Chelsian: Difference between revisions

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|-
|-
!21
!21
| ''vīzintī ūnus, -a, -ų'' || ''vīzintī prīmus, -a, -ų''
| ''vīzintī hūnus, -a, -ų'' || ''vīzintī prīmus, -a, -ų''
|-
|-
!30
!30
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|-
|-
| ''e''; unstressed ''i, ē'' || ''ā'' or ''au'' ||
| ''e''; unstressed ''i, ē'' || ''ā'' or ''au'' ||
|-
|| ''o, ō, u, ū'' || ''au''
|| ''o, ō, u, ū'' || ''au''
|-
|-
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====Habitual forms====
====Habitual forms====
The habitual is formed by adding ''-ō, -āre, -āvī, -ātų'' to the supine stem of a verb. All tenses, participles, and infinitives have a habitual counterpart formed by conjugating the habitual as a first conjugation verb.
The habitual is formed by adding ''-ō, -āre, -āvī, -ātų'' to the supine stem of a verb. All tenses, participles, and infinitives have a habitual counterpart formed by conjugating the habitual as a first conjugation verb.
The habitual may have an iterative or frequentative meaning in addition to its ordinary habitual meaning.


====Compound tenses====
====Compound tenses====
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! Tense !! Formation !! Remarks
! Tense !! Formation !! Remarks
|-
|-
| Future || present tense of ''īre'' "to go" + supine (acc.) || rowspan="2"|This can be made into a future-in-past form by instead using the appropriate past tense form of ''jīre''.
| Future || present tense of ''jīre'' "to go" + supine (acc.) || rowspan="2"|This can be made into a future-in-past form by instead using the appropriate past tense form of ''jīre''.
|-
|-
| Future perfect || present tense of ''jīre'' "to go" + perfect active infinitive
| Future perfect || present tense of ''jīre'' "to go" + perfect active infinitive
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====Passive====
====Passive====
<!--
The imperfect passive of any active verb form (finite or non-finite) is formed by replacing that verb form with the equivalent form of the verb ''jessere'' "to be" followed by the verb's present passive participle. The perfect passive is formed similarly but using the perfect passive participle.
The passive of any active verb form (finite or non-finite) is formed by replacing that verb form with the equivalent form of the verb ''jessere'' "to be" followed by the verb's present passive participle. In compound forms, this applies only to the main verbs and not the auxiliary verb.
 
In compound forms, the above applies only to the main verbs and not the auxiliary verb.


This does not apply to the obligative active participle, which instead becomes the obligative passive participle.-->
It does not apply to the obligative active participle, which instead becomes the obligative passive participle.


====Obligative====
====Obligative====
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¹ These are actually the imperative forms of ''fīre'' "to become" (principal parts: ''fiō, fīre, fīvī, fītų''); ''jessere'' does not have its own imperative.
¹ These are actually the imperative forms of ''fīre'' "to become" (principal parts: ''fiō, fīre, fīvī, fītų''); ''jessere'' does not have its own imperative.


====Other important irregular verbs====
====Examples of irregular verbs====
Irregular forms are underlined.
Irregular forms are underlined.


Note that class 3 has the most irregular verbs.
Note that class 3 has the most irregular verbs.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Important irregular verbs
|+ Some irregular verbs
! Principal parts !! Meaning !! Remarks
! Principal parts !! Meaning !! Remarks
|-
|-
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| ''jačo, jačēre, jakuvī, jakūtų'' || to be lying || ''dēkumbō, dēkumbere, dēkūvī, dēkūtų'' || to lie down || ''deicō, deicere, dēcī, dēttų'' || to lay down ||  
| ''jačo, jačēre, jakuvī, jakūtų'' || to be lying || ''dēkumbō, dēkumbere, dēkūvī, dēkūtų'' || to lie down || ''deicō, deicere, dēcī, dēttų'' || to lay down ||  
|-
|-
| ''scō, scīre, scīvī, scītų'' || to know || ''diskō, diščere, didcī, distų''; scīskō, scīščere, scīvī, scītų || to learn, come to know || ''dočō, dočēre, dokuvī, dottų'' || to teach ||
| ''scō, scīre, scīvī, scītų'' || to know || ''diskō, diščere, didcī, distų''; ''scīskō, scīščere, scīvī, scītų'' || to learn, come to know || ''dočō, dočēre, dokuvī, dottų'' || to teach ||
|-
|-
| ''aviō, avēre, auvī, avūtų''|| to have, hold || ''teniō, tenēre, tenuvī, tentų'' || to take hold, acquire || ''perviō, pervēre, perūvī, pervūtų'' || to grant ||
| ''aviō, avēre, auvī, avūtų''|| to have, hold || ''teniō, tenēre, tenuvī, tentų'' || to take hold, acquire || ''perviō, pervēre, perūvī, pervūtų'' || to grant ||
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| ''dormiō, dormīre, dormīvī, dormītų'' || to be asleep || ''dormīskō, dormīščere, dormīvī, dormītų'' || to fall asleep || — || — || Many verbs have inchoatives formed with the suffix ''-skō, -ščere''. Such inchoative verbs often share their third and fourth principal parts with the verb they are derived from.
| ''dormiō, dormīre, dormīvī, dormītų'' || to be asleep || ''dormīskō, dormīščere, dormīvī, dormītų'' || to fall asleep || — || — || Many verbs have inchoatives formed with the suffix ''-skō, -ščere''. Such inchoative verbs often share their third and fourth principal parts with the verb they are derived from.
|}
|}
Note that in perfect/supine tenses and the imperative, imperfective verbs can become almost synonymous with their perfective counterparts, and in some cases they are homophonous - e.g. ''stetī ≈ sūršī'' "I stood". However, in certain contexts, their meanings are distinct - e.g. ''<b>Sūršī</b> jet <b>stetī</b> duvās ōrās.'' "'''I stood up''' and '''remained standing''' for two hours."
Note that in perfect tenses and the imperative, imperfective verbs can become almost synonymous with their perfective counterparts - e.g. ''stetī ≈ sūršī'' "I stood". However, in certain contexts, their meanings are distinct - e.g. ''<b>Sūršī</b> jet <b>stetī</b> duvās ōrās.'' "'''I stood up''' and '''remained standing''' for two hours."


In imperfect tenses (i.e. the present indicative and the imperfect indicative and subjunctive), perfective verbs tend to become inchoative in meaning - e.g. ''suržēvą'' "I was standing up/stopping, I used to stand up/stop" vs. ''stāvą'' "I was standing, I used to stand".
For some pairs, the imperfective and perfective counterparts have the same perfect and supine forms. In such cases, they are distinguished by context - e.g. ''<b>Sēdī</b> jet <b>sēdī</b> duvās ōrās.'' "'''I sat down''' and '''remained sitting''' for two hours."
 
In imperfect tenses (i.e. the present indicative, the imperfect indicative and subjunctive), perfective verbs tend to become inchoative in meaning - e.g. ''suržēvą'' "I was standing up/stopping" vs. ''stāvą'' "I was standing".


If needed, for verbs without lexical aspect, imperfective can be explicitly marked using ''jessere'' + present participle, while perfective can be marked with ''fīre'' + present participle (if not already marked via compound perfect or other means).
If needed, for verbs without lexical aspect, imperfective can be explicitly marked using ''jessere'' + present participle, while perfective can be marked with ''fīre'' + present participle (if not already marked via compound perfect or other means).
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==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
SVO
Chelsian is pro-drop.
===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
Modifiers precede the noun they modify.
===Verb phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
<!-- etc. etc. -->
==Vocabulary==
===Time - ''Tempus''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Seasons - ''Tempestātēs''
! English !! Chelsian
|-
| spring || ''vēr, -is'' (n.)
|-
| summer || ''jēstās, -tis'' (f.)
|-
| fall || ''autumnus, -ī'' (m.)
|-
| winter || ''jemps, jemis'' (f.)
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Gregorian months - ''Grēgorī męsēs''
! English !! Chelsian
|-
| January || ''januvārius, -ī'' (m.)
|-
| February || ''fevruvārius, -ī'' (m.)
|-
| March || ''marcus, -ī'' (m.)
|-
| April || ''aprīlis, -is'' (m.)
|-
| May || ''majjus, -ī'' (m.)
|-
| June || ''jūnius, -ī'' (m.)
|-
| July || ''jūlius, -ī'' (m.)
|-
| August || ''auhustus, -ī'' (m.)
|-
| September || ''settember, -bris'' (m.)
|-
| October || ''hottōver, -vris'' (m.)
|-
| November || ''november, -bris'' (m.)
|-
| December || ''dečember, -bris'' (m.)
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Days of the week - ''Settimānæ dzēs''
! English !! Chelsian
|-
| Sunday || ''prīndzēs'' (m.)
|-
| Monday || ''sekundzēs'' (m.)
|-
| Tuesday || ''terdzēs'' (m.)
|-
| Wednesday || ''kārdzēs'' (m.)
|-
| Thursday || ''kīndzēs'' (m.)
|-
| Friday || ''šeddzēs'' (m.)
|-
| Saturday || ''settindzēs'' (m.)
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Parts of the day - ''Dzei partēs''
! English !! Chelsian
|-
| day || ''dzēs, dzei'' (m.)
|-
| dawn || ''aurōra, -æ'' (f.)
|-
| morning || ''māne, -is'' (n.)
|-
| noon || ''merīdzēs, -ei'' (m.)
|-
| afternoon || ''sēra, -æ'' (f.)
|-
| evening || ''vesperus, -ī'' (m.)
|-
| dusk || ''krepuslų, -ī'' (n.)
|-
| night || ''nōš, nottis'' (f.)
|-
| midnight || ''medzanōš, -nottis'' (f.)
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Units of time - ''Temporis ūnitātēs''
! English !! Chelsian
|-
| second || ''sekundus, -ī'' (m.)
|-
| minute || ''minūtus, -ī'' (m.)
|-
| hour || ''hōra, -æ'' (f.)
|-
| day || ''dzēs, dzei'' (m.)
|-
| week || ''settimāna, -æ'' (f.)
|-
| month || ''męsis, -is'' (m.)
|-
| season || ''tempestās, -tis'' (f.)
|-
| year || ''annus, -ī'' (m.)
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Time adverbs - ''Temporālī adverbī''''
! English !! Chelsian
|-
| now || ''nų''
|-
| then || ''tų''
|-
| recently || ''nūper''
|-
| earlier || ''prius''
|-
| soon, shortly || ''brevī''
|-
| later || ''sēcus''
|-
| always || ''semper''
|-
| often || ''sēpe''
|-
| sometimes || ''alkandō''
|-
| rarely || ''rārō''
|-
| never || ''nunką''
|-
| ever || ''hunką''
|-
| still, yet || ''jecannų''
|-
| already || ''ją''
|-
| today || ''hodzē''
|-
| tonight || ''jistā notte''
|-
| yesterday || ''jerī''
|-
| last night || ''cessente notte''
|-
| tomorrow || ''krās''
|-
| before yesterday || ''sekundō jerī''
|-
| after tomorrow || ''sekundō krās; perendzē''
|-
| this week || ''jistā settimānā''
|-
| last week || ''cessente settimānā''
|-
| next week || ''ventūrā settimānā''
|-
| this year || ''hōrnō''
|-
| last year || ''cessente annō''
|-
| next year || ''ventūrō annō''
|-
|}
===Colours - ''Kolōrēs''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Colours - ''Kolōrēs''
! English !! Chelsian
|-
| white || ''albus, -a, -ų''
|-
| grey || ''rāvus, -a, -ų''
|-
| black || ''nihrus, -a, -ų''
|-
| red || ''rubrus, -a, -ų''
|-
| orange || ''orandžus, -a, -ų''
|-
| brown || ''červīnus, -a, -ų''
|-
| yellow || ''flāvus, -a, -ų''
|-
| green || ''virdis, -e, -is''
|-
| blue || ''ciānius, -ia, -ių''
|-
| pink || ''rosius, -ia, -ių''
|-
| purple || ''violāčus, -a, -ų''
|-
| golden || ''aurōsus, -a, -ų''
|-
|}


==Example Texts==
==Example Texts==
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
Tōtī homnēs nāskunt līverī jet jekālēs jin dinnitāte jet jūrivīs. Sunt dōtātī dē rācōne jet kǫscencæ, jet dēvent ažere inter sē jin frāternitātis spīritī.
Tōtī homnēs nāskunt līverī jet jekālēs jin dinnitāte jet jūrivīs. Sunt dōtātī dē rācōne jet kǫscencæ, jet dēvent ažere jinter sē jin frāternitātis spīritī.


[ˈtoːtʲiː ˈɦɔmʲnʲæːs ˈnäːskʊnt ˈlʲiːvʲɛrʲiː jɛt jɛˈkaːlʲæːs jɪn dʲɪnʲːɪˈtaːtʲe̞ jɛt ˈjuːrʲɪvʲiːs ‖ sʊnt doːˈtaːtʲiː dʲeː raːˈtsoːnʲɛ jɛt koːˈstsʲɛnʲtseː | jɛt ˈdʲɛːvʲe̞nt ˈɐʑe̞rʲe̞ ˈjɪnʲtʲɛr sʲeː jɪn fraːtʲɛrʲnʲɪˈtaːtʲɪs ˈsʲpʲiːrʲɪtʲiː]
[ˈtoːtʲiː ˈɦɔmʲnʲæːs ˈnäːskʊnt ˈlʲiːvʲɛrʲiː jɛt jɛˈkaːlʲæːs jɪn dʲɪnʲːɪˈtaːtʲe̞ jɛt ˈjuːrʲɪvʲiːs ‖ sʊnt doːˈtaːtʲiː dʲeː raːˈtsoːnʲɛ jɛt koːˈstsʲɛnʲtseː | jɛt ˈdʲɛːvʲe̞nt ˈɐʑe̞rʲe̞ ˈjɪnʲtʲɛr sʲeː jɪn fraːtʲɛrʲnʲɪˈtaːtʲɪs ˈsʲpʲiːrʲɪtʲiː]
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