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'''Celabrian''' (Celabrian: ''gərṭeʒ'' [ | '''Celabrian''' (Celabrian: ''gərṭeʒ'' [ɡəɾˈtʼed͡z]) is an Indo-European language. | ||
{{Infobox language | |||
|name = Celabrian | |||
|nativename = gərṭeʒ<!-- <br />Razdă Γn̄ффindskă <br />𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 𐌲𐌿𐌸𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍃𐌺𐌰--> | |||
|pronunciation = ɡəɾˈtʼed͡z | |||
|creator = [[User:Shariifka|Shariifka]] | |||
|region = Black Sea | |||
<!-- | |||
|states = | |||
|nation = | |||
|speakers = --> | |||
|date = 2016 | |||
|familycolor = Indo-European | |||
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]] | |||
|ancestor = Proto-Celabrian | |||
|ancestor2 = Old Celabrian | |||
|ancestor3 = Classical Celabrian | |||
<!-- | |||
|iso1 = | |||
|iso2 = | |||
|iso3 = --> | |||
|script = [[Celabrian]], [[w:Latin_alphabet|Latin]], [[w:Arabic alphabet|Arabic]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] | |||
<!-- | |||
|agency = --> | |||
}} | |||
==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
===Etymology=== | ===Etymology=== | ||
The name ''Celabrian'' comes from the tribal name ''Celabr<!--i-->i'' (Greek: Κελαβρ<!--ι-->οί) < Proto-Celabrian ''*kelabʰr<!--ij-->as'' <!--"of a warrior" < ''*kelabʰā́r'' -->"warrior" (compare Modern Celabrian ''č̣łavṙ'' [t͡ʃʼɫavr]) < ''*kelas'' "spear" (< PIE ''*gʷelH-'' "to throw, pierce"; compare Modern Celabrian ''č̣ał'' [t͡ʃʼaɫ] "weapon") + <!--''-bʰār''-->''*-bʰras'' "bearer" (thematization of earlier ''*-bʰēr'' < PIE ''*bʰer-'' "to bear, carry"). | The name ''Celabrian'' comes from the tribal name ''Celabr<!--i-->i'' (Greek: Κελαβρ<!--ι-->οί) < Proto-Celabrian ''*kelabʰr<!--ij-->as'' <!--"of a warrior" < ''*kelabʰā́r'' -->"warrior" (compare Modern Celabrian ''č̣łavṙ'' [t͡ʃʼɫavr]) < ''*kelas'' "spear" (< PIE ''*gʷelH-'' "to throw, pierce"; compare Modern Celabrian ''č̣ał'' [t͡ʃʼaɫ] "weapon") + <!--''-bʰār''-->''*-bʰras'' "bearer" (thematization of earlier ''*-bʰēr'' < PIE ''*bʰer-'' "to bear, carry"). | ||
The endonym '''''gərṭeʒ''''' comes from '''''gər''''' "Celabrian" (< PC ''*wīras'' "man" < PIE ''*wiHrós'' "man, warrior") + '''''ṭeʒ''''' "language" (< PC ''*tancūs'' "tongue" < PIE ''*dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s''). The formal language is known as '''''bonṭeʒ''''' [ | The endonym '''''gərṭeʒ''''' comes from '''''gər''''' "Celabrian" (< PC ''*wīras'' "man" < PIE ''*wiHrós'' "man, warrior") + '''''ṭeʒ''''' "language" (< PC ''*tancūs'' "tongue" < PIE ''*dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s''). The formal language is known as '''''bonṭeʒ''''' [bonˈtʼed͡z], from '''''bon''''' "clear, eloquent" (< PC ''*bʰānas'' < PIE ''*bʰeh₂-'' "to shine; to speak"). The classical language is known as '''''akṙəṭeʒ''''' [ˌakʰrəˈtʼed͡z] (Classical Celabrian: '''''akʰra tanci''''' [ˈakʰɾa ˈtant͡si]), from '''''akṙ''''' "precise, sharp" (< PC ''*akʰras'' "sharp" < PIE ''*h₂ḱrós''). The colloquial language is known as '''''łøðṭeʒ''''' [ɫ̪œtʼˈtʼed͡z], from '''''łøð''''' "masses, common folk" (< PC ''*aleudʰis'' < PIE ''*h₁léwdʰis'' "people"). | ||
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --> | <!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --> | ||
<!-- Example categories/headings: | <!-- Example categories/headings: | ||
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
[[File:Celabrian Alphabet.png|thumb|The Celabrian alphabet]] | |||
Celabrian is written with the Celabrian alphabet, which is ultimately derived from the Phoenician alphabet via Ancient Greek. In this article, a Romanization is used for convenience. | |||
The majority of the letters are inherited from Ancient Greek. Some are internal developments, from variants or ligatures of other letters, and some are later borrowings from Greek. A few letters have an unknown or uncertain origin. | |||
The names of the letters are Celabrian innovations. | |||
====Celabrian alphabet==== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Celabrian alphabet | |||
! rowspan="2"|Letter !! rowspan="2"|Romanization !! rowspan="2"|IPA !! colspan="3"| Name !! colspan="2"| Origin !! rowspan="2"| Remarks | |||
|- | |||
! Romanization !! IPA !! Meaning !! Script !! Letter | |||
|- | |||
| || a || {{IPA|/ɑ/}} || až || {{IPA|/ɑʒ/}} || snake || Greek || Α || Inherited. | |||
|- | |||
| || b || {{IPA|/b/}} || boz || {{IPA|/boz/}} || arm || Greek || Β || Inherited. | |||
|- | |||
| || h || {{IPA|/ɦ ~ ʁ/}} || haθ || {{IPA|/ɦɑθ/}} || stranger, foreigner || Greek || Γ || Inherited. | |||
|- | |||
| || d || {{IPA|/d/}} || dur || {{IPA|/duɾ/}} || door || Greek || Δ || Inherited. | |||
|- | |||
| || e || {{IPA|/e/}} || ječ || {{IPA|/jet͡ʃʰ/}} || belly, guts, inside || Greek || Ε || Inherited. | |||
|- | |||
| || g || {{IPA|/ɡ/}} || got || {{IPA|/ɡotʰ/}} || axe || Greek || F || Inherited. | |||
|- | |||
| || z || {{IPA|/z/}} || zan || {{IPA|/zɑn/}} || goose || Greek || Ζ || Inherited. | |||
|- | |||
| || æ || {{IPA|/æ/}} || jæʒ || {{IPA|/jæd͡z/}} || goat || Greek || Η || Inherited. | |||
|- | |||
| || t || {{IPA|/tʰ/}} || tøk || {{IPA|/tʰøkʰ/}} || sprout, seedling || Greek || Θ || Inherited. | |||
|- | |||
| || ǵ || {{IPA|/ɟ/}} || ǵuq || {{IPA|/ɟuʔ/}} || yoke || Greek || Ι || From an early variant of ''jič''. | |||
|- | |||
| || i || {{IPA|/i/}} || jič || {{IPA|/jit͡ʃʰ/}} || road, path || Greek || Ι || Inherited. | |||
|- | |||
| || ḳ || {{IPA|/kʼ/}} || ḳṙiv || {{IPA|/kʼriv/}} || carving || Greek || Κ || Inherited. | |||
|- | |||
| || ł || {{IPA|/ɫ/}} || łæš || {{IPA|/ɫæʃ/}} || (< ''læše'' "plough") || Greek || Λ || Inherited. | |||
|- | |||
| || c || {{IPA|/t͡sʰ/}} || cək || {{IPA|/t͡sʰəkʰ/}} || peg, hook || Greek || Ψ || From an early variant of ''sap''. | |||
|- | |||
| || m || {{IPA|/m/}} || myš || {{IPA|/myʃ/}} || mouse || Greek || Μ || Inherited. | |||
|- | |||
| || n || {{IPA|/n/}} || niθ || {{IPA|/niθ/}} || seat, chair; sitting, meeting; situation || Greek || Ν || Inherited. | |||
|- | |||
| || č || {{IPA|/t͡ʃʰ/}} || čar || {{IPA|/t͡ʃʰɑɾ/}} || dry || Greek || Ξ || Inherited. | |||
|- | |||
| || u || {{IPA|/u/}} || vun || {{IPA|/vun/}} || water || Greek || Ο || Inherited. | |||
|- | |||
| || ṗ || {{IPA|/pʼ/}} || ṗak || {{IPA|/pʼɑkʰ/}} || club || Greek || Π || Inherited. | |||
|- | |||
| || c̣ || {{IPA|/t͡sʼ/}} || c̣əm || {{IPA|/t͡sʼəm/}} || molar || Greek || Ϻ (''san'') || Inherited. | |||
|- | |||
| || ḳ́ || {{IPA|/cʼ/}}|| ḳ́ø || {{IPA|/cʼø/}} || cattle || Greek || Ϙ || Inherited. | |||
|- | |||
| || r || {{IPA|/ɾ/}} || rot || {{IPA|/ɾotʰ/}} || (< ''ṙot'' "cane") || Greek || Ρ || Inherited. | |||
|- | |||
| || ǯ || {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} || ǯarm || {{IPA|/d͡ʒɑɾm/}} || warm || ? || ? || Origin unknown. | |||
|- | |||
| || š || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} || šaš || {{IPA|/ʃɑʃ/}} || (< ''šašə'' "comb") || Greek || Σ || Inherited. | |||
|- | |||
| || ṭ || {{IPA|/tʼ/}} || ṭaš || {{IPA|/tʼɑʃ/}} || tear || Greek || Τ || Inherited. | |||
|- | |||
| || ň || {{IPA|/ɲ/}} || ňam || {{IPA|/ɲɑm/}} || shoot || ? || ? || Origin unknown. | |||
|- | |||
| || v || {{IPA|/v/}} || vuš || {{IPA|/vuʃ/}} || ox || Greek || Υ || Inherited. | |||
|- | |||
| || p || {{IPA|/pʰ/}} || pit || {{IPA|/pʰitʰ/}} || feather || Greek || Φ || Inherited. | |||
|- | |||
| || č̣ || {{IPA|/t͡ʃʼ/}}|| č̣alč || {{IPA|/t͡ʃʼɑltʃʰ/}} || crossbow || ? || ? || Origin unknown. | |||
|- | |||
| || k || {{IPA|/kʰ/}} || kap || {{IPA|/kʰɑpʰ/}} || head || Greek || Χ || Inherited. | |||
|- | |||
| || ř || {{IPA|/ɹ/}} || řeł || {{IPA|/ɹeɫ/}} || gerboa || Greek? || Ϻ? || Origin uncertain. Probably from Greek Ϻ (''san''). | |||
|- | |||
| || s || {{IPA|/s/}} || sap || {{IPA|/sɑpʰ/}} || hoof || Greek || Ψ || Inherited. | |||
|- | |||
| || o || {{IPA|/o/}} || vobl || {{IPA|/vobl/}} || apple || Greek || Ω || Inherited. | |||
|- | |||
| || j || {{IPA|/j/}} || jeł || {{IPA|/jeɫ/}} || deer || Greek || Ι || Originally a variant of ''jič''. | |||
|- | |||
| || ó || {{IPA|/o/}} || vóḱ || {{IPA|/voc/}} || eye || Greek || Ο || A later borrowing. | |||
|- | |||
| || l || {{IPA|/l/}} || løv || {{IPA|/løv/}} || child || ? || ? || Origin unknown. | |||
|- | |||
| || x́ || {{IPA|/ç/}} || x́æł || {{IPA|/çæɫ/}} || heat of the sun || ? || ? || Origin uncertain. <!--Perhaps borrowed from or related to Phrygian Ψ h (of uncertain pronunciation), or from a variant of Greek Ϻ.--> | |||
|- | |||
| || ə || {{IPA|/ə/}} || ət || {{IPA|/ətʰ/}} || face || Armenian || Ը || Borrowed from Armenian. | |||
|- | |||
| || θ || {{IPA|/θ/}} || θæh || {{IPA|/θæʁ/}} || path || Greek || Θ || A later borrowing. | |||
|- | |||
| || f || {{IPA|/f/}} || far || {{IPA|/fɑɾ/}} || sparrow || Greek || Φ || A later borrowing. | |||
|- | |||
| || x || {{IPA|/h ~ χ/}} || xał || {{IPA|/hɑɫ ~ χɑɫ/}} || large fish, whale || Greek || Χ || A later borrowing. | |||
|- | |||
| || y || {{IPA|/y/}} || vyrḱ || {{IPA|/vyɾcʰ/}} || jar || Greek || Υ || A later borrowing. | |||
|- | |||
| || ø || {{IPA|/ø/}} || vøš || {{IPA|/vøʃ/}} || ear || Greek || ΟΙ || Originally a ligature of ''vun'' + ''jič''. | |||
|- | |||
| || ŋ || {{IPA|/ŋ/}} || ŋaš || {{IPA|/ŋɑʃ/}} || silence || Greek || ΓΓ || Originally a ligature of ''haθ'' + ''haθ''. | |||
|- | |||
| || ž || {{IPA|/ʒ/}} || žam || {{IPA|/ʒɑm/}} || hour || ? || ? || Originally a variant of ''ǯar''. | |||
|- | |||
| || q || {{IPA|/ʔ ~ q/}} || qłuθ || {{IPA|/qɫuθ/}} || servant || Greek || Κ || Originally a variant of ''ḳṙiv''. | |||
|- | |||
| || ḱ || {{IPA|/cʰ/}} || ḱøt || {{IPA|/cʰøtʰ/}} || fight || Greek || Χ || Originally a variant of ''kap''. | |||
|- | |||
| || ʒ || {{IPA|/d͡z/}} || ʒoč || {{IPA|/d͡zot͡ʃʰ/}} || (< ''ʒočə'' "whip")|| Greek || Ζ || Originally a variant of ''zan''. | |||
|- | |||
| || ð || {{IPA|/ð/}} || ðiš || {{IPA|/ðiʃ/}} || axe, adze || Greek || Δ || Originally a variant of ''dur''. | |||
|- | |||
| || ṙ || {{IPA|/r/}} || ṙuž || {{IPA|/ruʒ/}} || rye || Latin? || R? || Mostly likely borrowed from Latin R. Alternatively, may be from a variant of ''rot''. | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===Consonants=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ Consonant phonemes of Standard Celabrian | |+ Consonant phonemes of Standard Celabrian | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Note that in some dialects ''q'' is not | Note that in some dialects ''q'' is not guttural and is instead merged with ''g''. | ||
<small><sup>4</sup></small> Alveolar [ɫ] before consonants, dental [ɫ̪] otherwise. Unless preceded by a consonant, the dental allophone may instead be pronounced [ð(ˠ)] or [ɮ̪(ˠ)] depending on dialect. | <small><sup>4</sup></small> Alveolar [ɫ] before consonants, dental [ɫ̪] otherwise. Unless preceded by a consonant, the dental allophone may instead be pronounced [ð(ˠ)] or [ɮ̪(ˠ)] depending on dialect. | ||
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| ''e'' /e/ | | ''e'' /e/ | ||
| ''ø'' /ø/ | | ''ø'' /ø/ | ||
| ''o'' /o/ | | ''o, ó'' /o/<small><sup>1</sup></small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Open | ! Open | ||
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| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
'''Notes:''' | |||
<small><sup>1</sup></small> The vowels ''o'' and ''ó'' are pronounced identically in Standard Celabrian. The different graphemes represent an etymological distinction: ''o'' comes Classical Celabrian long ''ō'', while ''ó'' corresponds to Classical Celabrian short ''o'' (which was only present in loanwords). Some dialects distinguish these phonemes, pronouncing ''o'' as /ɔ/ and ''ó'' as /o/. | |||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
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*''<u>e</u>'': mixed harmonizing vowel (''ə/e'') | *''<u>e</u>'': mixed harmonizing vowel (''ə/e'') | ||
Harmonizing affixes harmonize with the nearest vowel in the word they are attached to. Vowels within a word do not have to agree in frontness/backness, but they usually do except in compound words. | Harmonizing affixes harmonize with the nearest vowel in the word they are attached to. Vowels within a word do not have to agree in frontness/backness, but they usually do except in compound words. | ||
The mid rounded vowels ''o, ó'', and ''ø'' are not affected by vowel harmony. | |||
====Palatalization==== | ====Palatalization==== | ||
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====Voice assimilation==== | ====Voice assimilation==== | ||
When a prefix beginning in an obstruent attaches to a word ending in an obstruent, the initial consonant of the prefix assimilates to the final consonant of the root in voicing. If their places of articulation are close enough, there may be complete assimilation. Similarly, a final obstruent in a prefix assimilates to a following obstruent. A similar process takes place with the first component of compound words, but this is not indicated in writing. | When a prefix beginning in an obstruent attaches to a word ending in an obstruent, the initial consonant of the prefix assimilates to the final consonant of the root in voicing. If their places of articulation are close enough, there may be complete assimilation. Similarly, a final obstruent in a prefix assimilates to a following obstruent. A similar process takes place with the first component of compound words, but this is not indicated in writing. | ||
====Palatal assimilation==== | |||
This occurs when a prefix beginning in ''n'' or ''ł'' follows a word ending in a palatal consonant. In this circumstance: | |||
*n > ň | |||
*ł > l | |||
====Hiatus resolution==== | ====Hiatus resolution==== | ||
When vowels meet at morpheme boundaries, the following changes take place: | When vowels meet at morpheme boundaries, the following changes take place: | ||
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*ə > disappears / before or after any vowel except ə | *ə > disappears / before or after any vowel except ə | ||
*close vowel > disappears / adjacent to homorganic mid vowel | *close vowel > disappears / adjacent to homorganic mid vowel | ||
*v is inserted between rounded vowel (o, ø, u, y) and any adjacent vowel | *v is inserted between rounded vowel (o, ø, ó, u, y) and any adjacent vowel | ||
*e; i > je; ji / after any non-rounded vowel | *e; i > je; ji / after any non-rounded vowel | ||
*a > ja / after unrounded front vowel | *a > ja / after unrounded front vowel | ||
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====Late PC to Old Celabrian==== | ====Late PC to Old Celabrian==== | ||
ḱ; ḱʰ; ǵʰ > č /t͡ʃ/; čʰ /t͡ʃʰ/; ǯ /d͡ʒʱ/ | ḱ; ḱʰ; ǵʰ > č /t͡ʃ/; čʰ /t͡ʃʰ/; ǯ /d͡ʒʱ/ | ||
stop consonant + | stop consonant + t(ʰ) > ttʰ | ||
ns > s / when non-final (lengthens preceding vowel) | ns > s / when non-final (lengthens preceding vowel) | ||
s > š / ī_ | s > š / ī_ | ||
-s, -š, -t > disappear / _# | -s, -š, -t > disappear / _# | ||
-r > disappear / ō_# | |||
s- > ž / #_ | s- > ž / #_ | ||
-s- > h / V_V | -s- > h / V_V | ||
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gʰ > g / adjacent to nasal | gʰ > g / adjacent to nasal | ||
gʰ > ɣ / otherwise | gʰ > ɣ / otherwise | ||
e > ja / before a | e > ja / before a; in non-final closed syllables | ||
e > je / except when final, in diphthong, or immediately followed by nasal | e > je / except when final, in diphthong, or immediately followed by nasal | ||
*Note: The above two changes do not affect "e" in loanwords, probably because they differed in quality. After these changes occurred, the borrowed "e" merged with its native equivalent. | |||
ō > vø̄-, -ø̄- | ō > vø̄-, -ø̄- | ||
ū > vȳ, -ȳ- | ū > vȳ, -ȳ- | ||
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ȳ; ø̄ > ī; ē | ȳ; ø̄ > ī; ē | ||
====Classical Celabrian to Standard Modern Celabrian==== | ====Classical Celabrian to Standard Modern Celabrian==== | ||
v > ʷ / C_ | v > ʷ / C_ | ||
a > ə / before nasal in closed syllable | a > ə / before nasal in closed syllable | ||
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a; ə; e; o; ɨ; u > e; e; i; ø; i; y / when followed by i in following syllable | a; ə; e; o; ɨ; u > e; e; i; ø; i; y / when followed by i in following syllable | ||
ji > i / C_ | ji > i / C_ | ||
gʷ > g | |||
velar > palatal / before front vowel or j | velar > palatal / before front vowel or j | ||
Cʷ > uC / after stressed, open vowel | Cʷ > uC / after stressed, open vowel | ||
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p; t; c; č; ḱ; k > ṗ; ṭ; c̣; č̣; ḳ́; ḳ / #_ | p; t; c; č; ḱ; k > ṗ; ṭ; c̣; č̣; ḳ́; ḳ / #_ | ||
p; t; c; č; ḱ; k > b; d; ʒ; ǯ; ǵ; q / V_, r_, l_ | p; t; c; č; ḱ; k > b; d; ʒ; ǯ; ǵ; q / V_, r_, l_ | ||
p; t; c; č; ḱ; k > pʰ; tʰ; cʰ; čʰ; ḱʰ; kʰ / s_, š_ | |||
h, x > x /χ ~ h/ | h, x > x /χ ~ h/ | ||
r > ṙ /r/ / when initial or geminated | r > ṙ /r/ / when initial or geminated | ||
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z/ž + r/ř/ṙ > epenthetic -d- inserted | z/ž + r/ř/ṙ > epenthetic -d- inserted | ||
affricate + stop > affricate becomes corresponding appropriately voiced fricative | affricate + stop > affricate becomes corresponding appropriately voiced fricative | ||
ř + consonant > ř becomes post-alveolar fricative | initial ř + consonant > ř becomes post-alveolar fricative | ||
T + s/z > c/ʒ | T + s/z > c/ʒ | ||
Č + s/z > č/ǯ | Č + s/z > č/ǯ | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! colspan="3" | 0<sup>th</sup> | ! colspan="3" | 0<sup>th</sup> | ||
| | | jæk || akak || jækiq || jækid || jækix || jæke || jækim || jækiv || jæken || jæko || -<u>a</u>k || -<u>a</u>k | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="3" | 1<sup>st</sup> !! colspan="2" | Singular | ! rowspan="3" | 1<sup>st</sup> !! colspan="2" | Singular | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | Dual | ! colspan="2" | Dual | ||
| ned || | | ned || aknad || nediq || nedid || nedix || nede || nedim || nediv || neden || nedo || -n<u>a</u>d || -om | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | Plural | ! colspan="2" | Plural | ||
| vom || | | vom || eḱňe || vomuq || vomud || vomux || voma || vomum || vomuv || voman || vomo || -n<u>a</u> || -om | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="4" | 2<sup>nd</sup> !! rowspan="2" | Singular || Informal | ! rowspan="4" | 2<sup>nd</sup> !! rowspan="2" | Singular || Informal | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Indefinite | ! Indefinite | ||
| A non-specific member of a class. || (same as unpossessed noun) || m<u>ə</u>- || | | A non-specific member of a class. || (same as unpossessed noun) || m<u>ə</u>- || colspan="2" | -<u>a</u> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Partitive | ! Partitive | ||
| A non-specific quantity of something. || colspan=" | | A non-specific quantity of something. || colspan="4" | -<u>a</u> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Negative | ! Negative | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Demonstratives==== | ====Demonstratives==== | ||
The far demonstrative is identical to the definite article. To specify the distance, a place adverb can be added. | The far demonstrative is identical to the definite article. To specify the distance, a place adverb can be added. | ||
Proximity is indicated with the suffix ''-s'', which is added before case endings. When added to a word ending in the definite article, the ''-n'' is dropped. | Proximity is indicated with the suffix ''-s'', which is added before case endings. When added to a word ending in the definite article, the ''-n'' is dropped. | ||
====Interrogatives==== | |||
The interrogative is formed from nouns by suffixing ''-ǵ'' after any demonstrative endings and before case endings. | |||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
Adjectives are | Adjectives are declined the same as nouns, agreeing with them in case and number. An adjective can also be used independently. | ||
====Nisba adjectives==== | |||
Nisba adjectives are formed with the suffix ''-i''<!--related to Armenian -i from PIE-->. | |||
===Numbers=== | ===Numbers=== | ||
Line 878: | Line 1,038: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!1 | !1 | ||
| řon || | | řon || pavṙə | ||
|- | |- | ||
!2 | !2 | ||
Line 959: | Line 1,119: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!100 | !100 | ||
| | | ḳ́id (pečksət) || ḳ́ide (pečksətə) | ||
|- | |- | ||
!101 | !101 | ||
| | | ḳ́idřon (pečksətřon) || ḳ́idřontə (pečksətřontə) | ||
|- | |- | ||
!110 | !110 | ||
| | | ḳ́idṭjas (pečksətṭjas) || ḳ́idṭjastə (pečksətṭjastə) | ||
|- | |- | ||
!120 | !120 | ||
Line 977: | Line 1,137: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!200 | !200 | ||
| | | ṭyḳ́id || ṭyḳ́ide | ||
|- | |- | ||
!300 | !300 | ||
| | | čiḳ́id || čiḳ́ide | ||
|- | |- | ||
!1,000 | !1,000 | ||
Line 992: | Line 1,152: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!10^6 | !10^6 | ||
| | | ḳ́idmyřð || ḳ́idmyřðe | ||
|} | |} | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 1,017: | Line 1,177: | ||
{|class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center" | {|class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | Person and Number !! colspan="2" | Prefix !! <!--col-->rowspan="2" | Suffix | ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Person and Number !! colspan="2" | Prefix !! <!--col-->rowspan="2" | Suffix | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Indirect object !! Agent <!--!! Primary !! Secondary--> | ! Indirect object !! Agent <!--!! Primary !! Secondary--> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 0 | ! colspan="2" | 0 | ||
| <u>a</u>k<u>ə</u>- || k<u>ə</u>- ||<!-- -<u>ə</u>k ||--> -<u>a</u>k | | <u>a</u>k<u>ə</u>- || k<u>ə</u>- ||<!-- -<u>ə</u>k ||--> -<u>a</u>k | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! rowspan="2" | 1 !! S | ||
| <u>a</u>m<u>ə</u>- || m<u>ə</u>- ||<!-- -<u>a</u>m ||--> -<u>a</u>m | | <u>a</u>m<u>ə</u>- || m<u>ə</u>- ||<!-- -<u>a</u>m ||--> -<u>a</u>m | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! D + P | ||
| <u>a</u>n<u>a</u>- || n<u>a</u>- ||<!-- -n<u>a</u> ||--> -om | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | 2 !! SI | |||
| <u>a</u>t<u>ə</u>- || t<u>ə</u>- ||<!-- -<u>ə</u>t ||--> -<u>a</u>s | | <u>a</u>t<u>ə</u>- || t<u>ə</u>- ||<!-- -<u>ə</u>t ||--> -<u>a</u>s | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! SF + D + P | ||
| <u>a</u>g̊<u>a</u>- || g̊<u>a</u>- ||<!-- -g̊<u>a</u> ||--> -ot | | <u>a</u>g̊<u>a</u>- || g̊<u>a</u>- ||<!-- -g̊<u>a</u> ||--> -ot | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! rowspan="3" | 3 !! SA | ||
| <u>a</u>ř<u>ə</u>- || ř<u>ə</u>- ||<!-- -<u>ə</u>ř ||--> -<u>a</u>θ | | <u>a</u>ř<u>ə</u>- || ř<u>ə</u>- ||<!-- -<u>ə</u>ř ||--> -<u>a</u>θ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! SI + PI | ||
| <u>a</u>n<u>ə</u>- || – ||<!-- -<u>ə</u>n ||--> -<u>a</u>n | | <u>a</u>n<u>ə</u>- || – ||<!-- -<u>ə</u>n ||--> -<u>a</u>n | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
! 4S | ! 4S | ||
| <u>a</u>č<u>ə</u>- || č<u>ə</u>- || | | <u>a</u>č<u>ə</u>- || č<u>ə</u>- || -<u>a</u>č | ||
|- | |- | ||
--> | --> | ||
! | ! DA + PA | ||
| <u>a</u>t<u>a</u>- || t<u>a</u>- ||<!-- -<u>ə</u>š ||--> -<u>a</u>t | | <u>a</u>t<u>a</u>- || t<u>a</u>- ||<!-- -<u>ə</u>š ||--> -<u>a</u>t | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan="2" | R | ||
| <u>a</u>x̊<u>a</u>- || x̊<u>a</u>- || – | |||
| <u>a</u>x̊<u>a</u>- || x̊<u>a</u>- | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 1,187: | Line 1,336: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Antipassive | ! Antipassive | ||
| Promotes ergative agent to absolutive, and demotes absolutive argument to dative. || -<u>a</u>r || | | Promotes ergative agent to absolutive, and demotes absolutive argument to dative. The cause (if present) takes the instrumental case. || -<u>a</u>r || Unlike the causative, if a cause is mentioned, it is not purposely causing the event. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Causative | ! Causative | ||
Line 1,200: | Line 1,349: | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||
The most common word order is | The most common word order is AXTV, where V = verb, T = theme (absolutive argument: object of transitive, subject of intransitive), A = agent (ergative argument), X = other arguments. | ||
However, other words orders are allowed and common. In particular, words may be placed at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis, especially if followed by the emphatic particle ''ǯe''. | |||
===Noun phrase=== | ===Noun phrase=== | ||
Modifiers follow the noun they modify. | Modifiers may precede or follow the noun they modify. | ||
===Verb phrase=== | ===Verb phrase=== | ||
The verb most often occurs at the | The verb most often occurs at the end of the phrase<!--, especially in subordinate clauses-->. | ||
===Sentence phrase=== | ===Sentence phrase=== | ||
===Dependent clauses=== | ===Dependent clauses=== | ||
<!-- etc. etc. --> | <!-- etc. etc. --> | ||
==Vocabulary== | |||
===Time - ''koxan''=== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Seasons - ''x́øren'' | |||
! English !! Celabrian | |||
|- | |||
| spring || gəṙ <!--wésr--> | |||
|- | |||
| summer || mæ <!--smh2ṓr--> | |||
|- | |||
| fall || aṙ <!--h1ósr--> | |||
|- | |||
| winter || zmor <!--ģhimḗr--> | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Gregorian months - ''milædijen mišen'' | |||
! English !! Celabrian | |||
|- | |||
| January || ǵňoř <!--CC g'anvṓř--> | |||
|- | |||
| February || pṙoř <!--CC phørvṓř--> | |||
|- | |||
| March || mařʒ <!--CC márc--> | |||
|- | |||
| April || bṙił <!--CC aprī́l--> | |||
|- | |||
| May || maj <!--CC majj--> | |||
|- | |||
| June || ḳ́aršoř <!-- CC kerašjṓř< cerasiārius --> | |||
|- | |||
| July || ǵyl <!-- CC ģýľ--> | |||
|- | |||
| August || hušt<!-- CC agúšth--> | |||
|- | |||
| September || štabṙ <!-- Earlier štebr (modified influence šta) CC řjathémbr--> | |||
|- | |||
| October || tebṙ <!--CC athémbr--> | |||
|- | |||
| November || nebṙ <!--CC anémbr--> | |||
|- | |||
| December || ṭjasabṙ <!--CC tjasémbr--> | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Days of the week - '' '' | |||
! English !! Celabrian | |||
|- | |||
| Sunday || řonžvata <!--ḳ́yrǵe--> <!--CC kyřakē'--> | |||
|- | |||
| Monday || ṭyžvata <!--dere--> <!--CC dø-téra--> | |||
|- | |||
| Tuesday || čižvata <!--č̣id--> <!--CC tríti--> | |||
|- | |||
| Wednesday || štyržvata<!-- deřd --><!--CC tetárti--> | |||
|- | |||
| Thursday || pečžvata <!--ṗet --><!--CC pénti--> | |||
|- | |||
| Friday || ǯumhə <!--CC parashkhø-' ---> | |||
|- | |||
| Saturday || šəmad <!-- CC šámbat--> | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Parts of the day - '' '' | |||
! English !! Celabrian | |||
|- | |||
| day || løm | |||
|- | |||
| dawn || røre | |||
|- | |||
| morning || fšiš | |||
|- | |||
| noon || mježløm <!-- medhyos...--> | |||
|- | |||
| afternoon || gəfṙ <!-- weksperos--> | |||
|- | |||
| evening || šep <!-- kwseps--> | |||
|- | |||
| dusk || vøṙ | |||
|- | |||
| night || natə <!--nokwtā--> | |||
|- | |||
| midnight || mježnatə <!-- medhyos...--> | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Units of time - '' '' | |||
! English !! Celabrian | |||
|- | |||
| second || θæniye | |||
|- | |||
| minute || mot <!--meh1tis--> | |||
|- | |||
| hour || koxə | |||
|- | |||
| day || løm | |||
|- | |||
| week || řat <!--CC řjat (or šabát Armenian--> | |||
|- | |||
| month || miš | |||
|- | |||
| season || x́øre | |||
|- | |||
| year || ǵat <!--wétos--> | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Time adverbs - '' '' | |||
! English !! Celabrian | |||
|- | |||
| now || ni <!--nū--> | |||
|- | |||
| then || | |||
|- | |||
| recently, a short time ago || | |||
|- | |||
| earlier || | |||
|- | |||
| soon, shortly || | |||
|- | |||
| later || | |||
|- | |||
| always || jeje | |||
|- | |||
| often || | |||
|- | |||
| sometimes || | |||
|- | |||
| rarely || | |||
|- | |||
| never || veve | |||
|- | |||
| ever || | |||
|- | |||
| still, yet || | |||
|- | |||
| already || | |||
|- | |||
| today || lømys<!--> | |||
|- | |||
| tonight || natas<!--> | |||
|- | |||
| yesterday || ze<!--dhģhyes--> | |||
|- | |||
| last night || zenatə<!--> | |||
|- | |||
| tomorrow || mon <!--L māne--> | |||
|- | |||
| tomorrow night || monnatə | |||
|- | |||
| before yesterday || | |||
|- | |||
| two nights ago || | |||
|- | |||
| after tomorrow || | |||
|- | |||
| this week || | |||
|- | |||
| last week || | |||
|- | |||
| next week || | |||
|- | |||
| this year || ǵatəs<!--> | |||
|- | |||
| last year || pjerit<!--from peruti--> | |||
|- | |||
| next year || | |||
|} | |||
===Colours - ''ṙəŋanən''=== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Colours - ''ṙəŋanən'' | |||
! English !! Celabrian | |||
|- | |||
| white || barǯə | |||
|- | |||
| grey || kani | |||
|- | |||
| black || | |||
|- | |||
| red || ḱermił | |||
|- | |||
| orange || narənǯi | |||
|- | |||
| brown || qaxvi | |||
|- | |||
| yellow || blør <!--*bʰloh₁-ro---> | |||
|- | |||
| green || zjeł <!--ǵʰelh--> | |||
|- | |||
| blue || | |||
|- | |||
| pink || | |||
|- | |||
| purple || | |||
|- | |||
| golden || zlati <!--*ǵʰl̥h₃-tó-s + -i--> | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
==Other resources== | ==Other resources== | ||
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --> | <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --> |
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