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Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions
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→Stem extensions and terminations
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===Stem extensions and terminations=== | ===Stem extensions and terminations=== | ||
Stem extensions are bound morphemes that may be placed after the stem, and mark five different categories. Up to one for each category may be present: | Stem extensions are bound morphemes that may be placed after the stem, and mark five different categories. Up to one for each category may be present: | ||
# The first stem extension is '''-(a) | # The first stem extension is the evidential category (actually combining evidentiality and epistemic modality): | ||
#* Experientials (direct evidentiality) is the default and considered to be marked by the thematic vowel, therefore by '''-∅-''' for athematic verbs and by '''-a-''' for thematic ones. | |||
#* The "first inferential" marks an inferred situation likely to be true, marked by a '''-u(ɂ)-''' thematic extension; | |||
#* The "second inferential" marks an inferred situation whose truthness is unlikely or doubted, marked by '''-eb(i)-'''; | |||
#* The assumptive marks an assumption, marked by '''-ukin(a)-'''; | |||
#* The reportative (or "first reportative") marks a reported situation likely to be true, marked by '''-emi-'''; | |||
#* The dubitative reportative (or "second reportative") marks a reported situation whose truthness is unlikely or doubted, marked by '''-enab(u)-'''. | |||
# The second stem extension is the causative marker '''-ild-''' (non-causatives are not marked) | # The second stem extension is the causative marker '''-ild-''' (non-causatives are not marked) | ||
# The third stem extension is the interior verb marker '''-ir-''' (exterior verbs are not marked) | # The third stem extension is the interior verb marker '''-ir-''' (exterior verbs are not marked) | ||
# The fourth stem extension is | # The fourth stem extension is '''-(a)mo-''', which marks the optative mood. | ||
# The fifth stem extention, which is entirely optional (i.e. there is no unmarked category), marks consequentiality: '''-(n)ār-''' for a cause ("given that...") or '''-uts-''' for an opposition. | # The fifth stem extention, which is entirely optional (i.e. there is no unmarked category), marks consequentiality: '''-(n)ār-''' for a cause ("given that...") or '''-uts-''' for an opposition. | ||
Stem extensions may be stacked and may also combine in unpredictable ways. The combinations listed here are those that do <small>''NOT''</small> follow regular saṃdhi (all other ones are regular). | Stem extensions may be stacked and may also combine in unpredictable ways. The combinations listed here are those that do <small>''NOT''</small> follow regular saṃdhi (all other ones are regular). | ||
* -ild-ir- → ''-ildṛ-'' | * -ild-ir- → ''-ildṛ-'' | ||
* -ild-ir-(n)ār- → ''-ildṝl-'' | * -ild-ir-(n)ār- → ''-ildṝl-'' | ||
* -ild-ir-uts- → ''-ildṝts-'' | * -ild-ir-uts- → ''-ildṝts-'' | ||
* -ir-(n)ār- → ''-irāl-'' | * -ir-(n)ār- → ''-irāl-'' | ||
* -ir-uts- → ''-irts-'' | * -ir-uts- → ''-irts-'' | ||
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{| class="redtable lightredbg" | {| class="redtable lightredbg" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan=2 | !! <small>1SG</small> !! <small>2SG</small> !!<small>3SG</small> !! <small>1DU</small> !! <small>2DU</small> !! <small>3DU</small> !! <small>1PL</small> !! <small>2PL</small> !! <small>3PL</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | Indicative<br/>and Optative !! Present<br/>Opt. Imperfective | ! rowspan=2 | Indicative<br/>and Optative !! Present<br/>Opt. Imperfective | ||
| -u || -i | | | -u || -i || -ē || -sme || -dya || -de || -mim || -šin || -āhai | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Perfect<br/>Opt. Perfective | ! Perfect<br/>Opt. Perfective | ||
| -am || -es | | | -am || -es || -a || -ra || -ri || -a || -ima || -iša || -a | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=3 | Indicative<br/>only !! Past | ! rowspan=3 | Indicative<br/>only !! Past | ||
| -au || -ei || - | | -au || -ei || -(e)k || -ram || -res || -dat || -ābhe || -āṣe || -aika | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Simple future | ! Simple future | ||
| colspan= | | colspan=9 style="text-align: center;" | '''''-iṣy-''''' ''plus perfect terminations'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Intentional future | ! Intentional future | ||
| colspan= | | colspan=9 style="text-align: center;" | '''''-ālt-''''' ''('''-āl-''' in interior and causative forms) plus perfect terminations'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | Subjunctive !! Imperfective | ! rowspan=2 | Subjunctive !! Imperfective | ||
| -ati || -īs | | | -ati || -īs || -ī || -īndu || -īndi || -ī || -īnam || -īnes || -ī | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Perfective | ! Perfective | ||
| -ēta || -ēti | | | -ēta || -ēti || -ēt || -ētham || -ēthai || -ēt || -eine || -eiše || -ēt | ||
|} | |} | ||
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* The ''-ir-'' root extension causes the <small>3SG</small> indicative present ''-ē'' to become ''-e'' and the <small>3PL</small> indicative present ''-āhai'' to become ''-āhe''. | * The ''-ir-'' root extension causes the <small>3SG</small> indicative present ''-ē'' to become ''-e'' and the <small>3PL</small> indicative present ''-āhai'' to become ''-āhe''. | ||
* The third person interior imperfective subjunctive is ''-irya'' instead of *-ir-ī. | * The third person interior imperfective subjunctive is ''-irya'' instead of *-ir-ī. | ||
<!--====Politeness markers (''tilah'')==== | |||
====Politeness markers (''tilah'')==== | |||
The verb ''tilah'' is the only Chlouvānem verb which does not have an infinitive form and is only used, attached to the ''an-form'' of a particular verb, as a marker of politeness. Its use dates from the early part of the 5th millennium, as an adaptation of Lällshag ''tiluru'' (to obey) and, in the past, of ''nuyuru'' (to serve). Apart from the lack of an infinitive, it has some particularities, namely that it only conjugates in the three basic moods (indicative, subjunctive, and optative). The ''juniai'' are not marked on ''tilah'' but on the true verb (always in its infinitive stem, modified according to the needed ''junia'') and it is also defective in lacking evidentials and consequentials (the form without ''tilah'' is used instead). | The verb ''tilah'' is the only Chlouvānem verb which does not have an infinitive form and is only used, attached to the ''an-form'' of a particular verb, as a marker of politeness. Its use dates from the early part of the 5th millennium, as an adaptation of Lällshag ''tiluru'' (to obey) and, in the past, of ''nuyuru'' (to serve). Apart from the lack of an infinitive, it has some particularities, namely that it only conjugates in the three basic moods (indicative, subjunctive, and optative). The ''juniai'' are not marked on ''tilah'' but on the true verb (always in its infinitive stem, modified according to the needed ''junia'') and it is also defective in lacking evidentials and consequentials (the form without ''tilah'' is used instead). | ||
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* ''pū pūnī'' (if (s)he/it works) → ''pū pūntī'' | * ''pū pūnī'' (if (s)he/it works) → ''pū pūntī'' | ||
In actual usage, ''tilah'' denotes respect towards the listener, and is used whenever the action being spoken of effects the listener in some way so, even in polite speech, not all verbs will use ''tilah'' - overusing it is a common error among people learning the language, not only foreigners but also young Chlouvānem people themselves. | In actual usage, ''tilah'' denotes respect towards the listener, and is used whenever the action being spoken of effects the listener in some way so, even in polite speech, not all verbs will use ''tilah'' - overusing it is a common error among people learning the language, not only foreigners but also young Chlouvānem people themselves.--> | ||
===Voice markers=== | ===Voice markers=== | ||