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'''Celabrian''' (Celabrian: ''gərṭeʒ'' [ˈɡəɾtʼɛd͡z]) is an Indo-European language.
'''Celabrian''' (Celabrian: ''gərṭeʒ'' [ɡəɾˈtʼed͡z]) is an Indo-European language.
{{Infobox language
|name = Celabrian
|nativename = gərṭeʒ<!-- <br />Razdă Γn̄ффindskă <br />𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 𐌲𐌿𐌸𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍃𐌺𐌰-->
|pronunciation = ɡəɾˈtʼed͡z
|creator = [[User:Shariifka|Shariifka]]
|region = Black Sea
<!--
|states =
|nation =
|speakers = -->
|date = 2016
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|ancestor = Proto-Celabrian
|ancestor2 = Old Celabrian
|ancestor3 = Classical Celabrian
<!--
|iso1 =
|iso2 =
|iso3 = -->
|script        = [[Celabrian]], [[w:Latin_alphabet|Latin]], [[w:Arabic alphabet|Arabic]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]
<!--
|agency        = -->
}}
==Introduction==
==Introduction==
===Etymology===
===Etymology===
The name ''Celabrian'' comes from the tribal name ''Celabr<!--i-->i'' (Greek: Κελαβρ<!--ι-->οί) < Proto-Celabrian ''*kelabʰr<!--ij-->as'' <!--"of a warrior" < ''*kelabʰā́r'' -->"warrior" (compare Modern Celabrian ''č̣łavr'' [t͡ʃʼɫavɾ]) < ''*kelas'' "spear" (< PIE ''*gʷelH-'' "to throw, pierce"; compare Modern Celabrian ''č̣ał'' [t͡ʃʼaɫ] "weapon") + <!--''-bʰār''-->''*-bʰēr ~ -bʰras'' "bearer" (< PIE ''*bʰer-'' "to bear, carry").
The name ''Celabrian'' comes from the tribal name ''Celabr<!--i-->i'' (Greek: Κελαβρ<!--ι-->οί) < Proto-Celabrian ''*kelabʰr<!--ij-->as'' <!--"of a warrior" < ''*kelabʰā́r'' -->"warrior" (compare Modern Celabrian ''č̣łavṙ'' [t͡ʃʼɫavr]) < ''*kelas'' "spear" (< PIE ''*gʷelH-'' "to throw, pierce"; compare Modern Celabrian ''č̣ał'' [t͡ʃʼaɫ] "weapon") + <!--''-bʰār''-->''*-bʰras'' "bearer" (thematization of earlier ''*-bʰēr'' < PIE ''*bʰer-'' "to bear, carry").


The endonym '''''gərṭeʒ''''' comes from '''''gər''''' "Celabrian" (< PC ''*wīras'' "man" < PIE ''*wiHrós'' "man, warrior") + '''''ṭeʒ''''' "language" (< PC ''*tancūs'' "tongue" < PIE ''*dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s''). The formal language is known as '''''bonṭeʒ''''' [ˈbontʼɛd͡z], from '''''bon''''' "clear, eloquent" (< PC ''*bʰānas'' < PIE ''*bʰeh₂-'' "to shine; to speak"). The classical language is known as '''''akrəṭeʒ''''' [ˈakʰɾətʼɛd͡z] (Classical Celabrian: '''''akʰra tanci''''' [ˈakʰɾa ˈtant͡si]), from '''''akr''''' "precise, sharp" (< PC ''*akʰras'' "sharp" < PIE ''*h₂ḱrós''). The colloquial language is known as '''''łøðṭeʒ''''' [ˈɫ̪œtʼːɛd͡z], from '''''łøð''''' "masses, common folk" (< PC ''*aleudʰis'' < PIE ''*h₁léwdʰis'' "people").
The endonym '''''gərṭeʒ''''' comes from '''''gər''''' "Celabrian" (< PC ''*wīras'' "man" < PIE ''*wiHrós'' "man, warrior") + '''''ṭeʒ''''' "language" (< PC ''*tancūs'' "tongue" < PIE ''*dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s''). The formal language is known as '''''bonṭeʒ''''' [bonˈtʼed͡z], from '''''bon''''' "clear, eloquent" (< PC ''*bʰānas'' < PIE ''*bʰeh₂-'' "to shine; to speak"). The classical language is known as '''''akṙəṭeʒ''''' [ˌakʰrəˈtʼed͡z] (Classical Celabrian: '''''akʰra tanci''''' [ˈakʰɾa ˈtant͡si]), from '''''akṙ''''' "precise, sharp" (< PC ''*akʰras'' "sharp" < PIE ''*h₂ḱrós''). The colloquial language is known as '''''łøðṭeʒ''''' [ɫ̪œtʼˈtʼed͡z], from '''''łøð''''' "masses, common folk" (< PC ''*aleudʰis'' < PIE ''*h₁léwdʰis'' "people").
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
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==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
[[File:Celabrian Alphabet.png|thumb|The Celabrian alphabet]]
Celabrian is written with the Celabrian alphabet, which is ultimately derived from the Phoenician alphabet via Ancient Greek. In this article, a Romanization is used for convenience.
The majority of the letters are inherited from Ancient Greek. Some are internal developments, from variants or ligatures of other letters, and some are later borrowings from Greek. A few letters have an unknown or uncertain origin.
The names of the letters are Celabrian innovations.
====Celabrian alphabet====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Celabrian alphabet
! rowspan="2"|Letter !! rowspan="2"|Romanization !! rowspan="2"|IPA !! colspan="3"| Name !! colspan="2"| Origin !! rowspan="2"| Remarks
|-
! Romanization !! IPA !! Meaning !! Script !! Letter
|-
|  || a || {{IPA|/ɑ/}} || až || {{IPA|/ɑʒ/}} || snake || Greek || Α || Inherited.
|-
| || b || {{IPA|/b/}} || boz || {{IPA|/boz/}} || arm || Greek || Β || Inherited.
|-
| || h || {{IPA|/ɦ ~ ʁ/}} || haθ || {{IPA|/ɦɑθ/}} || stranger, foreigner || Greek || Γ || Inherited.
|-
| || d || {{IPA|/d/}} || dur || {{IPA|/duɾ/}} || door || Greek || Δ || Inherited.
|-
| || e || {{IPA|/e/}} || ječ || {{IPA|/jet͡ʃʰ/}} || belly, guts, inside || Greek || Ε || Inherited.
|-
| || g || {{IPA|/ɡ/}} || got || {{IPA|/ɡotʰ/}} || axe || Greek || F || Inherited.
|-
| || z || {{IPA|/z/}} || zan || {{IPA|/zɑn/}} || goose || Greek || Ζ || Inherited.
|-
| || æ || {{IPA|/æ/}} || jæʒ || {{IPA|/jæd͡z/}} || goat || Greek || Η || Inherited.
|-
| || t || {{IPA|/tʰ/}} || tøk || {{IPA|/tʰøkʰ/}} || sprout, seedling || Greek || Θ || Inherited.
|-
| || ǵ || {{IPA|/ɟ/}} || ǵuq || {{IPA|/ɟuʔ/}} || yoke || Greek || Ι || From an early variant of ''jič''.
|-
| || i || {{IPA|/i/}} || jič || {{IPA|/jit͡ʃʰ/}} || road, path || Greek || Ι || Inherited.
|-
| || ḳ || {{IPA|/kʼ/}} || ḳṙiv || {{IPA|/kʼriv/}} || carving || Greek || Κ || Inherited.
|-
| || ł || {{IPA|/ɫ/}} || łæš || {{IPA|/ɫæʃ/}} || (< ''læše'' "plough") || Greek || Λ || Inherited.
|-
| || c || {{IPA|/t͡sʰ/}} || cək || {{IPA|/t͡sʰəkʰ/}} || peg, hook || Greek || Ψ || From an early variant of ''sap''.
|-
| || m || {{IPA|/m/}} || myš || {{IPA|/myʃ/}} || mouse || Greek || Μ || Inherited.
|-
| || n || {{IPA|/n/}} || niθ || {{IPA|/niθ/}} || seat, chair; sitting, meeting; situation || Greek || Ν || Inherited.
|-
| || č || {{IPA|/t͡ʃʰ/}} || čar || {{IPA|/t͡ʃʰɑɾ/}} || dry || Greek || Ξ || Inherited.
|-
| || u || {{IPA|/u/}} || vun || {{IPA|/vun/}} || water || Greek || Ο || Inherited.
|-
| || ṗ || {{IPA|/pʼ/}} || ṗak || {{IPA|/pʼɑkʰ/}} || club || Greek || Π || Inherited.
|-
| || c̣ || {{IPA|/t͡sʼ/}} || c̣əm || {{IPA|/t͡sʼəm/}} || molar || Greek || Ϻ (''san'') || Inherited.
|-
| || ḳ́ || {{IPA|/cʼ/}}|| ḳ́ø || {{IPA|/cʼø/}} || cattle || Greek || Ϙ || Inherited.
|-
| || r || {{IPA|/ɾ/}} || rot || {{IPA|/ɾotʰ/}} || (< ''ṙot'' "cane") || Greek || Ρ || Inherited.
|-
| || ǯ || {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} || ǯarm || {{IPA|/d͡ʒɑɾm/}} || warm || ? || ? || Origin unknown.
|-
| || š || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} || šaš || {{IPA|/ʃɑʃ/}} || (< ''šašə'' "comb") || Greek || Σ || Inherited.
|-
| || ṭ || {{IPA|/tʼ/}} || ṭaš || {{IPA|/tʼɑʃ/}} || tear || Greek || Τ || Inherited.
|-
| || ň || {{IPA|/ɲ/}} || ňam || {{IPA|/ɲɑm/}} || shoot || ? || ? || Origin unknown.
|-
| || v || {{IPA|/v/}} || vuš || {{IPA|/vuʃ/}} || ox || Greek || Υ || Inherited.
|-
| || p || {{IPA|/pʰ/}} || pit || {{IPA|/pʰitʰ/}} || feather || Greek || Φ || Inherited.
|-
| || č̣ || {{IPA|/t͡ʃʼ/}}|| č̣alč || {{IPA|/t͡ʃʼɑltʃʰ/}} || crossbow || ? || ? || Origin unknown.
|-
| || k || {{IPA|/kʰ/}} || kap || {{IPA|/kʰɑpʰ/}} || head || Greek || Χ || Inherited.
|-
| || ř || {{IPA|/ɹ/}} || řeł || {{IPA|/ɹeɫ/}} || gerboa || Greek? || Ϻ? || Origin uncertain. Probably from Greek Ϻ (''san'').
|-
| || s || {{IPA|/s/}} || sap || {{IPA|/sɑpʰ/}} || hoof || Greek || Ψ || Inherited.
|-
| || o || {{IPA|/o/}} || vobl || {{IPA|/vobl/}} || apple || Greek || Ω || Inherited.
|-
| || j || {{IPA|/j/}} || jeł || {{IPA|/jeɫ/}} || deer || Greek || Ι || Originally a variant of ''jič''.
|-
| || ó || {{IPA|/o/}} || vóḱ || {{IPA|/voc/}} || eye || Greek || Ο || A later borrowing.
|-
| || l || {{IPA|/l/}} || løv || {{IPA|/løv/}} || child || ? || ? || Origin unknown.
|-
| || x́ || {{IPA|/ç/}} || x́æł || {{IPA|/çæɫ/}} || heat of the sun || ? || ? || Origin uncertain. <!--Perhaps borrowed from or related to Phrygian Ψ h (of uncertain pronunciation), or from a variant of Greek Ϻ.-->
|-
| || ə || {{IPA|/ə/}} || ət || {{IPA|/ətʰ/}} || face || Armenian || Ը || Borrowed from Armenian.
|-
| || θ || {{IPA|/θ/}} || θæh || {{IPA|/θæʁ/}} || path || Greek || Θ || A later borrowing.
|-
| || f || {{IPA|/f/}} || far || {{IPA|/fɑɾ/}} || sparrow || Greek || Φ || A later borrowing.
|-
| || x || {{IPA|/h ~ χ/}} || xał || {{IPA|/hɑɫ ~ χɑɫ/}} || large fish, whale ||  Greek || Χ || A later borrowing.
|-
| || y || {{IPA|/y/}} || vyrḱ || {{IPA|/vyɾcʰ/}} || jar || Greek || Υ || A later borrowing.
|-
| || ø || {{IPA|/ø/}} || vøš || {{IPA|/vøʃ/}} || ear || Greek || ΟΙ || Originally a ligature of ''vun'' + ''jič''.
|-
| || ŋ || {{IPA|/ŋ/}} || ŋaš || {{IPA|/ŋɑʃ/}} || silence || Greek || ΓΓ || Originally a ligature of ''haθ'' + ''haθ''.
|-
| || ž || {{IPA|/ʒ/}} || žam || {{IPA|/ʒɑm/}} || hour || ? || ? || Originally a variant of ''ǯar''.
|-
| || q || {{IPA|/ʔ ~ q/}} || qłuθ || {{IPA|/qɫuθ/}} || servant || Greek || Κ || Originally a variant of ''ḳṙiv''.
|-
| || ḱ || {{IPA|/cʰ/}} || ḱøt || {{IPA|/cʰøtʰ/}} || fight || Greek || Χ || Originally a variant of ''kap''.
|-
| || ʒ || {{IPA|/d͡z/}} || ʒoč || {{IPA|/d͡zot͡ʃʰ/}} || (< ''ʒočə'' "whip")|| Greek || Ζ || Originally a variant of ''zan''.
|-
| || ð || {{IPA|/ð/}} || ðiš || {{IPA|/ðiʃ/}} || axe, adze || Greek || Δ || Originally a variant of ''dur''.
|-
| || ṙ || {{IPA|/r/}} || ṙuž || {{IPA|/ruʒ/}} || rye || Latin? || R? || Mostly likely borrowed from Latin R. Alternatively, may be from a variant of ''rot''.
|-
|}
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes of Standard Celabrian
|+ Consonant phonemes of Standard Celabrian
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! Alveolar
! Alveolar
! Postalveolar
! Postalveolar
! Palatal
! Palatal<small><sup>1</sup></small>
! Velar
! Velar<small><sup>2</sup></small>
! Uvular
! Uvular<small><sup>3</sup></small>
! Glottal
! Glottal<small><sup>3</sup></small>
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| ''m'' [m]
| ''m'' /m/
|
|
| ''n'' [n]
| ''n'' /n/
|
|
|''ň'' [ɲ]
|''ň'' /ɲ/
|''ŋ'' [ŋ]
|''ŋ'' /ŋ/
|
|
|
|
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! rowspan="3" | Plosive
! rowspan="3" | Plosive
! voiceless
! voiceless
| ''p'' [pʰ]
| ''p'' /pʰ/
|colspan="2"|  ''t'' /tʰ/
|
|
|  ''t'' [tʰ]
| ''ḱ'' /cʰ/
|
| ''k'' /kʰ/
| ''ḱ'' [cʰ]
| colspan="2"| ''q'' /q ~ ʔ/
| ''k'' [kʰ]
| colspan="2"| ''q'' [q ~ ʔ]<small><sup>1</sup></small>
|-
|-
! voiced
! voiced
| ''b'' [b]
| ''b'' /b/
|colspan="2"| ''d'' /d/
|
|
| ''d'' [d]
| ''ǵ'' /ɟ/
|
| ''g'' /ɡ/
| ''ǵ'' [ɟ]
| ''g'' [ɡ]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! ejective
! ejective
| ''ṗ'' [pʼ]
| ''ṗ'' /pʼ/
|
|colspan="2"| ''ṭ'' /tʼ/
| ''ṭ'' [tʼ]
|  
|  
| ''ḳ́'' [cʼ]
| ''ḳ́'' /cʼ/
| ''ḳ'' [kʼ]
| ''ḳ'' /kʼ/
|
|
|
|
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|  
|  
|
|
| ''c'' [t͡sʰ]
| ''c'' /t͡sʰ/
| ''č'' [t͡ʃʰ]
| ''č'' /t͡ʃʰ/
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|  
|  
|
|
| ''ʒ'' [d͡z]
| ''ʒ'' /d͡z/
| ''ǯ'' [d͡ʒ]
| ''ǯ'' /d͡ʒ/
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|  
|  
|
|
| ''c̣'' [t͡sʼ]
| ''c̣'' /t͡sʼ/
| ''č̣'' [t͡ʃʼ]
| ''č̣'' /t͡ʃʼ/
|  
|  
|  
|  
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! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! voiceless
! voiceless
| ''f'' [f]
| ''f'' /f/
| ''θ'' [θ]
| ''θ'' /θ/
| ''s'' [s]
| ''s'' /s/
| ''š'' [ʃ]
| ''š'' /ʃ/
| ''x́'' [ç]
| ''x́'' /ç/
|
|
| colspan="2" | ''x'' [χ ~ h]<small><sup>1</sup></small>
| colspan="2" | ''x'' /χ ~ h/
|-
|-
!  voiced
!  voiced
| ''v'' [v]
| ''v'' /v/
| ''ð'' [ð]
| ''ð'' /ð/
| ''z'' [z]
| ''z'' /z/
| ''ž'' [ʒ]
| ''ž'' /ʒ/
| rowspan="2" | ''j'' [ʝ ~ j]<small><sup>2</sup></small>
| rowspan="2" | ''j'' /ʝ ~ j/<small><sup>6</sup></small>
|
|
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ''h'' [ɦ ~ ʁ]<small><sup>1</sup></small>
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ''h'' /ɦ ~ ʁ/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Approximant
! rowspan="2" | Approximant
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|
|
|
|
| ''ř'' [ɻ]
| ''ř'' /ɹ/
|
|
|-
|-
! lateral
! lateral
|
|
| ''ł'' [ɫ̪]
| ''ł'' /ɫ/<small><sup>4</sup></small>
| ''l'' [l]
| ''l'' /l/<small><sup>5</sup></small>
|  
|  
| ''ľ'' [ʎ]
| <!--''ľ'' [ʎ]-->
|  
|  
|
|
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|
|
|
|
| ''ṙ'' [r]
| ''ṙ'' /r/<small><sup>7</sup></small>
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
| ''r'' [ɾ]
| ''r'' /ɾ/
|
|
|
|
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'''Notes:'''
'''Notes:'''


<small><sup>1</sup></small> The guttural consonants ''q, x'', and ''h'' can be pronounced uvular or glottal depending on environment. The allophones are summarized in the table below. When two pronunciations are given, both are allowed but the first is more common.
<small><sup>1</sup></small> Depending on dialect, the palatal obstruents ''ḱ, ǵ, ḳ́, x́, j'' /cʰ, ɟ, cʼ, ç, ʝ/ may be fronted to [t͡ɕʰ, d͡ʑ, t͡ɕʼ, ɕ, ʑ] or even [t͡ʃʰ, d͡ʒ, t͡ʃʼ, ʃ, ʒ] (merging with the corresponding postalveolars).
 
<small><sup>2</sup></small> The velar consonants are truly velar when adjacent to front vowels and postvelar otherwise.
 
<small><sup>3</sup></small> The guttural consonants ''q, x'', and ''h'' can be pronounced uvular or glottal depending on environment. The allophones are summarized in the table below. When two pronunciations are given, both are allowed but the first is more common.
{|class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center"
{|class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center"
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" | Phoneme !! colspan="4" | In roots !! rowspan="3" | In affixes
! rowspan="3" | Phoneme !! colspan="4" | In roots !! colspan="2" | In affixes
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Adjacent to consonant <br />in same morpheme !! colspan="3" | Otherwise
! rowspan="2" | Adjacent to consonant <br />in same morpheme !! colspan="3" | Otherwise !! rowspan="2" | Adjacent to non-root consonant !! rowspan="2" | Otherwise
|-
|-
! initial !! medial !! final
! initial !! medial !! final
|-
|-
! ''q''  
! ''q''  
| colspan="2" | q || colspan="2" | ʔ ~ q || ʔ
| colspan="2" | q || colspan="2" | ʔ ~ q || q || ʔ
|-
|-
! ''x''  
! ''x''  
| χ || colspan="2" | χ ~ h || h ~ χ || h
| χ || colspan="2" | χ ~ h || h ~ χ || χ || h
|-
|-
! ''h''  
! ''h''  
| ʁ || ɦ || ɦ ~ ʁ || ʁ || ɦ
| ʁ || ɦ || ɦ ~ ʁ || ʁ || ʁ || ɦ
|-
|-
|}
|}
<small><sup>2</sup></small> Pronounced [ʝ] syllable-initially and [j] otherwise.
Note that in some dialects ''q'' is not guttural and is instead merged with ''g''.
 
<small><sup>4</sup></small> Alveolar [ɫ] before consonants, dental [ɫ̪] otherwise. Unless preceded by a consonant, the dental allophone may instead be pronounced [ð(ˠ)] or [ɮ̪(ˠ)] depending on dialect.
 
<small><sup>5</sup></small> May be palatalized when adjacent to front vowels.
 
<small><sup>6</sup></small> Pronounced [ʝ] syllable-initially. Otherwise, pronounced [j]. In non-careful or hypercorrect speech (particularly for speakers of dialects that front palatals), may be pronounced [j] in all environments.
 
<small><sup>7</sup></small> Pronounced non-distinctively as [r ~ ɾ] after consonants. Otherwise, ''ṙ'' /r/ and ''r'' /ɾ/ are distinct.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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|-
|-
! Close
! Close
| ''i'' [i]
| ''i'' /i/
| ''y'' [y]
| ''y'' /y/
| rowspan="2" | ''ə'' [ə]
| rowspan="2" | ''ə'' /ə/
| ''u'' [u]
| ''u'' /u/
|-
|-
! Mid
! Mid
| ''e'' [e]
| ''e'' /e/
| ''ø'' [ø]
| ''ø'' /ø/
| ''o'' [o]
| ''o, ó'' /o/<small><sup>1</sup></small>
|-
|-
! Open
! Open
| ''æ'' [æ]
| ''æ'' /æ/
|
|
| ''a'' [ɑ]
| ''a'' /ɑ/
|
|
|}
|}
'''Notes:'''
<small><sup>1</sup></small> The vowels ''o'' and ''ó'' are pronounced identically in Standard Celabrian. The different graphemes represent an etymological distinction: ''o'' comes Classical Celabrian long ''ō'', while ''ó'' corresponds to Classical Celabrian short ''o'' (which was only present in loanwords). Some dialects distinguish these phonemes, pronouncing ''o'' as /ɔ/ and ''ó'' as /o/.


===Prosody===
===Prosody===
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===Morphophonology===
===Morphophonology===
====Vowel harmony====
====Vowel harmony====
Celabrian has a vowel harmony system very similar to that of Turkish. There are two harmony systems: a simple one (only frontness) and a complex one (both frontedness and roundedness). These are shown in the table below:  
Celabrian has three vowel harmony systems: high, low, and mixed. These are shown in the table below:  
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Standard Celabrian vowel harmony systems
|+ Standard Celabrian vowel harmony systems
Line 240: Line 392:
! rounded
! rounded
|-
|-
! Simple
! High
| colspan="2" | ''e'' [e]
| i
| colspan="2" | ''a'' [ɑ]
| y
| ə
| u
|-
|-
! Complex
! Low
| ''i'' [i]
| colspan="2" | e
| ''y'' [y]
| colspan="2" | a
| ''ə'' [ə]
|-
| ''u'' [u]
! Mixed
| colspan="2" | e
| colspan="2" | ə
|-
|-
|}
|}


In this article, the following notation is used to represent vowel harmony in affixes:
In this article, the following notation is used to represent vowel harmony in affixes:
*''<u>a</u>'': simple harmonizing vowel (a/e)
*''<u>ə</u>'': high harmonizing vowel (''ə/u/i/y'')
*''<u>ə</u>'': complex harmonizing vowel (ə/u/i/y)
**Represents back allomorphs (''ə/u'') when contrasted with ''<u>i</u>'' (= ''i/y''), and unrounded allomorphs (''ə/i'') when contrasted with ''<u>u</u>'' (= ''u/y'').
**Represents back allomorphs (ə/u) when contrasted with ''<u>i</u>'', and unrounded allomorphs (ə/i) when contrasted with ''<u>u</u>''  
*''<u>a</u>'': low harmonizing vowel (''a/e'')
Most prefixes and suffixes harmonize with the nearest vowel in the word they are attached to. Vowels within a word do not necessarily have to agree in frontness/backness.
*''<u>e</u>'': mixed harmonizing vowel (''ə/e'')
Harmonizing affixes harmonize with the nearest vowel in the word they are attached to. Vowels within a word do not have to agree in frontness/backness, but they usually do except in compound words.
 
The mid rounded vowels ''o, ó'', and ''ø'' are not affected by vowel harmony.
 
====Palatalization====
====Palatalization====
Velar and post-velar consonants in harmonizing affixes are often palatalized when the harmonizing vowel is fronted. There are some exceptions, such as ''-q'' in the ergative suffix ''-<u>ə</u>q/q''. In this article, this is indicated with a ring above the consonant:
Velar and guttural consonants in harmonizing affixes are often palatalized when the harmonizing vowel is fronted. In this article, this is indicated with a ring above the consonant:
*k̊: k ~ ḱ
*k̊: k ~ ḱ
*g̊: g ~ ǵ
*g̊: g ~ ǵ
Line 266: Line 426:
*q̊: q ~ ǵ
*q̊: q ~ ǵ
*ŋ̊: ŋ ~ ň
*ŋ̊: ŋ ~ ň
====Voice assimilation====
====Voice assimilation====
When a prefix beginning in an obstruent attaches to a word ending in an obstruent, the initial consonant of the prefix assimilates to the final consonant of the root in voicing. If their places of articulation are close enough, there may be complete assimilation. Similarly, a final obstruent in a prefix assimilates to a following obstruent. A similar process takes place with the first component of compound words, but this is not indicated in writing.
When a prefix beginning in an obstruent attaches to a word ending in an obstruent, the initial consonant of the prefix assimilates to the final consonant of the root in voicing. If their places of articulation are close enough, there may be complete assimilation. Similarly, a final obstruent in a prefix assimilates to a following obstruent. A similar process takes place with the first component of compound words, but this is not indicated in writing.
====Palatal assimilation====
This occurs when a prefix beginning in ''n'' or ''ł'' follows a word ending in a palatal consonant. In this circumstance:
*n > ň
*ł > l
====Hiatus resolution====
====Hiatus resolution====
When vowels meet at morpheme boundaries, the following changes take place:
When vowels meet at morpheme boundaries, the following changes take place:
Line 275: Line 441:
*æ + e, e + æ > e
*æ + e, e + æ > e
*ə > disappears / before or after any vowel except ə
*ə > disappears / before or after any vowel except ə
*v is inserted between rounded vowel (o, ø, u, y) and any adjacent vowel except ə
*close vowel > disappears / adjacent to homorganic mid vowel
*e; i > je; ji / after any non-rounded vowel except ə
*v is inserted between rounded vowel (o, ø, ó, u, y) and any adjacent vowel
*a > ja / after unrounded front vowel except æ
*e; i > je; ji / after any non-rounded vowel
*a > ja / after unrounded front vowel


====Vowel epenthesis====
====Vowel epenthesis====
When an illegal consonant cluster would occur at a morpheme boundary, an epenthetic high vowel is inserted. This vowel harmonizes with the preceding vowel, or the following vowel if there is no preceding vowel.
When an illegal consonant cluster would occur at a morpheme boundary, an epenthetic high vowel is inserted. This vowel harmonizes with the preceding vowel, or the following vowel if there is no preceding vowel.
===Historical phonology===  
===Historical phonology===  
====PIE to Early Proto-Celabrian (PC)====
====PIE to Early Proto-Celabrian (PC)====
Line 319: Line 487:
====Early PC to Late PC====
====Early PC to Late PC====
  ē > ī / _ns
  ē > ī / _ns
  ē > ā / otherwise
  ē > ā
   In some dialects, this takes place after the palatalization of velars, affecting some words that were reborrowed into the standard dialect.
   In some dialects, this takes place after the palatalization of velars, affecting some words that were reborrowed into the standard dialect.
  ei, eje > ī
  ei, eje > ī
  e > i / with i in following syllable
  e > i / with i in following syllable
s > š / i_, ī_ (ruki is still productive at this point)
  s, š > Ø / _n, _m (lengthen preceding vowel, even if intervening consonant is present)
  s, š > Ø / _n, _m (lengthen preceding vowel, even if intervening consonant is present)
  s > Ø / #_r, #_l
  s > Ø / #_r, #_l
Line 331: Line 500:
====Late PC to Old Celabrian====
====Late PC to Old Celabrian====
  ḱ; ḱʰ; ǵʰ > č /t͡ʃ/; čʰ /t͡ʃʰ/; ǯ /d͡ʒʱ/
  ḱ; ḱʰ; ǵʰ > č /t͡ʃ/; čʰ /t͡ʃʰ/; ǯ /d͡ʒʱ/
  stop consonant + tʰ > ttʰ
  stop consonant + t(ʰ) > ttʰ
  -s, -t > disappear / _#
ns > s / when non-final (lengthens preceding vowel)
s > š / ī_
  -s, -š, -t > disappear / _#
-r > disappear / ō_#
  s- > ž / #_
  s- > ž / #_
  -s- > h / V_V
  -s- > h / V_V
  sT; sP; sC; sČ; sK > htʰ /θ͡t̪͡θ/; hpʰ /φ͡p͡φ/; hcʰ /s͡t͡s/; hčʰ /ʃ͡t͡ʃ/; hkʰ /x͡k͡x/
  sT; sP; sC; sČ; sK > htʰ /θ͡t̪͡θ/; hpʰ /φ͡p͡φ/; hcʰ /s͡t͡s/; hčʰ /ʃ͡t͡ʃ/; hkʰ /x͡k͡x/
  Kš > ččʰ
  Kš > ččʰ
  Ps, Ts > ccʰ
  Ps, Ts, ss > ccʰ
  sw > xʷ
  sw > xv
  w > gʷ / #_, after sonorant
  w > gʷ / #_, after sonorant
  Pj > *Pš > ččʰ (where P represents any labial stop)
  Pj > *Pš > ččʰ (where P represents any labial stop)
Line 345: Line 517:
  Čj > ČČ
  Čj > ČČ
  nj; lj; rj; sj > ň; ľ; ř; š / #_, C_
  nj; lj; rj; sj > ň; ľ; ř; š / #_, C_
  nj; lj; rj; sj > ňň; ľľ; řř; šš / V_V
  nj; lj; rj; sj > ňň; ľľ; řř; šš / V_V, V_#
  mj > mň
  mj > mň
  Kn > ň-, -ňň-
  Kn > ň-, -ňň-
Line 354: Line 526:
  gʰ > g / adjacent to nasal
  gʰ > g / adjacent to nasal
  gʰ > ɣ / otherwise
  gʰ > ɣ / otherwise
  e > ja / before a, in non-final closed syllables
  e > ja / before a; in non-final closed syllables
  e > je / except when final, in diphthong, or immediately followed by nasal
  e > je / except when final, in diphthong, or immediately followed by nasal
*Note: The above two changes do not affect "e" in loanwords, probably because they differed in quality. After these changes occurred, the borrowed "e" merged with its native equivalent.
  ō > vø̄-, -ø̄-
  ō > vø̄-, -ø̄-
  ū > vȳ, -ȳ-
  ū > vȳ, -ȳ-
Line 367: Line 540:


  Transcription differences without significant sound change:
  Transcription differences without significant sound change:
   w > ʷ / C_
   w > v
  w > v / V_V
<!--
=====Old Celabrian phonology=====
=====Old Celabrian phonology=====
{|
{|
Line 470: Line 643:
| '''λ''' ''l'' [l]
| '''λ''' ''l'' [l]
| '''ι''' ''j'' [j], '''λι''' ''ľ'' [ʎ]
| '''ι''' ''j'' [j], '''λι''' ''ľ'' [ʎ]
| '''ϝ''' ''v'' [w]
| '''υ''' ''v'' [w]
|  
|  
|-
|-
Line 504: Line 677:
|}
|}
|}
|}
 
--
'''Notes:'''
'''Notes:'''
 
--
<small><sup>1</sup></small> Allophone of ''n'' before nasals.
<small><sup>1</sup></small> Allophone of ''n'' before nasals.
 
--
<small><sup>2</sup></small> Allophone of ''ɣ'' adjacent to nasals.
<small><sup>2</sup></small> Allophone of ''ɣ'' adjacent to nasals.
 
--
<small><sup>3</sup></small> All consonants can be labialized, but only ''gʷ'' behaves as an independent phoneme.
<small><sup>3</sup></small> All consonants can be labialized, but only ''gʷ'' behaves as an independent phoneme.
 
--
<sup><small>4</small></sup> The prefricatized affricates may have been geminate affricates or fricatives.
<sup><small>4</small></sup> The prefricatized affricates may have been geminate affricates or fricatives.
-->


====Old Celabrian to Classical Celabrian====
====Old Celabrian to Classical Celabrian====
Line 520: Line 694:
  ž, ř > ř /ɹ/
  ž, ř > ř /ɹ/
  ā > ō / except in final syllable
  ā > ō / except in final syllable
nasal + liquid > stop homorganic to nasal is inserted between them
NC > C / #_
  Unstressed final syllable vowels (does not affect monosyllabic words):
  Unstressed final syllable vowels (does not affect monosyllabic words):
   short vowel > ə / when not followed by consonant, if dropping would lead to forbidden consonant cluster
   short vowel > ə / when not followed by consonant, if dropping would lead to forbidden consonant cluster
Line 528: Line 704:
   ȳ; ø̄ > ī; ē
   ȳ; ø̄ > ī; ē


====Classical Celabrian to Standard Modern Celabrian====
====Classical Celabrian to Standard Modern Celabrian====  
v > ʷ / C_
  a > ə / before nasal in closed syllable
  a > ə / before nasal in closed syllable
  -ə > disappears / word-finally
  -ə > disappears / word-finally
Line 534: Line 711:
  ē > æ / _C
  ē > æ / _C
  long vowel > short
  long vowel > short
  e; i; ø; y > a; ə; o; u / Cʷ_ (but not v_)
  e; i; ø; y > a; ɨ; o; u / Cʷ_ (but not v_)
  a; ə; e; o; u > e; i; i; ø; y / when followed by i in following syllable
  a; ə; e; o; ɨ; u > e; e; i; ø; i; y / when followed by i in following syllable
  ji > i / C_
  ji > i / C_
gʷ > g
  velar > palatal / before front vowel or j
  velar > palatal / before front vowel or j
  Cʷ > uC / after stressed, open vowel
  Cʷ > uC / after stressed, open vowel
  Cʷ > C / otherwise
  Cʷ > C / otherwise
iu > ju / _C
nj; (l)lj; (r)rj > ň; ľ; ř
  j > disappears / after palatal or post-alveolar consonant
  j > disappears / after palatal or post-alveolar consonant
  v > disappears / after rounded vowel in unstressed syllables
  v > disappears / after rounded vowel in unstressed syllables
ou > o / _C
  u > f/v / V_C (agrees with following consonant in voicing)
  u > f/v / V_C (agrees with following consonant in voicing)
  final unstressed -i > disappears
  final unstressed -i > disappears
  b; d; ǯ; ǵ; g > v; ð; ž; j; ɣ / V_, r_
  b; d; ǯ; ǵ; g > v; ð; ž; j; ɣ / V_, r_
  mb; nd; nʒ; nǯ; ňǵ; ŋg > m; n; n; ň; ň; ŋ
mb; nd; nʒ; nǯ; ňǵ; ŋg > nasal is dropped / _r, _l
  mb; nd; nʒ; nǯ; ňǵ; ŋg > m; n; n; ň; ň; ŋ / otherwise
  mp; nt; nc; nč; ňḱ; ŋk > b; d; ʒ; ǯ; ǵ; g
  mp; nt; nc; nč; ňḱ; ŋk > b; d; ʒ; ǯ; ǵ; g
  mpʰ; ntʰ; ncʰ; nčʰ; ŋkʰ > nasal is dropped
  mpʰ; ntʰ; ncʰ; nčʰ; ŋkʰ > nasal is dropped
  p; t; c; č; ḱ; k > ṗ; ṭ; c̣; č̣; ḳ́; ḳ / #_
  p; t; c; č; ḱ; k > ṗ; ṭ; c̣; č̣; ḳ́; ḳ / #_
  p; t; c; č; ḱ; k > b; d; ʒ; ǯ; ǵ; q / V_, r_, l_
  p; t; c; č; ḱ; k > b; d; ʒ; ǯ; ǵ; q / V_, r_, l_
  p; t; c; č; ḱ; k > pʰ; tʰ; cʰ; čʰ; ḱʰ; kʰ / s_, š_
  h, x > x /χ ~ h/
  h, x > x /χ ~ h/
  r > ṙ /r/ / when initial or geminated
  r > ṙ /r/ / when initial or geminated
Line 559: Line 742:
  geminate consonant > single consonant
  geminate consonant > single consonant
  Tr > Č (in some dialects, preserved or instead > Ḱ)
  Tr > Č (in some dialects, preserved or instead > Ḱ)
θr; ðr > š; ž
  Kl, Tl > Ḱ
  Kl, Tl > Ḱ
ľ > l
  pre-tonic vowel loss whenever possible, otherwise generally > ə (but sometimes preserved)
  pre-tonic vowel loss whenever possible, otherwise generally > ə (but sometimes preserved)
   Forms consonant clusters that are resolved as follows:
   Forms consonant clusters that are resolved as follows:
Line 565: Line 750:
   obstruent clusters assimilate to voicing of final obstruent
   obstruent clusters assimilate to voicing of final obstruent
   ṙ > r / in clusters
   ṙ > r / in clusters
   N + r/ř/l/ł > stop homorganic to nasal is inserted (but ň + r > ndr; n/ň + l > ŋgl; n/ň + ł > ŋgł)
   N + r/ř/l/ł > stop homorganic to nasal is inserted (but ň + r > ndr; n/ň + l/ł > nd)
   N + ľ > ňǵ
   N + ľ > ňǵ
   s + r/ř/l/ł > str/stř/skl/skł
   s + r/ř/l/ł > str/stř/stṙ/skl/skł
   š + r/ř/l/ł > štr/štř/škl/škł
   š + r/ř/ṙ/l/ł > štr/štř/štṙ/škl/škł
   z/ž + r/ř > epenthetic -d- inserted
   z/ž + r/ř/ṙ > epenthetic -d- inserted
   affricate + stop > affricate becomes corresponding appropriately voiced fricative
   affricate + stop > affricate becomes corresponding appropriately voiced fricative
   ř + consonant > ř becomes post-alveolar fricative
   initial ř + consonant > ř becomes post-alveolar fricative
   T + s/z > c/ʒ
   T + s/z > c/ʒ
   Č + s/z > č/ǯ
   Č + s/z > č/ǯ
Line 577: Line 762:
  vowel harmony:
  vowel harmony:
   unstressed vowels harmonize with stressed vowel in frontedness and sometimes roundedness (especially with high vowels)
   unstressed vowels harmonize with stressed vowel in frontedness and sometimes roundedness (especially with high vowels)
     back (a; ə, u) <-> front (e; i, y)
     back (a; ə; ɨ, u) <-> front (e; e; i, y)
     unrounded (ə, i) <-> rounded (u, y)
     unrounded (ɨ, i) <-> rounded (u, y)
   frontedness of stressed vowel may be affected by adjacent consonants (details TBD)
   frontedness of stressed vowel may be affected by adjacent consonants (details TBD)
   stressed a sometimes > æ
   stressed a sometimes > æ
  l, ł, ľ > merge before obstruents - become ł before velar/post-velar, ľ before palatal, and l otherwise
  l, ł > merge before obstruents - become ł before velar/post-velar, and l otherwise
r, ṙ, ř > merge before obstruents - become ř before dental, and r otherwise
r > ṙ / _n
r > ṙ / after consonants
ɨ, ə > merge to ə (trace of distinction remains in low vs mixed vowel harmony)


  Transcription differences without significant sound change:
  Transcription differences without significant sound change:
Line 605: Line 794:
! colspan="3" <!--rowspan="2"--> | Person and number <!--!! colspan="10" | Full !! colspan="5" | Clitic
! colspan="3" <!--rowspan="2"--> | Person and number <!--!! colspan="10" | Full !! colspan="5" | Clitic
|- -->
|- -->
! Absolutive !! Emphatic !! Ergative !! Dative !! Genitive <!--!! Possessive<sup><small>1</small></sup>--> !! Ablative !! Locative !! Instrumental !! Adverbial !! Vocative !! Possessive suffix<sup><small>1</small></sup> !! Copulative suffix<sup><small>2</small></sup>
! Absolutive !! Emphatic<sup><small>1</small></sup> !! Ergative !! Dative !! Genitive <!--!! Possessive<sup><small>1</small></sup>--> !! Ablative !! Locative !! Instrumental !! Adverbial !! Vocative !! Possessive suffix<sup><small>2</small></sup> !! Copulative suffix<sup><small>3</small></sup>
|-
! colspan="3" | 0<sup>th</sup>
| jæk || akak || jækiq || jækid || jækix || jæke || jækim || jækiv || jæken || jæko || -<u>a</u>k || -<u>a</u>k
|-
! rowspan="3" | 1<sup>st</sup> !! colspan="2" | Singular
| jam || akam || jaməq || jaməd || jaməx || jama || jaməm || jaməv || jaman || jamo || -<u>a</u>m || -<u>a</u>m
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1<sup>st</sup> !! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Dual
| jam || jamam || jaməq || jaməd || jaməx || jama || jaməm || jaməv || jaman || jamo || -<u>a</u>m || -<u>a</u>m
| ned || aknad || nediq || nedid || nedix || nede || nedim || nediv || neden || nedo || -n<u>a</u>d || -om
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Plural
! colspan="2" | Plural
| vom || vomna || vomuq || vomud || vomux || voma || vomum || vomuv || voman || vomo || -n<u>a</u> || -om
| vom || eḱňe || vomuq || vomud || vomux || voma || vomum || vomuv || voman || vomo || -n<u>a</u> || -om
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" | 2<sup>nd</sup> !! rowspan="2" | Singular || Informal
! rowspan="4" | 2<sup>nd</sup> !! rowspan="2" | Singular || Informal
| tjev || tjevit || tjeviq || tjevid || tjevix́ || tjeve || tjevim || tjeviv || tjeven || tjevo || -<u>ə</u>t || -<u>a</u>s
| tjev || akət || tjeviq || tjevid || tjevix || tjeve || tjevim || tjeviv || tjeven || tjevo || -<u>ə</u>t || -<u>a</u>s
|-
|-
! Formal
! Formal
| řan || řanga || řanəq || řanəd || řanəx || řana || řanəm || řanəv || řanan || řano || -g̊<u>a</u> || -g̊<u>a</u>θ
| řan || akka || řanəq || řanəd || řanəx || řana || řanəm || řanəv || řanan || řano || -g̊<u>a</u> || -ot
|-
! colspan="2" | Dual
| gad || akkad || gadəq || gadəd || gadəx || gada || gadəm || gadəv || gadan || gado || -g̊<u>a</u>d || -ot
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Plural
! colspan="2" | Plural
| vym || vymǵe || vymyq || vymyd || vymyx́ || vyme || vymym || vymyv || vymen || vymo || -g̊<u>a</u> || -g̊<u>a</u>θ
| vym || eḱḱe || vymyq || vymyd || vymyx || vyme || vymym || vymyv || vymen || vymo || -g̊<u>a</u> || -ot
|-
|-
! rowspan="8" | 3<sup>rd</sup> !! rowspan="2" | Singular !! Animate
! rowspan="5" | 3<sup>rd</sup> !! rowspan="2" | Singular !! Animate
| řev || řeviř || řeviq || řevid || řevix́ || řeve || řevim || řeviv || řeven || řevo || -<u>ə</u>ř || -<u>a</u>θ
| řev || akəř || řeviq || řevid || řevix || řeve || řevim || řeviv || řeven || řevo || -<u>ə</u>ř || -<u>a</u>θ
|-
|-
! Inanimate
! Inanimate
| an || anən || anəq || anəd || anəx || ana || anəm || anəv || anan || ano || -<u>ə</u>n || -<u>a</u>n
| an || akən || (anəq) || anəd || anəx || ana || anəm || anəv || anan || ano || -<u>ə</u>n || -<u>a</u>n
|-
! Dual !! Animate
| ṭyn || akəš || ṭynyq || ṭynyd || ṭynyx || ṭyne || ṭynym || ṭynyv || ṭynen || ṭyno || -<u>ə</u>š || -<u>a</u>t
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Plural !! Animate
! rowspan="2" | Plural !! Animate
| tøt || tøtiš || tøtyq || tøtyd || tøtyx́ || tøte || tøtym || tøtyv || tøten || tøto || -<u>ə</u>š || -<u>a</u>t
| tøt || eḱiš || tøtyq || tøtyd || tøtyx || tøte || tøtym || tøtyv || tøten || tøto || -<u>ə</u>š || -<u>a</u>t
|-
|-
! Inanimate
! Inanimate
| peł || pełin || pełiq || pełid || pełix́ || pełe || pełim || pełiv || pełen || peło || -<u>ə</u>n || -<u>a</u>n
| peł || eḱin || (pełiq) || pełid || pełix || pełe || pełim || pełiv || pełen || peło || -<u>ə</u>n || -<u>a</u>n
|-
<!--
! rowspan="2" | 4<sup>th</sup> !! colspan="2" | Singular
| əč || akəč || əčəq || əčəd || əčəx || əča || əčəm || əčəv || əčan || əčo || -<u>ə</u>č || -<u>a</u>č
|-
! colspan="2" | Plural
| eč || eḱič || ečiq || ečid || ečix || eče || ečim || ečiv || ečen || ečo || -<u>ə</u>č || -<u>a</u>č
|-
-->
! colspan="3" | Reflexive
| xon || akəx || xonuq || xonud || xonux || xona || xonum || xonuv || xonan || xono || -<u>ə</u>x̊ || -<u>a</u>x̊
|-
|-
<!--! colspan="2" | Reflexive
|  ||  || || || || || || || || ||
|--->
|}
|}


'''Notes:'''
'''Notes:'''


<sup><small>1</small></sup> Possessive suffixes are unstressed. The third person inanimate suffix ''-<u>ə</u>n'' is identical to the definite article.
<sup><small>1</small></sup> Formed from the noun ''ak'' (pl. ''eḱ'') "self" with possessive suffixes.


<sup><small>2</small></sup> Copulative suffixes are stressed.
<sup><small>2</small></sup> Possessive suffixes are stressed. The third person inanimate suffix ''-<u>ə</u>n'' is distinguished from the definite article by stress.
 
<sup><small>3</small></sup> Copulative suffixes are unstressed.


===Nouns===
===Nouns===
====Cases====
====Cases====
Case endings are unstressed.
{|class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center"
|-
! Case !! Usage !! Ending !! Notes
|-
! Absolutive
| Citation form; subject of intransitive verb; object of transitive verb; object of adposition|| – ||
|-
! Ergative
| Animate agent of transitive verb || -<u>ə</u>q ||
|-
! Dative
| Recipient, destination, motion towards (lative), purpose || -<u>ə</u>d ||
|-
! Genitive
| Possessor || -<u>ə</u>x || Can take additional case endings.
|-
! Ablative
| Origin, motion away, part of something (partitive) || -<u>a</u> || Can take additional case endings. Identical to partitive and plural/mass indefinite article.
|-
! Locative
| Location || -<u>ə</u>m ||
|-
! Instrumental
| Instrument, means; inanimate agent of transitive verb; cause/reason || -<u>ə</u>v ||
|-
! Adverbial
| Forms adverbs, "as" || -<u>a</u>n ||
|-
! Vocative
| Used for addressing someone/something || -o ||
|-
|}


====Number====
====Number====
Nouns can be singular or plural. Regular plurals are formed with the suffix ''-<u>a</u>n''. Many common nouns have irregular plural stems.
<!--
<!--
====Masculine animate====
====Masculine animate====
Line 716: Line 961:
-->
-->


====Noun classes====
====Definiteness====
<!--
<!--
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
Line 731: Line 976:
|-
|-
|}-->
|}-->
There are three levels of definiteness in Celabrian:
*'''Definite:''' Something specific that is known to both the speaker and listener, that has been previously mentioned, or that is uniquely specified. Equivalent to English "the" in "I saw '''the''' car."
*'''Semidefinite:''' Something specific that is identifiable by the speaker but not the listener or that has not been previously mentioned. Equivalent to English "a" in "I saw '''a''' car."
*'''Indefinite:''' Refers non-specifically to a member of a class. Equivalent to English "a" in "I need '''a''' car."
Nouns unmarked for definiteness are semidefinite by default. The definite article is ''-<u>ə</u>n'' (added before case endings).
The indefinite article for singular, countable nouns is ''m<u>ə</u>-''. For plural and mass nouns, it is ''-<u>a</u>'' (equivalent to the ablative case ending and the partitive article).
Nouns with possessive suffixes do not take the definite article, but can take the indefinite article. Possessive suffixes come before case endings and the plural/uncountable indefinite suffix.
In addition to definite and indefinite articles, Celabrian has partitive and negative articles. The partitive article is ''-<u>a</u>'' (equivalent to the ablative case and the plural/mass indefinite article). It refers to a non-specific quantity of something. It is equivalent to English "some" in "I want '''some''' coffee."
The negative article is ''k<u>a</u>-''. It specifies none of something, and is equivalent to English "no" in "I see '''no''' car."
All articles are unstressed. The articles are summarized in the table below:
{|class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Article !! rowspan="2" | Usage !! colspan="4" | Ending
|-
! possessed !! singular countable !! plural countable !! uncountable
|-
! Definite
| Something specific that is known to both speaker and listener, that has been previously mentioned, or that is uniquely specified. || rowspan="2" | – || colspan="3" | -<u>ə</u>n
|-
! Semidefinite
| Something specific that is identifiable by the speaker but not the listener, or that has not been previously mentioned. || colspan="3" | –
|-
! Indefinite
| A non-specific member of a class. || (same as unpossessed noun) || m<u>ə</u>- || colspan="2" | -<u>a</u>
|-
! Partitive
| A non-specific quantity of something. || colspan="4" | -<u>a</u>
|-
! Negative
| None of something. || colspan="4" | k<u>a</u>-
|-
|}
====Demonstratives====
The far demonstrative is identical to the definite article. To specify the distance, a place adverb can be added.
Proximity is indicated with the suffix ''-s'', which is added before case endings. When added to a word ending in the definite article, the ''-n'' is dropped.
====Interrogatives====
The interrogative is formed from nouns by suffixing ''-ǵ'' after any demonstrative endings and before case endings.
===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Adjectives are declined the same as nouns, agreeing with them in case and number. An adjective can also be used independently.
====Nisba adjectives====
Nisba adjectives are formed with the suffix ''-i''<!--related to Armenian -i from PIE-->.
===Numbers===
{|style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center"
|
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! # !! Cardinal !! Ordinal
|-
!0
| səfṙ, næk || səfṙətə, nækte
|-
!1
| řon || pavṙə
|-
!2
| ǵøq || ṭyte
|-
!3
| či || čite
|-
!4
| štyr || štyrte
|-
!5
| peč || pečte
|-
!6
| x́aš || x́aštə
|-
!7
| šta || štatə
|-
!8
| te || tete
|-
!9
| ne || nete
|-
!10
| ṭjas || ṭjaste
|-
!11
| šæn || šæntə
|-
!12
| tjud || tjude
|-
!13
| ṭjasči || ṭjasčite
|-
!14
| ṭjasštyr || ṭjasštyrte
|-
! 20
| ksət || ksətə
|-
! 21
| ksətřon || ksətřontə
|-
!30
| ksətṭjas || ksətṭjastə
|-
!31
| ksətšæn || ksətšænte
|-
|}
| <!--column break-->
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! # !! Cardinal !! Ordinal
|-
!32
| ksəttjud || ksəttjudə
|-
!40
| ṭyksət || ṭyksətə
|-
!50
| ṭyksətṭjas || ṭyksətṭjastə
|-
!60
| pečud || pečude
|-
!70
| pečudṭjas || pečudṭjastə
|-
!80
| štyrksət || štyrksətə
|-
!90
| štyrksətṭjas || štyrksətṭjastə
|-
!100
| ḳ́id (pečksət) || ḳ́ide (pečksətə)
|-
!101
| ḳ́idřon (pečksətřon) || ḳ́idřontə (pečksətřontə)
|-
!110
| ḳ́idṭjas (pečksətṭjas) || ḳ́idṭjastə (pečksətṭjastə)
|-
!120
| seč || sečte
|-
!130
| sečṭjas || sečṭjastə
|-
!140
| sečksət || sečksətə
|-
!200
| ṭyḳ́id || ṭyḳ́ide
|-
!300
| čiḳ́id || čiḳ́ide
|-
!1,000
| zil || zilte
|-
!2,000
| ṭyzil || ṭyzilte
|-
!10^4
| myřð || myřðe
|-
!10^6
| ḳ́idmyřð || ḳ́idmyřðe
|}
|}


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
<!--
====Stems====
Celabrian verbs have two stems: the perfective and imperfective stems.
====TAM====
-->
====Structure====
Verbs are made of the following components: '''Preverbal particle-Indirect object prefix-Agent prefix-[TAM prefix-(Derivation prefix-Stem-Derivation suffix)-TAM suffix]-Personal suffix'''
Not all components have to present in a given verb form. The portion within round brackets is known as the derived stem, and the portion within square brackets is known as the tense stem.
====Preverbal particles====
====Personal affixes====
There are three kinds of personal affixes, each with its designated position in the verb form. They are (in order of appearance):
#'''Indirect object prefixes''': represent verbal arguments in the dative, ablative, locative, and/or instrumental cases.
#'''Agent prefixes''': represent verbal argument in the ergative case.
#'''Personal suffixes''': represent verbal argument in the absolutive case. They are equivalent to the corresponding copulative suffix.<!--There are two types of personal suffixes, depending on the tense and mood:
##'''Primary personal suffixes:''' equivalent to corresponding possessive suffixes.
##'''Secondary personal suffixes:''' equivalent to corresponding copulative suffixes.-->
{|class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Person and Number !! colspan="2" | Prefix !! <!--col-->rowspan="2" | Suffix
|-
! Indirect object !! Agent <!--!! Primary !! Secondary-->
|-
! colspan="2" | 0
| <u>a</u>k<u>ə</u>- || k<u>ə</u>- ||<!-- -<u>ə</u>k ||--> -<u>a</u>k
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1 !! S
| <u>a</u>m<u>ə</u>- || m<u>ə</u>- ||<!-- -<u>a</u>m ||--> -<u>a</u>m
|-
! D + P
| <u>a</u>n<u>a</u>- || n<u>a</u>- ||<!-- -n<u>a</u> ||--> -om
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2 !! SI
| <u>a</u>t<u>ə</u>- || t<u>ə</u>- ||<!-- -<u>ə</u>t ||--> -<u>a</u>s
|-
! SF + D + P
| <u>a</u>g̊<u>a</u>- || g̊<u>a</u>- ||<!-- -g̊<u>a</u> ||--> -ot
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3 !! SA
| <u>a</u>ř<u>ə</u>- || ř<u>ə</u>- ||<!-- -<u>ə</u>ř ||--> -<u>a</u>θ
|-
! SI + PI
| <u>a</u>n<u>ə</u>- || – ||<!-- -<u>ə</u>n ||--> -<u>a</u>n
|-
<!--
! 4S
| <u>a</u>č<u>ə</u>- || č<u>ə</u>- || -<u>a</u>č
|-
-->
! DA + PA
| <u>a</u>t<u>a</u>- || t<u>a</u>- ||<!-- -<u>ə</u>š ||--> -<u>a</u>t
|-
! colspan="2" | R
| <u>a</u>x̊<u>a</u>- || x̊<u>a</u>- || –
|-
|}
====Stems====
A Celabrian verb has three stems, known as the perfective, imperfective, and oblique stems. Regular verbs form the perfective and imperfective stems from the oblique via the suffixes ''-<u>a</u>n-'' and ''-<u>a</u>s-'' respectively. Irregular verbs have unpredictable stems.
Derived stems are formed by adding derivational affixes to the primary stem. Derived verbs include causatives, antipassives, and applicatives. Tense stems are formed by adding affixes to the main stem, whether primary or derived.
====Tense, mood, aspect====
{|class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; font-size: 90%"
|+ Celabrian tenses, moods, and aspects<sup><small>1</small></sup>
|-
! rowspan="2" | Tense !! rowspan="2" | Mood !! colspan="2" | Usage !! rowspan="2" style="width:80px;" | Stem !! rowspan="2" style="width:400px;" | Notes
|-
! Present frame !! Non-present frame
|-
! rowspan="2" | Aorist !! Indicative
| Simple action in past. || Simple action in frame of reference. || ''<!--b-->P<!--/b-->-<!--1-->'' || rowspan="2" | The aorist is considered the default tense. It expresses a simple action without reference to timeframe or completion.
|-
! Subjunctive
| colspan="2" | Simple action in frame of reference. || ''P''-<!--b-->aš<!--/b-->-<!--''1''-->
|-
! rowspan="2" | Perfect !! Indicative
| An action in the past that has present relevance. || An action before frame of reference that is still relevant. || ṭ<u>a</u>-''<!--b-->P<!--/b-->-<!--1-->'' || rowspan="2" | The perfect prefix ''ṭ<u>a</u>-'' can be added to other tenses to convert them into perfects.
|-
! Subjunctive
| colspan="2" | An action before frame of reference that is still relevant. || ṭ<u>a</u>-''P''-<!--b-->aš<!--/b-->-<!--''1''-->
|-
<!--
! rowspan="2" | Progressive !! Indicative
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | An ongoing action in frame of reference. || ''I''-(<u>ə</u>)t-''2'' || rowspan="2" |
|-
! Subjunctive
| ''I''-(<u>ə</u>)t-aš-''1''
|-
-->
! rowspan="2" | Imperfect !! Indicative
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | An ongoing action in frame of reference. || ''<!--b-->I<!--/b-->-<!--1-->'' || rowspan="2" |
|-
! Subjunctive
| ''I''-<!--b-->aš<!--/b-->-<!--''1''-->
|-
! rowspan="2" | Habitual !! Indicative
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | A habitual/repeated action in frame of reference. || ''O''-<u>ə</u>m-<!--b--><!--''2''--><!--/b--> || rowspan="2" |
|-
! Subjunctive
| ''O''-<u>ə</u>m-<!--b-->aš<!--/b-->-<!--''1''-->
|-
! rowspan="2" | Gnomic !! Indicative
| rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Expresses general truths. || ''O''-<u>ə</u>ł-<!--b--><!--''2''--><!--/b--> || rowspan="2" |
|-
! Subjunctive
| ''O''-<u>ə</u>ł-<!--b-->aš<!--/b-->-<!--''1''-->
|-
! rowspan="2" | Past !! Indicative
| An action in the past. || An action that took place before frame of reference. || p<u>a</u>-''<!--b-->P<!--/b-->-<!--1-->'' || rowspan="2" | The past prefix ''p<u>a</u>-'' can be added to other tenses to place them in a past frame of reference.
|-
! Subjunctive
| colspan="2" | An action that took place before frame of reference. || p<u>a</u>-''P''-<!--b-->aš<!--/b-->-<!--''1''-->
|-
! rowspan="2" | Future !! Indicative
| An action in the future. || An action that will take place after frame of reference. || ho-''<!--b-->P<!--/b-->-<!--1-->'' || rowspan="2" | The future prefix ''ho-'' can be added to other tenses to place them in a future frame of reference.
|-
! Subjunctive
| colspan="2" | An action that will take place after frame of reference. || ho-''P''-<!--b-->aš<!--/b-->-<!--''1''-->
|-
! rowspan="2" | Present !! Indicative
| An action in the present. || An action taking place during frame of reference. || n<u>ə</u>-''<!--b-->P<!--/b-->-<!--1-->'' || rowspan="2" | The present prefix ''n<u>ə</u>-'' can be added to other tenses to place them in a present frame of reference.
|-
! Subjunctive
| colspan="2" | An action that is taking place during the frame of reference. || n<u>ə</u>-''P''-<!--b-->aš<!--/b-->-<!--''1''-->
|-
! colspan="2" | Imperative
| Forms a command or request in the second person. || – || SI: ''<!--b-->O<!--/b-->'' <br />SF/P:''<!--b-->O<!--/b-->''-(ə)t  || rowspan="2" | The imperative is only used for the second person, and only when it is the absolutive argument of the verb. Otherwise, the jussive is used. The jussive can also be used as a more gentle/polite affirmative second person command.
|-
! colspan="2" | Jussive
| Forms a command or request, or expresses an obligation. || Expresses an obligation in the frame of reference. || ''<!--b-->O<!--/b-->-<!--1-->''
|-
! colspan="2" | Optative
| Expresses a wish, or encourages an action. || Expresses a wish in the frame of reference. || ''O''-<!--'''-->aš<!--'''-->-<!--''1''--> || Can be translated as "should/must" when the subject has control over the action, and "may" when the subject does not. Can also be used as a more gentle alternative to the jussive or imperative.
|-
! colspan="2" | Conditional
| colspan="2" | Expresses a hypothetical event/state that is dependent on some condition. || ṭ<u>a</u>-''<!--b-->O<!--/b-->-<!--1-->'' || Can be translated as "would (have)".
|-
! colspan="2" | Presumptive
| colspan="2" | Expresses a hypothetical event/state that is presupposed to be true. || ṭa-''O''-<!--'''-->aš<!--'''-->-<!--''1''--> || The presumptive is often paired with the conditional.
|-
|}
<!--'''-->Notes:<!--'''-->
<sup><small>1</small></sup> ''P'' = perfective stem; ''I'' = imperfective stem; ''O'' = oblique stem; <!--''1'' = primary personal endings; ''2'' = secondary personal endings; (<u>ə</u>) = added when needed for pronunciation. -->Stress is always on last syllable before personal ending.
<!--
*'''Aorist''' (''<b>P</b>-1'')
**'''Indicative:''' Expresses a simple action in the past. Can also express a non-past action in the appropriate context, such as when used in conjunction with a future adverb.
**'''Subjunctive:''' Expresses a simple action in the appropriate time-frame (as provided by context) without reference to completion.
*'''Perfect:''' (ṭ<u>a</u>-''<b>P</b>-1'')
**'''Indicative:''' Expresses an action that took place in the past that has present relevance. In a non-present frame of reference, indicates a relative past.
**'''Subjunctive:''' Expresses an action that took place before the frame of reference (i.e. a relative past).
*'''Habitual:''' (''P''-(<u>ə</u>)m-''<b>2</b>'' – <u>ə</u> is added when needed for pronunciation)
**Expresses a repeated action.
*'''Progressive:''' (''I''-(<u>ə</u>)t-''<b>2</b>'')
**Expresses an ongoing action in the present (or in the frame of reference).
*'''Imperfect:''' (''<b>I</b>-1'')
**Expresses an ongoing action in the past (or before the frame of reference).
*'''Optative:''' (''<b>O</b>-1'')
**'''Indicative:''' Expresses a wish/desire/intention. Also used as a jussive/cohortative, and as an affirmative imperative for ergative agents and (in the negative) as a negative imperative for all subjects.
**'''Subjunctive:''' Functions as a softer jussive/cohortative/imperative.
*'''Imperative:''' (singular: '''''O'''''; plural: '''''O'''''-(<u>ə</u>)t)
**For direct commands. Always affirmative; use optative for negative.
All Subjunctives are formed by from the corresponding Indicatives by removing personal suffixes then adding the stressed suffix -<u>'''a'''</u>š-''1'' to the tense stem.
-->
====Voice====
{|class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center"
|-
! Voice !! Usage !! Derived <br />stem !! Notes
|-
! Active
| Default form of a verb. || – ||
|-
! Applicative
| Promotes an indirect object to absolutive, and demotes absolutive argument to dative. || <u>e</u>t- ||
|-
! Antipassive
| Promotes ergative agent to absolutive, and demotes absolutive argument to dative. The cause (if present) takes the instrumental case. || -<u>a</u>r ||  Unlike the causative, if a cause is mentioned, it is not purposely causing the event.
|-
! Causative
| Promotes ergative agent to absolutive, and demotes absolutive argument to dative. Causer takes ergative case. || -dor || Somewhat similar to antipassive, but it is implied that the causer is purposely causing the event.
|-
|}
====Denominal verbs====
<!--
Verbs are productively formed from nouns by preceding the noun with the verb ''šeram'' (imperfective stem: ''garʒ-'', oblique stem: ''aṙ'') "to do, make", with ''-(ə)-'' inserted if needed. For example, ''məgarʒan kar'' (literally, "I-do-it work") means "I work". The noun occupies the place of the absolutive object. Any objects are in the dative case. For example, -->


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
The most common word order is AXTV, where V = verb, T = theme (absolutive argument: object of transitive, subject of intransitive), A = agent (ergative argument), X = other arguments.
However, other words orders are allowed and common. In particular, words may be placed at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis, especially if followed by the emphatic particle ''ǯe''.
===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
Modifiers may precede or follow the noun they modify.
===Verb phrase===
===Verb phrase===
The verb most often occurs at the end of the phrase<!--, especially in subordinate clauses-->.
===Sentence phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
<!-- etc. etc. -->
==Vocabulary==
===Time - ''koxan''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Seasons - ''x́øren''
! English !! Celabrian
|-
| spring || gəṙ <!--wésr-->
|-
| summer || mæ <!--smh2ṓr-->
|-
| fall || aṙ <!--h1ósr-->
|-
| winter || zmor <!--ģhimḗr-->
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Gregorian months - ''milædijen mišen''
! English !! Celabrian
|-
| January || ǵňoř <!--CC g'anvṓř-->
|-
| February || pṙoř <!--CC phørvṓř-->
|-
| March || mařʒ <!--CC márc-->
|-
| April || bṙił <!--CC aprī́l-->
|-
| May || maj <!--CC majj-->
|-
| June || ḳ́aršoř <!-- CC kerašjṓř< cerasiārius -->
|-
| July || ǵyl <!-- CC ģýľ-->
|-
| August || hušt<!-- CC agúšth-->
|-
| September || štabṙ <!-- Earlier štebr (modified influence šta) CC řjathémbr-->
|-
| October || tebṙ <!--CC athémbr-->
|-
| November || nebṙ <!--CC anémbr-->
|-
| December || ṭjasabṙ <!--CC tjasémbr-->
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Days of the week - '' ''
! English !! Celabrian
|-
| Sunday || řonžvata <!--ḳ́yrǵe--> <!--CC kyřakē'-->
|-
| Monday || ṭyžvata <!--dere--> <!--CC dø-téra-->
|-
| Tuesday || čižvata <!--č̣id--> <!--CC tríti-->
|-
| Wednesday || štyržvata<!-- deřd --><!--CC tetárti-->
|-
| Thursday || pečžvata <!--ṗet --><!--CC pénti-->
|-
| Friday || ǯumhə <!--CC parashkhø-' --->
|-
| Saturday || šəmad <!-- CC šámbat-->
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Parts of the day - '' ''
! English !! Celabrian
|-
| day || løm
|-
| dawn || røre
|-
| morning || fšiš
|-
| noon || mježløm <!-- medhyos...-->
|-
| afternoon || gəfṙ <!-- weksperos-->
|-
| evening || šep <!-- kwseps-->
|-
| dusk || vøṙ
|-
| night || natə <!--nokwtā-->
|-
| midnight || mježnatə <!-- medhyos...-->
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Units of time - '' ''
! English !! Celabrian
|-
| second || θæniye
|-
| minute || mot <!--meh1tis-->
|-
| hour || koxə
|-
| day || løm
|-
| week || řat <!--CC řjat (or šabát Armenian-->
|-
| month || miš
|-
| season || x́øre
|-
| year || ǵat <!--wétos-->
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Time adverbs - '' ''
! English !! Celabrian
|-
| now || ni <!--nū-->
|-
| then ||
|-
| recently, a short time ago ||
|-
| earlier ||
|-
| soon, shortly ||
|-
| later ||
|-
| always || jeje
|-
| often ||
|-
| sometimes ||
|-
| rarely ||
|-
| never || veve
|-
| ever ||
|-
| still, yet ||
|-
| already ||
|-
| today || lømys<!-->
|-
| tonight || natas<!-->
|-
| yesterday || ze<!--dhģhyes-->
|-
| last night || zenatə<!-->
|-
| tomorrow || mon <!--L māne-->
|-
| tomorrow night || monnatə
|-
| before yesterday ||
|-
| two nights ago ||
|-
| after tomorrow ||
|-
| this week ||
|-
| last week ||
|-
| next week ||
|-
| this year || ǵatəs<!-->
|-
| last year || pjerit<!--from peruti-->
|-
| next year ||
|}
===Colours - ''ṙəŋanən''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Colours - ''ṙəŋanən''
! English !! Celabrian
|-
| white || barǯə
|-
| grey || kani
|-
| black ||
|-
| red || ḱermił
|-
| orange || narənǯi
|-
| brown || qaxvi
|-
| yellow || blør <!--*bʰloh₁-ro--->
|-
| green || zjeł <!--ǵʰelh-->
|-
| blue ||
|-
| pink ||
|-
| purple ||
|-
| golden || zlati <!--*ǵʰl̥h₃-tó-s + -i-->
|-
|}


==Example texts==
==Example texts==
==Other resources==
==Other resources==
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Shariifka
6,897

edits

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