Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions

→ ''See [[Lahob languages#Morphology|Lahob languages § Morphology]] for diachronical tables and comparisons with sister languages.''

:: '''Exessive''' (''nenijamarcūkire dirūnnevya'')

Chlouvānem does not have grammatical gender, and there are only a few natural gender terms. There are thirteen different noun declensions, but most of them only have few small differences. Chlouvānem declensions are predictable from the ending of the direct case noun, and they're categorized depending on their endings as ''s-'', ''m-'', or ''h-nouns''<ref>These are the remnants of a former gender system present in Proto-Lahob, still evident in other Lahob languages; unlike others in the family, Chlouvānem did not become genderless because of losing gender marking on nouns, but because it lost concordance anywhere else.</ref>.

|+1-s (-as, -ās, -o¹)

| '''kældus'''<br/><small>''"wax"''</small> || rowspan=2 | kældūt || rowspan=2 | kældaus

| kældu

| kældavu || kældūṣa || kældavih

| kældave || kældūya || kældūn

| kældavi || kældagva || kældǣmi

| kældun || kældugus || kældomān

| kældut || kældobhan || kældunīs

| kældą || kældugin || kældūya

| kældavom || kældugus || kældusām

| kældų || kældobhan || kældunīs

| kældave || kældugin || kældulīm

| kældup || kældobhan || kældunīka

# Mostly toponyms of Toyubeshian origin (e.g. ''Paramito'').

===M- and N-nouns - Mamą naną no lā halenī===

|+1-m (-am, -ām, (-an, -ān, -en, -ēn))

| rowspan=2 | '''yujam'''<br/><small>''"lotus"''</small> || rowspan=2 | yujivā || rowspan=2 | yujāk

|+2-m (-um, -ūm, (-un, -ūn))

|+3-m (-im, -īm, (-in, -īn))

|+1-m (n-paradigm)

| rowspan=2 | '''lilvan'''<br/><small>''"sash, belt"''</small> || rowspan=2 | lilvivā || rowspan=2 | lilvan

| lilvanu || lilunes² || lilunaih²

| lilunæ² || lilunyan² || lilvanūn

| lilvani || liluneva² || lilvaṃrān

| lilvanan || lilunį² || lilvanān

| lilvanat || lilvabhan || lilunenīs²

| liluną² || lilunenne² || lilunyan²

| lilvanom || lilunį² || lilvaṃsām

| lilvanų || lilvabhan || lilunenīs²

| lilvaṃrye || lilunenne² || lilunilīm²

| lilvanap || lilvabhan || lilvaṃrīka

|+1-h (-a, -ā, (-ah, -āh))

| '''māra'''<br/><small>''"mango"''</small> || rowspan=2 | mārāt || rowspan=2 | mārai

| māre

| māru || mārāṣa || māraih

| mārei || mārāra || mārān

| māri¹ || māreva || mārumi

| māran || mārarį || māremān

| mārat || mārabhan || mārenīs

| māręs || māranne || mārāra

| mārom || mārarį || māresām

| mārų || mārabhan || mārenīs

| māre || māranne || mārelīm

| mārap || mārabhan || mārenīka

|+2-h (-ē, -eh, -ǣh²)

| '''javileh'''<br/><small>''"apple"''</small> || rowspan=2 | javilyāt || rowspan=2 | javilyai

| javilei

| javilyu || javilēṣa || javileih

| javilei || javilyāra || javilyān

| javili || javileva³ || javilyumi

| javilen || javilerį || javilemān

| javilet || javilebhan || javilenīs

| javilęs || javilenne || javilyāra

| javilyom || javilerį || javilesām

| javilių || javilebhan || javilenīs

| javilye || javilenne || javilelīm

| javilep || javilebhan || javilenīka

|+3-h (-uh, -ūh, -u⁴)

| '''ñaɂuh'''<br/><small>''"fruit skin"''</small> || rowspan=2 | ñaɂūt || rowspan=2 | ñaɂūvi

| ñaɂū

| ñaɂunu || ñaɂūṣa || ñaɂuyih

| ñaɂuyei || ñaɂura || ñaɂun

| ñaɂuyi || ñaɂuva || ñaɂūmi

| ñaɂun || ñaɂurį || ñaɂumān

| ñaɂut || ñaɂubhan || ñaɂunīs

| ñaɂųs || ñaɂunne || ñaɂura

| ñaɂuvom || ñaɂurį || ñaɂusām

| ñaɂųu || ñaɂubhan || ñaɂunīs

| ñaɂuve || ñaɂunne || ñaɂulīm

| ñaɂup || ñaɂubhan || ñaɂunīka

|+4-m (-ih, -īh, -i⁵)

| '''ghārṭih'''<br/><small>''"arrow"''</small> || rowspan=2 | ghārṭīt || rowspan=2 | ghārṭeyi

| ghārṭī

| ghārṭyu || ghārṭīṣa || ghārṭeyih

| ghārṭyei || ghārṭira || ghārṭin

| ghārṭīyi || ghārṭiva || ghārṭyumi

| ghārṭin || ghārṭirį || ghārṭimān

| ghārṭit || ghārṭibhan || ghārṭinīs

| ghārṭįs || ghārṭinne || ghārṭira

| ghārṭyom || ghārṭirį || ghārṭisām

| ghārṭyų || ghārṭibhan || ghārṭinīs

| ghārṭye || ghārṭinne || ghārṭilīm

| ghārṭip || ghārṭibhan || ghārṭinīka

|+1-h (h-paradigm)

| '''raiṇah'''<br/><small>''"(piece of) cloth"''</small> || rowspan=2 | raiṇāt || rowspan=2 | raiṇai

| raiṇu || raiṇāṣa || raiṇaih

| raiṇei || raiṇāra || raiṇān

| raiṇi¹ || raiṇeva || raiṇumi

| raiṇan || raiṇarį || raiṇamān

| raiṇat || raiṇabhan || raiṇenīs

| raiṇęs || raiṇanne || raiṇāra

| raiṇom || raiṇarį || raiṇasām

| raiṇų || raiṇabhan || raiṇanīs

| raiṇe || raiṇanne || raiṇalīm

| raiṇap || raiṇabhan || raiṇanīka

|+Ablaut declension

| rowspan=2 | '''lila'''<br/><small>''"person"''</small> || rowspan=2 | lilāt || rowspan=2 | lelyē

| lilu || lilāṣa || lelyu

| lilei || lilāra || lelyei

| leli || lileva || laili

| lilan || lilarį || lelyan

| lilat || lilabhan || lelyat

| liląs || lilanne || lailąs

| lilom || lilarį || lelyom

| lilų || lilabhan || lelyų

| lile || lilanne || laile

| lilap || lilabhan || lelyap

|+-oe declension

| rowspan=2 | '''haloe'''<br/><small>''"name"''</small> || rowspan=2 | halenāt || rowspan=2 | halenī

| halenu || halenāṣa || halenaih

| halenei || halenāya || halenān

| halenyes || halemva || haloemi

| halenan || halenaus || halenyoh

| halenat || haloebhan || haloemān

| halen || haloegin || haloem

| halenom || halenaus || haloesām

| halenų || haloebhan || haloenīs

| halenye || haloegin || halenilīm

| halenap || haloebhan || haloenīka

{{col-break}}

{| class="redtable lightredbg" align="center" style="text-align: center;" |

|+-ai declension

|-

|-

| rowspan=2 | '''lunai'''<br/><small>''"tea"''</small> || rowspan=2 | lunaiva || rowspan=2 | lunāye

|-

! <small>Vocative</small>

|-

! <small>Accusative</small>

|-

! <small>Ergative</small>

|-

|-

|-

| lunait || lunaibhan || lunaimān

! <small>Essive</small>

| lunąis || lunainne || lunaigem

! <small>Dative</small>

| lunāyom || lunāyį || lunaisām

! <small>Ablative</small>

| lunāyų || lunaibhan || lunǣnīs

! <small>Locative</small>

| lunāye || lunainne || lunailīm

! <small>Instrumental</small>

| lunaip || lunaibhan || lunainīka

===Irregular plurals===

* Toponyms (except inherently dual or plural ones), personal names, and miscellaneous things that are semantically only singular (like many Yunyalīlti concepts, e.g. ''yunya'' or ''lillamurḍhyā'') are found exclusively in the singular.

===Irregular vocatives===

Five very common words have common, irregular, vocative forms:

* ''ñæltah'' "(male's) sister" — ''ñæli'' or ''ñæl''

* ''glūkam'' "(female's) brother" — ''galū''

* ''meinā'' "mother" — ''mā'' or ''mē''

Chlouvānem sometimes uses the singular in contexts where English uses the plural:

** After ''yaiva'', the difference in the noun's number expresses a distinction much like the one between English "every" and "all": ''yaiva kita'' "every house", ''yaiva kitai'' "all houses".

* When referring to existence or availability of something, that something is always singular, e.g. ''dvārma læjlęs virā'' "there are chairs in the room". It may be plural if topicalized, but the overall meaning of the sentence changes - e.g. ''læjlai mæn dvārma virā'' "the chairs are in the room".

* When referring to a single person, ''dhāna'' (hand), ''mešīn'' (eye), and ''minnūlya'' (ear), and often also ''junai'' (foot) (more rarely for ''pājya'' (leg) and ''liken'' (arm)) are typically singular and not dual - e.g. ''nanau mešīp mešute'' "I see it with my eyes" (lit. "with my eye"). In fact, they might be translated as "a person's hands/eyes/ears", given that dual forms are often used to mean e.g. "both hands of two people" and the plural ones for e.g. "many people's hands".

* ''junyoe'' (indoor slippers), ''rapūda'' ((thick) shoes), ''mæska'' (boots), and all types of shoes are also used in the singular to refer to a pair of them. The main exception is ''varṇaigīk'' (straw rope sandals), which is a plurale tantum.

| '''lili''' || lū || lę || lilyā || lan || lat || lįs || lum || ląu || lēn || laip

| '''sāmi''' || sū || sę || sāmyā || sān || sāt || sįs || som || sąu || sēn || saip

| '''nami''' || nū || nę || namyā || nan || nat || nįs || num || nąu || nēn || naip

| '''tami''' || tū || tę || tamyā || tan || tat || tįs || tum || tąu || tēn || taip

| '''ravi''' || rū || rę || ravyā || ran || rat || rįs || rum || rąu || rēn || raip

| '''demi''' || diyū || ję || demyā || jen || jet || jįs || jum || jąu || jēn || jaip

| '''lenak''' || ilo || ilahę || ilayā || ilān || ilāt || ilęs || ilām || iląu || ilæn || ilaip

| '''sanak''' || iso || isahę || isayā || isān || isāt || isęs || isām || isąu || isæn || isaip

| '''nanak''' || inno || innahę || innayā || innān || innāt || innęs || innām || innąu || innæn || innaip

| '''tanak''' || itto || ittahę || ittayā || ittān || ittāt || ittęs || ittām || ittąu || ittæn || ittaip

| '''raṇak''' || iro || irahę || irayā || irān || irāt || iręs || irām || irąu || iræn || iraip

! colspan=4 | <small>Emphatic pronoun (archaic)</small>

| '''yani''' || yū || yę || yanyā || yan || yat || yįs || yum || yąu || yēn || yaip

'''yavyāta''' (though often replaced by ''nami'') and '''yakaliyātam''' are used as formal second person plural pronouns; they are however nouns and decline as such (as singular 1-h and 1-m declension respectively, but they take plural verbs and adjectives). Various other nouns may be used as second- or third-person pronouns depending on the situation; see [[Chlouvānem/Morphology#Honorifics|the following section on honorifics]] for a list of them and their usage.

Possessive adjectives are always used if they refer to an explicit topic, and in most cases (except those listed below) if the topic is only marked by the voice, e.g.:

* ''lilyā glūkam mæn māminęltende liven'' - my brother is in his 14₁₂-th year (= is fifteen years old).

* ''ūnikire namyā cūlla viṣam ūnime vi'' - your red car is on the other road.

The voice-marked topic usually does not have a possessive if it belongs to a first- or second-person agent which is explicitely marked. Particularly, the words ''meinā'' (mother) and ''bunā'' (father) are almost always possessive-less. e.g.:

* ''ñæltah laitenælire purṣīnaviṣyu lę emęlyosi'' - It is my sister I gave that wonderful poetry book to. — note how it is simply ''ñæltah'' and not ''lilyā ñæltah'' because of the presence of the ergative pronoun ''lę''.

If the sentence is focussed on a verb-marked (i.e. with a dropped pronoun) agent, it is more common to use the possessive. In many colloquial varieties of Chlouvānem, there is a developing distinction between using the reflexive and the 1st- or 2nd- person forms, where the reflexive is more commonly (but still not exclusively!) used for alienable possession and the other for inalienable possession. Thus, "my sister" is more commonly ''lilyā ñæltah'', while "my book" is more commonly ''demyā naviṣya'', at least in a sentence with a first person focus. The above example would become ''lilyåh ñæltom laitenælire purṣīnaviṣyu emęlyaṃte''; one could also stress the fact it's their own book and thus say ''lilyåh ñæltom laitenælire demyau purṣīnaviṣyu emęlyaṃte''.<br/>Still, even in this case, "mother" and "father" would still lack a possessive, as referring to someone else's mother or father would anyway need the honorific words ''nāḍima'' and ''tāmvāram'' respectively, instead of ''meinā'' and ''bunā''.

In the third person, especially plural, ''demyā'' may be used without an explicit subject, i.e. ''demyau kitu āntedarāhai'' "they are building their own home".

=== Correlatives ===

| rowspan=2 | ''nenē''<br/><small>(and others; see below)</small><br/>this (one) || rowspan=2 | ''nunū''<br/><small>(and others; see below)</small><br/>that (one) (near you) || rowspan=2 | ''nanā''<br/><small>(and others; see below)</small><br/>that (one) (over there) || rowspan=2 | ''yanū?''<br/>what?, which (one) ? || ''gu''<br/>no || ''sora''<br/>some || ''læti''<br/>any || rowspan=2 | ''yaiva''<br/>every(thing) || ''viṣam''<br/>another, other || ''guviṣam''<br/>no other

| ''gvami''<br/>nothing || ''sorami''<br/>something || ''lætyami''<br/>anything || ''viṣāmi''<br/>something else || ''guviṣāmi''<br/>nothing else

| ''·evita''<br/>this one || ''·utvita''<br/>that one (near you) || ''·ātvita''<br/>that one (over there) || ''yavita?''<br/>who? || ''guvita''<br/>no one || ''soraita''<br/>someone || ''lævita''<br/>anyone || ''yaivita''<br/>everyone || ''viṣvita''<br/>someone else || ''guviṣvita''<br/>no one else

| ''emiya''<br/>now || ''utiya''<br/>then || ''ātiya''<br/>then (remote) || ''yamiya?''<br/>when? || ''gumiya''<br/>never || ''soramiya''<br/>sometime, somewhen || ''lætmiya''<br/>anytime, whenever || ''yaivmiya''<br/>always, everytime || ''viṣmiya''<br/>sometime else || ''guviṣmiya''<br/>never else

| ''·ejulā''<br/>here || ''·uñjulā''<br/>there || ''·āñjulā''<br/>over there || ''yajulā?''<br/>where? || ''gujulā''<br/>nowhere || ''sorajulā''<br/>somewhere || ''læjulā''<br/>anywhere || ''yavijulā''<br/>everywhere || ''viñjulā''<br/>elsewhere || ''guviñjulā''<br/>nowhere else

| ''·ejulyom''<br/>hither || ''·uñjulyom''<br/>thither || ''·āñjulyom''<br/> thither (remote) || ''yajulyom?''<br/>whither? || ''gujulyom''<br/>nowhither || ''sorajulyom''<br/>somewhither || ''læjulyom''<br/>anywhither || ''yavijulyom''<br/>everywhither || ''viñjulyom''<br/>elsewhither || ''guviñjulyom''<br/>nowhither else

| ''·ejulųu''<br/>hence || ''·uñjulųu''<br/>thence || ''·āñjulųu''<br/> thence (remote) || ''yajulųu?''<br/>whence? || ''gujulųu''<br/>nowhence ||  ''sorajulųu''<br/>somewhence || ''læjulųu''<br/>anywhence || ''yavijulųu''<br/>everywhence || ''viñjulųu''<br/>elsewhence || ''guviñjulųu''<br/>nowhence else

| ''elīce''<br/>thus, hereby || ''ūlīce''<br/>thereby || ''ālīce''<br/>thereby; that other way || ''yalīce?''<br/>how? || ''gulīce''<br/>no way || ''soralīce''<br/>somehow || ''lælīce''<br/>anyhow || ''yaivlīce''<br/>everyway || ''viṣlīce''<br/>otherwise || ''guviṣlīce''<br/>no other way

| ''emena''<br/>herefore || ''utmena''<br/>therefore || ''ātmena''<br/>therefore; for that other reason || ''yamenat?''<br/>why? || ''gumena''<br/>for no reason || ''soramena''<br/>somewhy || ''lætmena''<br/>whyever, for any reason || ''yaivmena''<br/>for every reason || ''viṣmena''<br/>for another reason || ''guviṣmena''<br/>for no other reason

| ''esmā''<br/>this kind || ''utsmā''<br/>that kind || ''ātsmā''<br/>that other kind || ''yasmāt?''<br/>which kind? || ''gusmā''<br/>no kind || ''sorasmā''<br/>some kind || ''læsmā''<br/>any kind || ''yavismā''<br/>every kind || ''viṣasmā''<br/>another kind || ''guviṣasmā''<br/>no other kind

| ''enūḍa''<br/>this much || ''utnūḍa''<br/>that much || ''ātnūḍa''<br/>that much (remote) || ''yanūḍat?''<br/>how much? || ''gunūḍa''<br/>none || ''soraṇūḍa''<br/>some of it || ''lætnūḍa''<br/>any much || ''yaivnūḍa''<br/>all of it || ''viṣṇūḍa''<br/>another quantity || ''guviṣṇūḍa''<br/>no other quantity

Note that in common speach ''ālīce'' and ''ūlīce'' as well as ''ātmena'' and ''utmena'' are basically interchangeable. The <small>QUALITY</small> correlatives may take an essive argument, e.g. ''lajlęs læsmā'' "any kind of chair".<br/><small>THING</small> and <small>PERSON</small> correlatives decline for case and, in the case of ''evita'', ''utvita'', and ''ātvita'', also for number (1h declension: ''evita'', acc. sg. ''evitu'', dir. pl. ''evitai'', dat. pl. ''evitesām''…). <small>QUALITY</small> and <small>QUANTITY</small> correlatives also decline for case.

: ''gvamīt～guvitāt'' "neither";  

: ''lætyamīt～lævitāt'' "either";

! Prefix ↓ / Base → !! ''·evita<br/>·ejulā<br/>·ejulyom<br/>·ejulųu'' !! ''·utvita<br/>·uñjulā<br/>·uñjulyom<br/>·uñjulųu'' !! ''·ātvita<br/>·āñjulā<br/>·āñjulyom<br/>·āñjulųu''

! <small>All possessives, ''nanā'' and other distals,<br/> ''yambā?'', ''ami'', correlatives in ''-i''<ref>e.g. ''læti'', ''sorami''…</ref></small> !! <small>''nenē'' and other proximals</small> !! <small>''nunū'', and other medials, ''yanū?''</small> !! <small>''yasmāt?'' and ''yanūḍat?''</small>

| lilyąa || nenęe || nunųu || yasmātą

==Honorifics==

In Chlouvānem, the third person pronouns – which are the demonstrative sets, most commonly the distal ''nanā'' - ''eṣanā'' - ''ānnā'' – are not used for people; the name of the person referred to with the appropriate honorific title is used instead.

=====Reference table=====

The following table is meant as a ''non-exhaustive'' reference for the ''most common'' ways used to refer to third person human referents in different situations, excluding titles:

{| class="redtable lightredbg" style="textalign:center"

! colspan=2 | If... !! Speaker is higher than Listener !! Speaker is equal to Listener !! Speaker is lower than Listener

! rowspan=3 | 3SG is higher than... !! both Speaker and Listener

| ''yamei'' (name) ''lāma''<br/>''yamei'' (name) ''suntam/sintam'' || ''(yamei)'' (name) ''suntam/sintam(/lāma)'' || ''yamei'' (name) ''suntam/sintam''

! Listener,<br/>but lower than or equal to Speaker

| ''udhyāras''<br/>''yamei lātiṃṣin''<br/>(name) ''lāma'' || / || /

! Speaker,<br/>but lower than or equal to Listener

| / || / || ''yamei'' (name) ''lāma''

! rowspan=3 | 3SG is equal to... !! Listener

| ''udhyāras''<br/>''yamei'' (name) ''tanta''<br/> (name) ''lāma'' || / || /

! both Speaker and Listener

| / || ''udhyāras''<br/>''lātiṃṣin''<br/> (name) ''lāma'' || /

! Speaker

| / || / || ''yamei'' (name) ''lāma''<br/>''udhyāras''<br/>''lātiṃṣin''

! rowspan=3 | 3SG is lower than...  !! Listener

| ''udhyāras''<br/>(name) ''tanta'' || / || /

! both Speaker and Listener

| / || ''udhyāras''<br/>(name) ''tanta'' || /

! Speaker

| / || / || (name) ''lāma''<br/> ''udhyāras''

|}

 

''→ See also: [[Chlouvānem/Names#Using_names|Chlouvānem names § Using names]]''

 

* '''lallāmaha''' - an extremely formal honorific, used for public authorities and all Inquisitors. Most often used together with ''yamei''. Inquisitors may also be referred to as ''lallāmaha + <small>matronymic</small> + yamei + <small>given name</small> + murkadhāna (lāma)''

* '''telen''' - less formal than ''lāma'', used by men for unmarried women whom they know somewhat well. Currently less frequently used than it was up to about 10 years ago.

* '''jāmilšīreh''' - used in military contexts towards higher-ranked people, or by common people towards military commanders in service.

* '''udhyā(ras)''' - neutral but respectful title of address, often used when generally speaking and without knowing who the listener is. Sometimes used, when in a plural sense, in the form '''yamei dāvudhyāre'''. In its neutralness relative to rank, it can be compared with the Soviet-era use of ''товарищ''. It is also how high-ranked Inquisitors and most monks address the general public.<br/>Note that ''udhyāras'' is the direct form, ''udhyā'' the irregular vocative.

* '''cuca''' is not strictly an honorific, as it pertains to more colloquial forms of speech, but it works the same way. It has a diminutive and endearing meaning, not unlike Japanese ''-chan''. In formal speech, it is often used towards and when speaking about children.

 

 

 

* '''hurdagīn''' — Head Monk (head of a monastery) — rendered as ''kaili brausire yamei [name] hurdagīn lāma'' (+ monastery name-<small>GEN</small>)<ref>Many head monks have their own unique titles based on their monastery. For example the head monk of the Vādhaṃšvāti Lake Monastery is not referred as ''[…] hurdagīn lāma vādhaṃšvāti ga gūltayi'' but as ''[…] laliājuniāmiti jāṇi camilālta lāma'', literally "Great Guardian of the Field of the Night Bloom".</ref>