. | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="4;" | Sg. !! Nom. | |||
| colspan="2;" | ― || ''-o'' || colspan="2;" | ―<sup><small>U</small></sup> || colspan="2;" | ―<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-i''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || colspan="2;" | ― || ''-u''<sup><small>U</small></sup> || ― || ― || ''-ir''<sup><small>I</small></sup> | |||
|- | |||
! Acc. | |||
| colspan="2;" | ― || ― || colspan="2;" | ―<sup><small>U</small></sup> || colspan="3;" | ―<sup><small>I</small></sup> || colspan="2;" | ― || ''-an'' || ― || ― || ''-er'' | |||
|- | |||
! Gen. | |||
| colspan="2;" | ―<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-o'' || colspan="2;" | ''-o'' || colspan="2;" | ''-i''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-jo''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || colspan="2;" | ― || ''-an'' || ''-i''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-i''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-r''' | |||
|- | |||
! Dat. | |||
| colspan="2;" | -''u''<sup><small>U</small></sup> || ''-e'' || colspan="2;" | ''-o'' || colspan="2;" | ''-i''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-e''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || colspan="2;" | ''-i''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || colspan="2;" | ''-(e)ni'' || ''-i''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-ri''<sup><small>I</small></sup> | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="4;" | Pl. !! Nom. | |||
| -''i''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-o'' || ''-o'' || ''-o'' || ''-o''<sup><small>U</small></sup> || ''-i''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-jo''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-i''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ― || ''-o'' || ''-an'' || ''-(a)no''|| ''-jo''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-r'' | |||
|- | |||
! Acc. | |||
| -''u''<sup><small>U</small></sup> || ''-o'' || ''-o'' || ''-u''<sup><small>U</small></sup> || ''-o''<sup><small>U</small></sup> || ''-i''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-jo''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-i''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ― || ''-o'' || colspan="2;" | ''-(a)no'' | |||
|| ''-jo''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-ro'' | |||
|- | |||
! Gen. | |||
| colspan="2;" | ― || ''-on'' || colspan="2;" | ''-u''<sup><small>U</small></sup> || colspan="2;" | ''-i''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ―<sup><small>I</small></sup> || colspan="2;" | ― || colspan="2;" | ''-an'' || ''-i''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-r'' | |||
|- | |||
! Dat. | |||
| colspan="2;" | ''-au'' || ''-ou'' || colspan="2;" | ''-u''<sup><small>U</small></sup> || colspan="2;" | ''-if''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-jou'' || colspan="2;" | ― || colspan="2;" | ''-amb'' || ''-ið''<sup><small>I</small></sup> || ''-rif'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
Generally speaking, polysyllabic forms follow the same paradigms but do not undergo i- or u-mutation unless there is a following vowel (e.g. ''áratt'' "silver" (a, n.), g.sg. ''áratt'' but n.pl. ''árett''). Polysyllabic forms are also liable to lose the final vowel of the stem when endings are added when the syllable is short and this may obstruct mutations from occurring (e.g. ''dafað'' (a, m.), g.sg. ''dafað'' but n.pl. ''dafði''). | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ A-Stems (masculine & neuter) | |+ A-Stems (masculine & neuter) | ||