@@ Line 52: / Line 52: @@
 *Original velars became alveolar/dental fricatives/affricates before /i/ and postalveolar fricatives/affricates before /e/.
 **This is because palatalization before /i/ and before /e/ occurred separately at different times.
+*Original /t/ and /d/ before /j/ became affricates.
+*Original /s/ before /j/ became /ʃ/.
 *Original labiovelars became plain velars in all positions.
 *Innovated hard/soft consonant distinction.
@@ Line 60: / Line 62: @@
 **This may have actually been through an intermediate phase ''-āī'' rather than descending directly from Classical Latin ''-ae''.
 *Original ''oe'' was preserved longer, but eventually merged with ''e'' but without palatalization. Initially, it is preceded with ''h-''.
+*Cluster simplification:
+**/ps/ to /s(ː)/
+**/kt/ and /pt/ to /t(ː)/
+**/ks/ to /ʃ(ː)/
 ====Grammatical====
 *Preserves case inflection.
@@ Line 420: / Line 425: @@
 |-
 ! nominative
-| ''-(i)us'' || ''-(i)ū'' || ''-(i)ūs'' || ''-(i)uva''
+| ''-(i)us'' || ''-(i)u'' || ''-(i)ūs'' || ''-(i)uva''
 |-
 ! genitive
@@ Line 429: / Line 434: @@
 |-
 ! accusative
-| ''-(i)ų'' || ''-(i)ū'' || ''-(i)ūs'' || ''-(i)uva''
+| ''-(i)ų'' || ''-(i)u'' || ''-(i)ūs'' || ''-(i)uva''
 |-
 ! ablative
@@ Line 435: / Line 440: @@
 |-
 ! vocative
-| ''-(i)us'' || ''-(i)ū'' || ''-(i)ūs'' || ''-(i)uva''
+| ''-(i)us'' || ''-(i)u'' || ''-(i)ūs'' || ''-(i)uva''
 |-
 |}
@@ Line 566: / Line 571: @@
 ===Adjectives===
 ====First/second declension adjectives====
-Declined as first/second declension pronouns with regular masculine nominative singular.
+Declined as first/second declension pronouns except in neuter nominative singular.
 Citation form: ''m. nom. sg., f. nom. sg., n. nom. sg.'' (if plural, use the plural equivalents)
@@ Line 576: / Line 581: @@
 |-
 ! nominative
-| ''-(i)us'' || ''-(i)a''|| ''-(i)ud'' || ''-ī'' || ''-(i)æ''|| ''-(i)a''
+| ''-(i)us'' || ''-(i)a''|| ''-(i)ų'' || ''-ī'' || ''-(i)æ''|| ''-(i)a''
 |-
 ! genitive
@@ Line 585: / Line 590: @@
 |-
 ! accusative
-| ''-(i)ų'' || ''-(i)ą'' || ''-(i)ud'' || ''-(i)ōs'' || ''-(i)ās'' || ''-(i)a''
+| ''-(i)ų'' || ''-(i)ą'' || ''-(i)ų'' || ''-(i)ōs'' || ''-(i)ās'' || ''-(i)a''
 |-
 ! ablative
@@ Line 591: / Line 596: @@
 |-
 ! vocative
-| ''-e'' || ''-(i)a'' || ''-(i)ud'' || ''-ī'' || ''-(i)æ'' || ''-(i)a''
+| ''-e'' || ''-(i)a'' || ''-(i)ų'' || ''-ī'' || ''-(i)æ'' || ''-(i)a''
 |-
 |}
@@ Line 599: / Line 604: @@
 Citation form: ''m./f. nom. sg., n. nom. sg., gen. sg.'' (if plural, use the plural equivalents)
+*The neuter nominative singular can be omitted if it is identical to the masculine/feminine nominative singular.
 {| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
 |+3rd declension adjective endings
@@ Line 635: / Line 641: @@
 |-
 ! 1
-| ''ūnus, -a, -ų'' || ''prīmus, -a, -ų'' || ''semel'' || ''simplus, -a, -ų''||''singlus, -a, -ų'' || ''sollus''
+| ''hūnus, -a, -ų'' || ''prīmus, -a, -ų'' || ''semel'' || ''simplus, -a, -ų''||''singlus, -a, -ų'' || ''sollus''
 |-
 ! 2
@@ Line 641: / Line 647: @@
 |-
 ! 3
-| ''trēs, tria, trių'' || ''tercus, -a, -ų'' || ''ter'' || ''triplus, -a, -ų''|| ''ternus, -a, -ų'' || ''tręs, -entis, -entių''
+| ''trēs, tria, trių'' || ''tercus, -a, -ų'' || ''ter'' || ''triplus, -a, -ų''|| ''ternus, -a, -ų'' || ''tręs, -entis''
 |-
 ! 4
-| ''kattūr'' || ''kārtus, -a, -ų''|| ''kater'' || ''kadruplus, -a, -ų'' || ''katernus, -a, -ų'' || ''kadrąs, -antis, -antių''
+| ''kattūr'' || ''kārtus, -a, -ų''|| ''kater'' || ''kadruplus, -a, -ų'' || ''katernus, -a, -ų'' || ''kadrąs, -antis''
 |-
 !5
-| ''cīnke'' || ''kīntus, -a, -ų''|| ''cīnkēs'' || ''kīntiplus, -a, -ų''|| ''kīnus, -a, -ų''|| ''kīntąs, -antis, -antių''
+| ''cīnke'' || ''kīntus, -a, -ų''|| ''cīnkēs'' || ''kīntiplus, -a, -ų''|| ''kīnus, -a, -ų''|| ''kīntąs, -antis''
 |-
 |}
@@ Line 659: / Line 665: @@
 |-
 ! 1
-| ''ūnus, -a, -ų'' || ''prīmus, -a, -ų''
+| ''hūnus, -a, -ų'' || ''prīmus, -a, -ų''
 |-
 ! 2
@@ Line 680: / Line 686: @@
 |-
 !8
-| ''vottō'' || ''vottāvus, -a, -ų''
+| ''hottō'' || ''hottāvus, -a, -ų''
 |-
 !9
@@ Line 689: / Line 695: @@
 |-
 !11
-| ''ūndcį'' || ''ūndcimus, -a, -ų''
+| ''hūndcį'' || ''hūndcimus, -a, -ų''
 |-
 !12
@@ Line 710: / Line 716: @@
 |-
 !18
-| ''vottōdcį'' || ''vottōdcimus, -a, -ų''
+| ''hottōdcį'' || ''hottōdcimus, -a, -ų''
 |-
 !19
@@ Line 719: / Line 725: @@
 |-
 !21
-| ''vīzintī ūnus, -a, -ų'' || ''vīzintī prīmus, -a, -ų''
+| ''vīzintī hūnus, -a, -ų'' || ''vīzintī prīmus, -a, -ų''
 |-
 !30
@@ Line 737: / Line 743: @@
 |-
 !80
-|''vottōzintā'' || ''vottōčēsmus, -a, -ų''
+|''hottōzintā'' || ''hottōčēsmus, -a, -ų''
 |-
 !90
@@ Line 746: / Line 752: @@
 |-
 ! 200
-| ''duvō čenta, -ārų'' || ''duvō čentēsmus, -a, -ų''
+| ''duvō čenta, duvōrų čentōrų'' || ''duvō čentēsmus, -a, -ų''
 |-
 ! 1000
@@ Line 822: / Line 828: @@
 |-
 ! Present active participle
-| ''-(i)ąs, -(i)antis, -(i)antių'' ||colspan="2"| ''-ęs, -entis, -entių'' || ''-ęs, -entis, -entių''¹
+| ''-(i)ąs, -(i)antis'' ||colspan="2"| ''-ęs, -entis'' || ''-ęs, -entis''¹
 |-
 ! Present passive participle
@@ Line 923: / Line 929: @@
 |-
 | ''e''; unstressed ''i, ē'' || ''ā'' or ''au'' ||
+|-
 || ''o, ō, u, ū'' || ''au''
 |-
@@ Line 982: / Line 989: @@
 |-
 ! Perfect active participle
-| ''-ęs, -entis, -entių''
+| ''-ęs, -entis''
 |-
 ! Perfect passive participle
@@ Line 991: / Line 998: @@
 |-
 |}
+Additionally, habitual tenses, participles, and infinitives are formed from the supine stem (see below).
 For regular verbs, the supine stem is formed from the present stem as follows:
@@ Line 1,004: / Line 1,012: @@
 **''-it-''
 Note that some verbs with a regular perfect stem may have an irregular supine stem and vice versa.
+====Habitual forms====
+The habitual is formed by adding ''-ō, -āre, -āvī, -ātų'' to the supine stem of a verb. All tenses, participles, and infinitives have a habitual counterpart formed by conjugating the habitual as a first conjugation verb.
+The habitual may have an iterative or frequentative meaning in addition to its ordinary habitual meaning.
 ====Compound tenses====
@@ Line 1,011: / Line 1,024: @@
 ! Tense !! Formation !! Remarks
 |-
-| Future || present tense of ''īre'' "to go" + supine (acc.) || rowspan="2"|This can be made into a future-in-past form by instead using the appropriate past tense form of ''īre''.
+| Future || present tense of ''jīre'' "to go" + supine (acc.) || rowspan="2"|This can be made into a future-in-past form by instead using the appropriate past tense form of ''jīre''.
 |-
-| Future perfect || present tense of ''īre'' "to go" + perfect active infinitive
+| Future perfect || present tense of ''jīre'' "to go" + perfect active infinitive
 |-
 <!---
@@ Line 1,026: / Line 1,039: @@
 |-
 ! Future active infinitive
-| ''īre'' + supine (acc.)
+| ''jīre'' + supine (acc.)
 |-
 ! Future perfect active infinitive
-| ''īre'' + perfect active infinitive
+| ''jīre'' + perfect active infinitive
 |-
 ! Future active participle
@@ Line 1,037: / Line 1,050: @@
 ====Passive====
-<!--
+The imperfect passive of any active verb form (finite or non-finite) is formed by replacing that verb form with the equivalent form of the verb ''jessere'' "to be" followed by the verb's present passive participle. The perfect passive is formed similarly but using the perfect passive participle.
-The passive of any active verb form (finite or non-finite) is formed by replacing that verb form with the equivalent form of the verb ''jessere'' "to be" followed by the verb's present passive participle. In compound forms, this applies only to the main verbs and not the auxiliary verb.
+In compound forms, the above applies only to the main verbs and not the auxiliary verb.
-This does not apply to the obligative active participle, which instead becomes the obligative passive participle.-->
+It does not apply to the obligative active participle, which instead becomes the obligative passive participle.
 ====Obligative====
@@ Line 1,057: / Line 1,071: @@
 |-
 ! Present active participle
-| ''jessęs, -entis, -entių''
+| ''jessęs, -entis''
 |-
 ! Present passive participle
@@ Line 1,093: / Line 1,107: @@
 ¹ These are actually the imperative forms of ''fīre'' "to become" (principal parts: ''fiō, fīre, fīvī, fītų''); ''jessere'' does not have its own imperative.
-====Other important irregular verbs====
+====Examples of irregular verbs====
 Irregular forms are underlined.
 Note that class 3 has the most irregular verbs.
 {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
-|+ Important irregular verbs
+|+ Some irregular verbs
 ! Principal parts !! Meaning !! Remarks
 |-
@@ Line 1,119: / Line 1,133: @@
 | ''moviō, movēre, <u>mōvī</u>, <u>mōtų</u>'' || to start (something) || While this verb's stem ends in ''-v-'' and can contract, it is rare in forms based on the present stem.
 |-
-| ''<u>sedzō</u>, sedēre, <u>sēdī</u>, <u>sessų</u>'' || to be seated
+| ''sediō, sedēre, <u>sēdī</u>, <u>sessų</u>'' || to be seated
 |-
 ! colspan="3"| Third conjugation
@@ Line 1,146: / Line 1,160: @@
 |-
 ! colspan="3"| Fourth conjugation
-|-
-| ''<u>jō</u>, īre, īvī, ītų'' || to go || This verb is almost exclusively used as an auxiliary. As a main verb, it is considered archaic.
 |-
 | ''<u>audzō</u>, audīre, audīvī, audītų'' || to hear ||
@@ Line 1,175: / Line 1,187: @@
 | ''jačo, jačēre, jakuvī, jakūtų'' || to be lying || ''dēkumbō, dēkumbere, dēkūvī, dēkūtų'' || to lie down || ''deicō, deicere, dēcī, dēttų'' || to lay down ||
 |-
-| ''scō, scīre, scīvī, scītų'' || to know || ''diskō, diščere, didcī, distų'' || to learn || ''dočō, dočēre, dokuvī, dottų'' || to teach ||
+| ''scō, scīre, scīvī, scītų'' || to know || ''diskō, diščere, didcī, distų''; ''scīskō, scīščere, scīvī, scītų'' || to learn, come to know || ''dočō, dočēre, dokuvī, dottų'' || to teach ||
 |-
 | ''aviō, avēre, auvī, avūtų''|| to have, hold || ''teniō, tenēre, tenuvī, tentų'' || to take hold, acquire || ''perviō, pervēre, perūvī, pervūtų'' || to grant ||
@@ Line 1,181: / Line 1,193: @@
 | ''dormiō, dormīre, dormīvī, dormītų'' || to be asleep || ''dormīskō, dormīščere, dormīvī, dormītų'' || to fall asleep || — || — || Many verbs have inchoatives formed with the suffix ''-skō, -ščere''. Such inchoative verbs often share their third and fourth principal parts with the verb they are derived from.
 |}
-Note that in perfect/supine tenses and the imperative, imperfective verbs can become almost synonymous with their perfective counterparts, and in some cases they are homophonous - e.g. ''stetī ≈ sūršī'' "I stood". However, in certain contexts, their meanings are distinct - e.g. ''<b>Sūršī</b> jet <b>stetī</b> duvās ōrās.'' "'''I stood up''' and '''remained standing''' for two hours."
+Note that in perfect tenses and the imperative, imperfective verbs can become almost synonymous with their perfective counterparts - e.g. ''stetī ≈ sūršī'' "I stood". However, in certain contexts, their meanings are distinct - e.g. ''<b>Sūršī</b> jet <b>stetī</b> duvās ōrās.'' "'''I stood up''' and '''remained standing''' for two hours."
-In imperfect tenses (i.e. the present indicative and the imperfect indicative and subjunctive), perfective verbs tend to become inchoative in meaning - e.g. ''suržēvą'' "I was standing up/stopping, I used to stand up/stop" vs. ''stāvą'' "I was standing, I used to stand".
+For some pairs, the imperfective and perfective counterparts have the same perfect and supine forms. In such cases, they are distinguished by context - e.g. ''<b>Sēdī</b> jet <b>sēdī</b> duvās ōrās.'' "'''I sat down''' and '''remained sitting''' for two hours."
+In imperfect tenses (i.e. the present indicative, the imperfect indicative and subjunctive), perfective verbs tend to become inchoative in meaning - e.g. ''suržēvą'' "I was standing up/stopping" vs. ''stāvą'' "I was standing".
 If needed, for verbs without lexical aspect, imperfective can be explicitly marked using ''jessere'' + present participle, while perfective can be marked with ''fīre'' + present participle (if not already marked via compound perfect or other means).
@@ Line 1,191: / Line 1,205: @@
 ==Syntax==
 ===Constituent order===
+SVO
+Chelsian is pro-drop.
 ===Noun phrase===
+Modifiers precede the noun they modify.
 ===Verb phrase===
 ===Sentence phrase===
 ===Dependent clauses===
 <!-- etc. etc. -->
+==Vocabulary==
+===Time - ''Tempus''===
+{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
+|+ Seasons - ''Tempestātēs''
+! English !! Chelsian
+|-
+| spring || ''vēr, -is'' (n.)
+|-
+| summer || ''jēstās, -tis'' (f.)
+|-
+| fall || ''autumnus, -ī'' (m.)
+|-
+| winter || ''jemps, jemis'' (f.)
+|-
+|}
+{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
+|+ Gregorian months - ''Grēgorī męsēs''
+! English !! Chelsian
+|-
+| January || ''januvārius, -ī'' (m.)
+|-
+| February || ''fevruvārius, -ī'' (m.)
+|-
+| March || ''marcus, -ī'' (m.)
+|-
+| April || ''aprīlis, -is'' (m.)
+|-
+| May || ''majjus, -ī'' (m.)
+|-
+| June || ''jūnius, -ī'' (m.)
+|-
+| July || ''jūlius, -ī'' (m.)
+|-
+| August || ''auhustus, -ī'' (m.)
+|-
+| September || ''settember, -bris'' (m.)
+|-
+| October || ''hottōver, -vris'' (m.)
+|-
+| November || ''november, -bris'' (m.)
+|-
+| December || ''dečember, -bris'' (m.)
+|-
+|}
+{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
+|+ Days of the week - ''Settimānæ dzēs''
+! English !! Chelsian
+|-
+| Sunday || ''prīndzēs'' (m.)
+|-
+| Monday || ''sekundzēs'' (m.)
+|-
+| Tuesday || ''terdzēs'' (m.)
+|-
+| Wednesday || ''kārdzēs'' (m.)
+|-
+| Thursday || ''kīndzēs'' (m.)
+|-
+| Friday || ''šeddzēs'' (m.)
+|-
+| Saturday || ''settindzēs'' (m.)
+|-
+|}
+{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
+|+ Parts of the day - ''Dzei partēs''
+! English !! Chelsian
+|-
+| day || ''dzēs, dzei'' (m.)
+|-
+| dawn || ''aurōra, -æ'' (f.)
+|-
+| morning || ''māne, -is'' (n.)
+|-
+| noon || ''merīdzēs, -ei'' (m.)
+|-
+| afternoon || ''sēra, -æ'' (f.)
+|-
+| evening || ''vesperus, -ī'' (m.)
+|-
+| dusk || ''krepuslų, -ī'' (n.)
+|-
+| night || ''nōš, nottis'' (f.)
+|-
+| midnight || ''medzanōš, -nottis'' (f.)
+|}
+{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
+|+ Units of time - ''Temporis ūnitātēs''
+! English !! Chelsian
+|-
+| second || ''sekundus, -ī'' (m.)
+|-
+| minute || ''minūtus, -ī'' (m.)
+|-
+| hour || ''hōra, -æ'' (f.)
+|-
+| day || ''dzēs, dzei'' (m.)
+|-
+| week || ''settimāna, -æ'' (f.)
+|-
+| month || ''męsis, -is'' (m.)
+|-
+| season || ''tempestās, -tis'' (f.)
+|-
+| year || ''annus, -ī'' (m.)
+|-
+|}
+{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
+|+ Time adverbs - ''Temporālī adverbī''''
+! English !! Chelsian
+|-
+| now || ''nų''
+|-
+| then || ''tų''
+|-
+| recently || ''nūper''
+|-
+| earlier || ''prius''
+|-
+| soon, shortly || ''brevī''
+|-
+| later || ''sēcus''
+|-
+| always || ''semper''
+|-
+| often || ''sēpe''
+|-
+| sometimes || ''alkandō''
+|-
+| rarely || ''rārō''
+|-
+| never || ''nunką''
+|-
+| ever || ''hunką''
+|-
+| still, yet || ''jecannų''
+|-
+| already || ''ją''
+|-
+| today || ''hodzē''
+|-
+| tonight || ''jistā notte''
+|-
+| yesterday || ''jerī''
+|-
+| last night || ''cessente notte''
+|-
+| tomorrow || ''krās''
+|-
+| before yesterday || ''sekundō jerī''
+|-
+| after tomorrow || ''sekundō krās; perendzē''
+|-
+| this week || ''jistā settimānā''
+|-
+| last week || ''cessente settimānā''
+|-
+| next week || ''ventūrā settimānā''
+|-
+| this year || ''hōrnō''
+|-
+| last year || ''cessente annō''
+|-
+| next year || ''ventūrō annō''
+|-
+|}
+===Colours - ''Kolōrēs''===
+{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
+|+ Colours - ''Kolōrēs''
+! English !! Chelsian
+|-
+| white || ''albus, -a, -ų''
+|-
+| grey || ''rāvus, -a, -ų''
+|-
+| black || ''nihrus, -a, -ų''
+|-
+| red || ''rubrus, -a, -ų''
+|-
+| orange || ''orandžus, -a, -ų''
+|-
+| brown || ''červīnus, -a, -ų''
+|-
+| yellow || ''flāvus, -a, -ų''
+|-
+| green || ''virdis, -e, -is''
+|-
+| blue || ''ciānius, -ia, -ių''
+|-
+| pink || ''rosius, -ia, -ių''
+|-
+| purple || ''violāčus, -a, -ų''
+|-
+| golden || ''aurōsus, -a, -ų''
+|-
+|}
 ==Example Texts==
 ===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
-Tōtī vomnēs nāskunt līverī jet jekālēs in dinnitāte jet jūrivīs. Sunt dōtātī dē rācōne jet kǫscencæ, jet dēvent ažere inter sē in frāternitātis spīritī.
+Tōtī homnēs nāskunt līverī jet jekālēs jin dinnitāte jet jūrivīs. Sunt dōtātī dē rācōne jet kǫscencæ, jet dēvent ažere jinter sē jin frāternitātis spīritī.
-[ˈtoːtʲiː ˈʋɔmʲnʲæːs ˈnäːskʊnt ˈlʲiːvʲɛrʲiː jɛt jɛˈkaːlʲæːs jɪn dʲɪnʲːɪˈtaːtʲe̞ jɛt ˈjuːrʲɪvʲiːs ‖ sʊnt doːˈtaːtʲiː dʲeː raːˈtsoːnʲɛ jɛt koːˈstsʲɛnʲtseː | jɛt ˈdʲɛːvʲe̞nt ˈɐʑe̞rʲe̞ ˈjɪnʲtʲɛr sʲeː jɪn fraːtʲɛrʲnʲɪˈtaːtʲɪs ˈsʲpʲiːrʲɪtʲiː]
+[ˈtoːtʲiː ˈɦɔmʲnʲæːs ˈnäːskʊnt ˈlʲiːvʲɛrʲiː jɛt jɛˈkaːlʲæːs jɪn dʲɪnʲːɪˈtaːtʲe̞ jɛt ˈjuːrʲɪvʲiːs ‖ sʊnt doːˈtaːtʲiː dʲeː raːˈtsoːnʲɛ jɛt koːˈstsʲɛnʲtseː | jɛt ˈdʲɛːvʲe̞nt ˈɐʑe̞rʲe̞ ˈjɪnʲtʲɛr sʲeː jɪn fraːtʲɛrʲnʲɪˈtaːtʲɪs ˈsʲpʲiːrʲɪtʲiː]
 ==Other resources==

Chelsian: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 18:03, 22 April 2023