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**Imperfect
**Imperfect
**Preterite
**Preterite
***Archaic; normally replaced with the perfect
**Perfect
**Perfect
***Present of ''abere'' "to have" + participle
***Present of ''aire'' "to have" + participle
**Pluperfect
**Pluperfect
***Imperfect of ''abere'' "to have" + participle
***Imperfect of ''aire'' "to have" + participle
**Future
**Future
***Present of ''abere'' + ''ad'' + infinitive
***Present of ''goire'' "to intend" + infinitive
**Future perfect
**Future perfect
***Present of ''abere'' + ''ad'' + ''abere'' + participle
***Present of ''goire'' + ''aire'' + participle
**Conditional
**Conditional
***Imperfect of ''abere'' + ''ad'' + infinitive
***Imperfect of ''goire'' + infinitive
*Subjunctive
*Subjunctive
**Present
**Present
**Imperfect
**Imperfect
**Preterite
**Preterite
***Archaic; usually replaced with the perfect
**Perfect
**Perfect
***Present subjunctive of ''abere'' + participle
***Present subjunctive of ''aire'' + participle
**Pluperfect
**Pluperfect
***Imperfect subjunctive of ''abere'' + participle
***Imperfect subjunctive of ''aire'' + participle
**Future
***Present subjunctive of ''goire'' "to intend" + infinitive
**Future perfect
***Present subjunctive of ''goire'' + ''aire'' + participle
*Imperative
*Imperative
====''-are'' verbs====
====''-are'' verbs====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
Line 368: Line 375:
|colspan="4"| -athu, -atha
|colspan="4"| -athu, -atha
|-
|-
! colspan="3"| Indicative !! colspan="3"| Subjunctive !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
!rowspan="2"| !! colspan="3"| Indicative !! colspan="3"| Subjunctive !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
|-
! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite
! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite¹ !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite
|-
|-
! 1S
! 1S
| -o || -aba || -ái || -e || -are || -ase
| -o || -aba || -ái || -e || -are || -ase || -e
|-
|-
! 2S
! 2S
| -as || -abas || -aisti || -es || -ares || -ases
| -as || -abas || -aisti || -es || -ares || -ases || -a
|-
|-
! 3S
! 3S
| -ath || -abath || -áith || -eth || -areth || -aseth
| -ath || -abath || -áith || -eth || -areth || -aseth || -eth
|-
|-
! 1P
! 1P
| -amus || -abamus || -aimus || -emus || -aremus || -asemus
| -amus || -abamus || -aimus || -emus || -aremus || -asemus || -emus
|-
|-
! 2P
! 2P
| -akhis || -abakhis || -aistis || -ekhis || -arekhis || -asekhis
| -akhis || -abakhis || -aistis || -ekhis || -arekhis || -asekhis || -athe
|-
|-
! 3P
! 3P
| -and || -aband || -arund || -end || -arend || -asend
| -and || -aband || -arund || -end || -arend || -asend || -end
|-
|-
|}
|}
'''Notes:'''
¹ Verbs with an irregular preterite indicative stem take the irregular ''-ere/-ire'' preterite indicative endings (i.e. ''-i, -isti, -ith, -imus, -istis, -erunt''). <!--Such verbs also form their preterite subjunctive as ''-ere/ire'' verbs, using the preterite stem and endings beginning in ''-es-'' instead of ''-as-''.-->


====''-ere'' verbs====
====''-ere'' verbs====
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|colspan="4"| -uthu, -utha
|colspan="4"| -uthu, -utha
|-
|-
! colspan="3"| Indicative !! colspan="3"| Subjunctive !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
!rowspan="2"| !! colspan="3"| Indicative !! colspan="3"| Subjunctive !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
|-
! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Present¹ !! Imperfect !! Preterite³
! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Present¹ !! Imperfect !! Preterite
|-
|-
! 1S
! 1S
| -o¹ || -eba || -í² || -a || -ere || -ese
| -o¹ || -eba || -í² || -a || -ere || -ise || -a¹
|-
|-
! 2S
! 2S
| -es || -ebas || -isti || -as || -eres || -eses
| -es || -ebas || -isti || -as || -eres || -ises || -e
|-
|-
! 3S
! 3S
| -eth || -ebath || -íth² || -ath || -ereth || -eseth
| -eth || -ebath || -íth² || -ath || -ereth || -iseth || -ath¹
|-
|-
! 1P
! 1P
| -emus || -ebamus || -imus || -amus || -eremus || -esemus
| -emus || -ebamus || -imus || -amus || -eremus || -isemus || -amus¹
|-
|-
! 2P
! 2P
| -ekhis || -ebakhis || -istis || -akhis || -erekhis || -esekhis
| -ekhis || -ebakhis || -istis || -akhis || -erekhis || -isekhis || -ethe
|-
|-
! 3P
! 3P
| -end; -und¹ || -eband || -erund || -and || -erend || -esend
| -end; -und¹ || -eband || -erund || -and || -erend || -isend || -and¹
|-
|-
|}
|}
'''Notes:'''
'''Notes:'''


¹ When the present indicative 1S has an irregular stem, its stem is used to form the present indicative 3S (which takes the ending ''-und'' instead of ''-end'') and the present subjunctive.
¹ When the present indicative 1S has an irregular stem, its stem is used to form the present indicative 3S (which takes the ending ''-und'' instead of ''-end''), the present subjunctive, and non-second-person imperatives.


² Verbs with irregular preterite stems have unstressed endings in the 1S and 3S.
² Verbs with irregular preterite stems have unstressed endings in the 1S and 3S.
 
<!--
³ Irregular verbs always form their perfect subjunctive with the same stem as the perfect indicative.
³ Irregular verbs always form their perfect subjunctive with the same stem as the perfect indicative.-->
 


====''-ire'' verbs====
====''-ire'' verbs====
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|colspan="4"| -ithu, -itha
|colspan="4"| -ithu, -itha
|-
|-
! colspan="3"| Indicative !! colspan="3"| Subjunctive !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
!rowspan="2"| !! colspan="3"| Indicative !! colspan="3"| Subjunctive !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
|-
! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Present¹ !! Imperfect !! Preterite³
! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Present¹ !! Imperfect !! Preterite
|-
|-
! 1S
! 1S
| -o¹ || -iba || -í² || -a || -ire || -ise
| -o¹ || -iba || -í² || -a || -ire || -ese || -a¹
|-
|-
! 2S
! 2S
| -is || -ibas || -isti || -as || -ires || -eses
| -is || -ibas || -isti || -as || -ires || -ises || -i
|-
|-
! 3S
! 3S
| -ith || -ibath || -íth² || -ath || -ireth || -eseth
| -ith || -ibath || -íth² || -ath || -ireth || -iseth || -ath¹
|-
|-
! 1P
! 1P
| -imus || -ibamus || -imus || -amus || -iremus || -esemus
| -imus || -ibamus || -imus || -amus || -iremus || -isemus || -amus¹
|-
|-
! 2P
! 2P
| -ikhis || -ibakhis || -istis || -akhis || -irekhis || -esekhis
| -ikhis || -ibakhis || -istis || -akhis || -irekhis || -isekhis || -ithe
|-
|-
! 3P
! 3P
| -und¹ || -iband || -erund || -and || -irend || -esend
| -und¹ || -iband || -erund || -and || -irend || -isend || -and¹
|-
|-
|}
|}
'''Notes:'''
'''Notes:'''


¹ When the present indicative 1S has an irregular stem, its stem is used to form the present indicative 3S and the present subjunctive.
¹ When the present indicative 1S has an irregular stem, its stem is used to form the present indicative 3S, the present subjunctive, and non-second-person imperatives.


² Verbs with irregular preterite stems have unstressed endings in the 1S and 3S.
² Verbs with irregular preterite stems have unstressed endings in the 1S and 3S.
<!--
³ Irregular verbs always form their perfect subjunctive with the same stem as the perfect indicative.-->


³ Irregular verbs always form their perfect subjunctive with the same stem as the perfect indicative.
====Important irregular verbs====
====Important irregular verbs====
====='''''fire'' "to be"'''=====
====='''''fire'' "to be"'''=====
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|colspan="4"| fithu, fitha
|colspan="4"| fithu, fitha
|-
|-
! colspan="3"| Indicative !! colspan="3"| Subjunctive !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
!rowspan="2"| !! colspan="3"| Indicative !! colspan="3"| Subjunctive !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite
|-
! 1S
| sun || fiba || fui || sia || fire || fise || fia
|-
! 2S
| es || fibas || fuisti || sias || fires || fises || fi
|-
! 3S
| est || fibath || fuith || siath || fireth || fiseth || fiath
|-
! 1P
| sumus || fibamus || fuimus || siamus || firemus || fisemus || fiamus
|-
! 2P
| sukhis || fibakhis || fuistis || siakhis || firekhis || fisekhis || fiathe
|-
! 3P
| sund || fiband || fuerund || siand || firend || fisend || fiant
|-
|}
====='''''aire'' "to have"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! colspan="4"| Infinitive
| colspan="4"| aire
|-
! colspan="4"| Gerund
| colspan="4"| ainde
|-
! colspan="4"| Participle
|colspan="4"| authu, -a
|-
!rowspan="2"| !! colspan="3"| Indicative !! colspan="3"| Subjunctive !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite
|-
! 1S
| ajo || aiba || api || aja || aire || aise || aja
|-
! 2S
| as || aibas || apisti || ajas || aires || aises || a
|-
! 3S
| ath || aibath || apith || ajath || aireth || aiseth || ajath
|-
! 1P
| aimus || aibamus || apimus || ajamus || airemus || aisemus || ajamus
|-
! 2P
| aikhis || aibakhis || apistis || ajakhis || airekhis || aisekhis || aithe
|-
! 3P
| and || aiband || aperund || ajand || airend || aisend || ajand
|-
|}
 
====='''''goire'' "to intend"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! colspan="4"| Infinitive
| colspan="4"| goire
|-
! colspan="4"| Gerund
| colspan="4"| goinde
|-
! colspan="4"| Participle
|colspan="4"| gouthu, -a
|-
!rowspan="2"| !! colspan="3"| Indicative !! colspan="3"| Subjunctive !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite
|-
! 1S
| gojo || goiba || gogwi || goja || goire || goise || goja
|-
! 2S
| gos || goibas || gogwisti || gojas || goires || goises || go
|-
! 3S
| goth || goibath || gogwith || gojath || goireth || goiseth || gojath
|-
! 1P
| goimus || goibamus || gogwimus || gojamus || goiremus || goisemus || gojamus
|-
! 2P
| goithis¹ || goibakhis || gogwistis || gojakhis || goirekhis || goisekhis || goithe
|-
! 3P
| gond || goiband || gogwerund || gojand || goirend || goisend || gojand
|-
|}
 
'''Notes:'''
 
¹ The dissimilation of ''-kh-'' in 2P endings to ''-th-'' is regular when it is preceded by a velar with only a vowel or diphthong intervening.
 
====='''''dere'' "to have to"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! colspan="4"| Infinitive
| colspan="4"| dere
|-
! colspan="4"| Gerund
| colspan="4"| dende
|-
! colspan="4"| Participle
|colspan="4"| duthu, -a
|-
!rowspan="2"| !! colspan="3"| Indicative !! colspan="3"| Subjunctive !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite
|-
! 1S
| dejo || deba || depi || deja || dere || dese || deja
|-
! 2S
| des || debas || depisti || dejas || deres || deses || de
|-
! 3S
| deth || debath || depith || dejath || dereth || deseth || dejath
|-
! 1P
| demus || debamus || depimus || dejamus || deremus || desemus || dejamus
|-
! 2P
| dekhis || debakhis || depistis || dejakhis || derekhis || desekhis || dethe
|-
! 3P
| dend || deband || deperund || dejand || derend || desend || dejand
|-
|}
 
====='''''stare'' "to stay"'''=====
{|  class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! colspan="4"| Infinitive
| colspan="4"| stare
|-
! colspan="4"| Gerund
| colspan="4"| stande
|-
! colspan="4"| Participle
|colspan="4"| stathu, statha
|-
!rowspan="2"| !! colspan="3"| Indicative !! colspan="3"| Subjunctive !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite
|-
! 1S
| sto || staba || stethi || stia || stare || stase || stia
|-
! 2S
| stas || stabas || stethisti || stias || stares || stases || sta
|-
! 3S
| stath || stabath || stethith || stiath || stareth || staseth || stiath
|-
! 1P
| stamus || stabamus || stethimus || stiamus || staremus || stasemus || stiamus
|-
! 2P
| stakhis || stabakhis || stethistis || stiakhis || starekhis || stasekhis || stathe
|-
! 3P
| stand || staband || stetherund || stiand || starend || stasend || stiand
|-
|}
====='''''dare'' "to give"'''=====
{|  class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! colspan="4"| Infinitive
| colspan="4"| dare
|-
! colspan="4"| Gerund
| colspan="4"| dande
|-
! colspan="4"| Participle
|colspan="4"| dathu, datha
|-
!rowspan="2"| !! colspan="3"| Indicative !! colspan="3"| Subjunctive !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite
|-
! 1S
| do || daba || dedi || dia || dare || dase || dia
|-
|-
! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Present¹ !! Imperfect !! Preterite³
! 2S
| das || dabas || dedisti || dias || dares || dases || da
|-
! 3S
| dath || dabath || dedith || diath || dareth || daseth || diath
|-
! 1P
| damus || dabamus || dedimus || diamus || daremus || dasemus || diamus
|-
! 2P
| dakhis || dabakhis || dedistis || diakhis || darekhis || dasekhis || dathe
|-
! 3P
| dand || daband || dederund || diand || darend || dasend || diand
|-
|}
 
====='''''fakhere'' "to do, make"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! colspan="4"| Infinitive
| colspan="4"| fakhere
|-
! colspan="4"| Gerund
| colspan="4"| fakhende
|-
! colspan="4"| Participle
|colspan="4"| fatu, -a
|-
!rowspan="2"| !! colspan="3"| Indicative !! colspan="3"| Subjunctive !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite
|-
|-
! 1S
! 1S
| sun || fiba || fui || sia || fire || fuise
| facho || fakheba || fekhi || facha || fakhere || fekhise || facha
|-
|-
! 2S
! 2S
| es || fibas || fuisti || sias || fires || fueses
| fakhes || fakhebas || fekhisti || fachas || fakheres || fakhises || fakhe
|-
|-
! 3S
! 3S
| est || fibath || fuith || siath || fireth || fueseth
| fakheth || fakhebath || fekhith || fachath || fakhereth || fakhiseth || fachath
|-
|-
! 1P
! 1P
| sumus || fibamus || fuimus || siamus || firemus || fuesemus
| fakhemus || fakhebamus || fekhimus || fachamus || fakheremus || fakhisemus || fachamus
|-
|-
! 2P
! 2P
| sukhis || fibakhis || fuistis || siakhis || firekhis || fuesekhis
| fakhethis¹ || fakhebakhis || fekhistis || fachakhis || fakherekhis || fakhisekhis || fakhethe
|-
|-
! 3P
! 3P
| sund || fiband || fuerund || siand || firend || fuesend
| fachund || fakheband || fekherund || fachand || fakherend || fakhisend || fachand
|-
|}
'''Notes:'''
 
¹ This dissimilation of ''-khis'' to ''-this'' is regular in all relevant 2P forms whenever the ending is immediately preceded by a velar consonant.
 
====='''''dikhere'' "to say"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! colspan="4"| Infinitive
| colspan="4"| dikhere
|-
! colspan="4"| Gerund
| colspan="4"| dikhende
|-
! colspan="4"| Participle
|colspan="4"| ditu, -a
|-
!rowspan="2"| !! colspan="3"| Indicative !! colspan="3"| Subjunctive !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite
|-
! 1S
| dikho || dikheba || disi || dikha || dikhere || dikhise || dikha
|-
! 2S
| dikhes || dikhebas || disisti || dikhas || dikheres || dikhises || dikhe
|-
! 3S
| dikheth || dikhebath || disith || dikhath || dikhereth || dikhiseth || dikhath
|-
! 1P
| dikhemus || dikhebamus || disimus || dikhamus || dikheremus || dikhisemus || dikhamus
|-
! 2P
| dikhethis || dikhebakhis || disistis || dikhathis || dikherekhis || dikhisekhis || dikhethe
|-
! 3P
| dikhend || dikheband || diserund || dikhand || dikherend || dikhisend || dikhand
|-
|-
|}
|}
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==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
The unmarked word order is VSO.
===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Verb phrase===
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==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
===Time===
===Time - ''Sa ora''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Seasons - ''Sas stachóis''
! English !! Cathardic
|-
| Spring || gweráu
|-
| Summer || estathe
|-
| Fall || athunu
|-
| Winter || iberu
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Months in Cathardic
|+ Gregorian months - ''Sos meses sos gregoljanos''
! English !! Cathardic
! English !! Cathardic
|-
|-
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| March || malchu
| March || malchu
|-
|-
| April || aprí
| April || afrí
|-
|-
| May || manju
| May || manju
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{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Days in Cathardic
|+ Days of the week - ''Sos dis de la setimá''
! English !! <!--colspan="2"|--> Cathardic
! English !! <!--colspan="2"|--> Cathardic
|-
|-
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| Tuesday || dithelcha <!--|| mardes-->
| Tuesday || dithelcha <!--|| mardes-->
|-
|-
| Wednesday || dikhwalta <!--|| mélcordes-->
| Wednesday || dikhwarta <!--|| mélcordes-->
|-
|-
| Thursday || dikhwinda <!--|| jodes-->
| Thursday || dikhwinda <!--|| jodes-->
Line 571: Line 847:
|-
|-
| Saturday || disápathi <!--|| sápathu-->
| Saturday || disápathi <!--|| sápathu-->
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Parts of the day - ''Sos partes de so di''
! English !! Cathardic
|-
| day || di
|-
| dawn || arora
|-
| morning || demái
|-
| noon || mesudí
|-
| afternoon || merije
|-
| evening || sera
|-
| dusk || khelfuslu
|-
| night || note
|-
| midnight || mesanote
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Units of time - ''Sas uithathes de sa ora''
! English !! Cathardic
|-
| second || sekhunu
|-
| minute || minuthu
|-
| hour || ora
|-
| day || di
|-
| week || setimá
|-
| month || mese
|-
| season || stachói
|-
| year || anu
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Time adverbs - ''Sos adverbos de sa ora''
! English !! Cathardic
|-
| now || akhora
|-
| then || asora
|-
| recently, a short time ago ||
|-
| earlier ||
|-
| soon, shortly ||
|-
| later ||
|-
| always || sémber
|-
| often ||
|-
| sometimes ||
|-
| rarely ||
|-
| never || ungwa
|-
| ever || ungwa
|-
| still, yet || ja
|-
| already || ja
|-
| today || oje
|-
| tonight ||
|-
| yesterday || jeri
|-
| last night || jerinote
|-
| tomorrow || khras
|-
| before yesterday || khrasnote
|-
| two nights ago ||
|-
| after tomorrow ||
|-
| this week ||
|-
| last week ||
|-
| next week ||
|-
|}
===Colours - ''Sos kolores''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Colours - ''Sos kolores''
! English !! Cathardic
|-
| white || albu
|-
| grey || kirenju
|-
| black || nigru
|-
| red || rusu
|-
| orange || naranju
|-
| brown || kastanju
|-
| yellow || kholkhu
|-
| green || gwirdi
|-
| blue ||
|-
| pink ||
|-
| purple ||
|-
| golden ||
|-
|-
|}
|}
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==Example texts==
==Example texts==
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
===Universal Declaration of Human Right (Article 1)===
Naskend tothu sos adámikhos líberos eth ukhwáis in dinithathe eth in deretos. And sa rachói eth su damir, eth dend oferare sos unos kun sos álteros kun su ruh de sa fratherithathe.
/ˈnaskend ˈtoθu sos aˈdamixos ˈliberos eθ uxˈwais in diniˈθaθe eθ in deˈretos ‖ and sa raˈtʃoi eθ su daˈmir | eθ dend ofeˈrare sos ˈunos kun sos ˈalteros kun su ruh de sa fraθeriˈθaθe/


==Other resources==
==Other resources==
Shariifka
6,897

edits

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