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Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions
→Singularia and pluralia tantum
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Hypocoristic forms of male names, which end in ''-em'' and are only used in the singular, are declined following a mix of the 1-m and 1-h patterns. In fact, they follow the 1-m pattern (the ''-am'' paradigm) except for the ergative (in ''-emei'' instead of *-(e)mæ) and the essive (in ''-ęs'' instead of *-(e)mą). For example the hypocoristicon ''Kælem'' has ergative ''Kælemei'' and essive ''Kælęs''. | Hypocoristic forms of male names, which end in ''-em'' and are only used in the singular, are declined following a mix of the 1-m and 1-h patterns. In fact, they follow the 1-m pattern (the ''-am'' paradigm) except for the ergative (in ''-emei'' instead of *-(e)mæ) and the essive (in ''-ęs'' instead of *-(e)mą). For example the hypocoristicon ''Kælem'' has ergative ''Kælemei'' and essive ''Kælęs''. | ||
===Singularia and pluralia tantum=== | |||
'''Pluralia tantum''' in Chlouvānem include the following words or categories of words: | |||
# many collective nouns:
| |||
#: ''pārāk'' "hair", ''kāraṇḍhai'' "guts", ''yūgure'' "limbs", ''agṇyaucai'' "sons and daughters", ''vailašaus'' "cutlery", ''šūlyakāše'' "dishes" | |||
# things that are heterogeneous in form but considered as a single entity: | |||
#: ''katanai'' "clutter", ''dūḍhvai'' "banquet, buffet", ''vārṇaigīk'' (a type of sandals made from straw rope), ''ḍheṃlatiryai'' "streaming"<ref>The word ''latiryai'' is the plural of ''latirē'' (wave, ray), but this compound does not have a singular form.</ref> | |||
# certain actions and processes that involve multiple people: | |||
#: ''vāgdilanai'' "elections", ''viṣlonai'' "protest, riot", ''jāṃrice'' "traffic jam" | |||
# nouns denoting certain activities and festivals/holidays: | |||
#: ''grembātatālunai'' "hide-and-seek" (sometimes also found as dual), ''Kūlħanarai'' (a winter festival of Kenengyry origin) | |||
# a few illnesses and health conditions or disorders: | |||
#: ''nirganai'' "urticaria", ''nañvai'' "autism", ''paṣadårbhai'' "influenza" | |||
# some locations, including large delimited areas as well as many toponyms: | |||
#: ''aryai'' "square", ''cahåtaibāk'' "tropics" | |||
#: ''Rīkalīnai'', ''Mūnnakṣalte'' | |||
# all ethnonyms: | |||
#: ''chlǣvānem'' "Chlouvānem", ''teñjābyai'' "Skyrdegan(s)", ''bronyai'' "Bronic(s)", ''jarajræltyai'' "Cerian(s)", ''nivrahīrai'' "Nivarese" | |||
A few nouns do not have a singular, but can have a dual and a plural form. Their citation form is usually the dual: | |||
: ''maihadhūt'' "parents", ''grembātatālunāt'' "hide-and-seek" (most commonly a plurale tantum) | |||
Counted among pluralia tantums are certain words which are not defective in number, but whose plural forms have an additional meaning alongside the one of the singular form, like in the following examples: | |||
: ''hamvyenī'' "nursery" (''hamvyoe'' "cradle"), ''įsmirte'' "playground" (''įsmirtas'' "swing"), ''nacai'' "clothes" (''naca'' "cloth"), ''garaṇai'' "clock, watch" (''garaṇa'' "hour), ''lairtvąa'' "galaxy" (''lairē'' "sky, air"), ''ilēneyi'' "universe" (''ilēni'' "space, invisible sky"). | |||
Some words are '''singularia tantum''': | |||
# many collective nouns: | |||
#: ''nūlastān'' "money", ''maula'' "breasts [pair of]", ''mæchlišam'' "leafy greens" (and particular types, e.g. ''mæcichā'' "spinach), ''bågras'' "legumes" (and particular types, e.g. ''dīlla'' "peas", ''mahīra'' "lentils"), ''lāsīm'' "cereals", ''baltīs'' "free time" | |||
# feelings and sensations: | |||
#: ''lācāh'' "romantic love", ''læchlyoe'' "fun", ''ǣlna'' "sadness" | |||
# nouns denoting certain uncountable things: | |||
#: ''paɂeh'' "dust", ''kanai'' "spices", ''nāmvāvi'' "powder, dust made from crushing something", ''ḍolam'' "ice", ''narmis'' "ash" | |||
# certain illnesses and health conditions: | |||
#: ''badarauga'' "blue plague", ''kloppa'' "cough" (cf. pluralizable ''kloppukāram'' "a single instance of coughing"), ''nadirṣas'' "runny nose" | |||
# proper nouns referring to certain concepts: | |||
#: ''yunya'', ''lillamurḍhyā'', ''mulipenai'' "the Eastern Bloc's 'Internet'", ''tulbaiganin'' "the Eastern Bloc's 'Olympics'" | |||
#: individual sports, such as ''tēyakaitsūh'', ''ḍaṣaras'', ''lairhiṃħa'', ''yalkhaitah'' | |||
#: cardinal points, ''kēhamyuñca'' "North", ''nalejñuñca'' "East"..., including relative ones such as ''smrāṇyuñca'' "upstream" or ''memājñuñca'' "downstream" | |||
#: musical genres, such as ''laneika'', ''mūṃjas'', ''kerachomā'', ''tūnisus'' | |||
#: specialistic terminology made with suffixes and related to sciences (''-tarlā'', ''-nædani''), diseases (''-ræṣka'', ''-yūtan'', ''-ītsun'', ''-gulas''), and political/philosophical currents (''-nædani'', ''-lija'') | |||
# Most toponyms: | |||
#: ''Murkadhānāvi'' "the Inquisition", ''Kaiṣamā'', ''Teñjābah'' "Skyrdagor", ''Jarajrælteh'' "Ceria", ''Kuyugvajitava'' "Kŭyŭgwažtov" | |||
Given names may be pluralized in colloquial speech (e.g. ''Kālomījñai'' "[many] people named Kālomīyeh"), but it is considered rude and to be avoided in formal speech (by using (for the previous example) ''Kālomīyeh ga lelyē'' or even better ''Kālomīyeh ga halen lā lelyē''). | |||
===Irregular plurals=== | ===Irregular plurals=== | ||
A few Chlouvānem nouns have irregular plurals: | A few Chlouvānem nouns have irregular plurals: | ||
* The word ''chlǣvānem'' itself is plural-only and irregular; direct and vocative are in ''-em'', but all other cases decline as a standard plural 1h noun (e.g. accusative ''chlǣvānānu'', ergative ''chlǣvānān'', genitive ''chlǣvānumi''); | * The word ''chlǣvānem'' itself is plural-only (like all ethnonyms) and irregular; direct and vocative are in ''-em'', but all other cases decline as a standard plural 1h noun (e.g. accusative ''chlǣvānānu'', ergative ''chlǣvānān'', genitive ''chlǣvānumi''); | ||
* ''maila'' “water” does not have a dual form outside of colloquial use (where ''mailāt'' is used with the meaning of “two glasses of water”) and has the irregular plural ''mailtvąa''. It declines as a ''singular'' 1h noun, with two exceptions, namely accusative in ''-ąu'' instead of expected *-ahu and genitive in ''-ąi'' instead of expected *-ahi. This plural form is actually common, used when talking about bodies of water in an area, water layers, glasses of water, and a few minor idiomatic uses (e.g. ''taili mailtvahe hilælulke'', lit. “to arrive by crossing many waters”, meaning “to have had much experience”).<br/>The ''-tvąa'' semantic plural is also used for the word ''damītah'' when used for "petals" (''damītvąa''; the meaning of "nails" has the regular plural ''damītai''), and ''lairē'' (''lairtvąa'', which does not mean "skies" but "galaxy"). | * ''maila'' “water” does not have a dual form outside of colloquial use (where ''mailāt'' is used with the meaning of “two glasses of water”) and has the irregular plural ''mailtvąa''. It declines as a ''singular'' 1h noun, with two exceptions, namely accusative in ''-ąu'' instead of expected *-ahu and genitive in ''-ąi'' instead of expected *-ahi. This plural form is actually common, used when talking about bodies of water in an area, water layers, glasses of water, and a few minor idiomatic uses (e.g. ''taili mailtvahe hilælulke'', lit. “to arrive by crossing many waters”, meaning “to have had much experience”).<br/>The ''-tvąa'' semantic plural is also used for the word ''damītah'' when used for "petals" (''damītvąa''; the meaning of "nails" has the regular plural ''damītai''), and ''lairē'' (''lairtvąa'', which does not mean "skies" but "galaxy"). | ||
* ''resan'' "pig" | * ''resan'' "pig" has an irregular plural, ''ryasan'', with vowel change. | ||
* ''ås'' "ford, crossing of a small river" has the stem ''av-'' in all pre-vocalic forms (e.g. plural ''ave''). | * ''ås'' "ford, crossing of a small river" has the stem ''av-'' in all pre-vocalic forms (e.g. plural ''ave''). | ||
* ''švas'' "animal (including humans)" pluralizes as ''švai'', as if it were a h-noun; all cases except for direct and vocative are however regular. | * ''švas'' "animal (including humans)" pluralizes as ''švai'', as if it were a h-noun; all cases except for direct and vocative are however regular. | ||
===Irregular vocatives=== | ===Irregular vocatives=== | ||