Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions

→ ''See [[Lahob languages#Morphology|Lahob languages § Morphology]] for diachronical tables and comparisons with sister languages.''

:: '''Exessive''' (''nenijamarcūkire dirūnnevya'')

Chlouvānem does not have grammatical gender, and there are only a few natural gender terms. There are thirteen different noun declensions, but most of them only have few small differences. Chlouvānem declensions are predictable from the ending of the direct case noun, and they're categorized depending on their endings as ''s-'', ''m-'', or ''h-nouns''<ref>These are the remnants of a former gender system present in Proto-Lahob, still evident in other Lahob languages; unlike others in the family, Chlouvānem did not become genderless because of losing gender marking on nouns, but because it lost concordance anywhere else.</ref>.

|+1-s (-as, -ās, -o¹)

| haɂrut || haɂrobhan || haɂruṇīs²

| haɂrų || haɂrobhan || haɂruṇīs²

| haɂrup || haɂrobhan || haɂruṇīka²

===M- and N-nouns - Mamą naną no lā halenī===

|+1-m (-am, -ām, (-an, -ān, -en, -ēn))

| rowspan=2 | '''yujam'''<br/><small>''"lotus"''</small> || rowspan=2 | yujivā || rowspan=2 | yujāk

|+2-m (-um, -ūm, (-un, -ūn))

|+3-m (-im, -īm, (-in, -īn))

|+1-m (n-paradigm)

| rowspan=2 | '''lilvan'''<br/><small>''"sash, belt"''</small> || rowspan=2 | lilvivā || rowspan=2 | lilvan

| lilvanu || lilunes² || lilunaih²

| lilunæ² || lilunyan² || lilvanūn

| lilvani || liluneva² || lilvaṃrān

| lilvanan || lilunį² || lilvanān

| lilvanat || lilvabhan || lilunenīs²

| liluną² || lilunenne² || lilunyan²

| lilvanom || lilunį² || lilvaṃsām

| lilvanų || lilvabhan || lilunenīs²

| lilvaṃrye || lilunenne² || lilunilīm²

| lilvanap || lilvabhan || lilvaṃrīka

|+1-h (-a, -ā, (-ah, -āh))

| '''māra'''<br/><small>''"mango"''</small> || rowspan=2 | mārāt || rowspan=2 | mārai

| māre

| māru || mārāṣa || māraih

| mārei || mārāra || mārān

| māri¹ || māreva || mārumi

| māran || mārarį || māremān

| mārat || mārabhan || mārenīs

| māręs || māranne || mārāra

| mārom || mārarį || māresām

| mārų || mārabhan || mārenīs

| māre || māranne || mārelīm

| mārap || mārabhan || mārenīka

|+2-h (-ē, -eh, -ǣh²)

| '''javileh'''<br/><small>''"apple"''</small> || rowspan=2 | javilyāt || rowspan=2 | javilyai

| javilei

| javilyu || javilēṣa || javileih

| javilei || javilyāra || javilyān

| javili || javileva³ || javilyumi

| javilen || javilerį || javilemān

| javilet || javilebhan || javilenīs

| javilęs || javilenne || javilyāra

| javilyom || javilerį || javilesām

| javilių || javilebhan || javilenīs

| javilye || javilenne || javilelīm

| javilep || javilebhan || javilenīka

|+3-h (-uh, -ūh, -u⁴)

| '''ñaɂuh'''<br/><small>''"fruit skin"''</small> || rowspan=2 | ñaɂūt || rowspan=2 | ñaɂūvi

| ñaɂū

| ñaɂunu || ñaɂūṣa || ñaɂuyih

| ñaɂuyei || ñaɂura || ñaɂun

| ñaɂuyi || ñaɂuva || ñaɂūmi

| ñaɂun || ñaɂurį || ñaɂumān

| ñaɂut || ñaɂubhan || ñaɂunīs

| ñaɂųs || ñaɂunne || ñaɂura

| ñaɂuvom || ñaɂurį || ñaɂusām

| ñaɂųu || ñaɂubhan || ñaɂunīs

| ñaɂuve || ñaɂunne || ñaɂulīm

| ñaɂup || ñaɂubhan || ñaɂunīka

|+4-m (-ih, -īh, -i⁵)

| '''ghārṭih'''<br/><small>''"arrow"''</small> || rowspan=2 | ghārṭīt || rowspan=2 | ghārṭeyi

| ghārṭī

| ghārṭyu || ghārṭīṣa || ghārṭeyih

| ghārṭyei || ghārṭira || ghārṭin

| ghārṭīyi || ghārṭiva || ghārṭyumi

| ghārṭin || ghārṭirį || ghārṭimān

| ghārṭit || ghārṭibhan || ghārṭinīs

| ghārṭįs || ghārṭinne || ghārṭira

| ghārṭyom || ghārṭirį || ghārṭisām

| ghārṭyų || ghārṭibhan || ghārṭinīs

| ghārṭye || ghārṭinne || ghārṭilīm

| ghārṭip || ghārṭibhan || ghārṭinīka

|+1-h (h-paradigm)

| '''raiṇah'''<br/><small>''"(piece of) cloth"''</small> || rowspan=2 | raiṇāt || rowspan=2 | raiṇai

| raiṇu || raiṇāṣa || raiṇaih

| raiṇei || raiṇāra || raiṇān

| raiṇi¹ || raiṇeva || raiṇumi

| raiṇan || raiṇarį || raiṇamān

| raiṇat || raiṇabhan || raiṇenīs

| raiṇęs || raiṇanne || raiṇāra

| raiṇom || raiṇarį || raiṇasām

| raiṇų || raiṇabhan || raiṇanīs

| raiṇe || raiṇanne || raiṇalīm

| raiṇap || raiṇabhan || raiṇanīka

|+Ablaut declension

| rowspan=2 | '''lila'''<br/><small>''"person"''</small> || rowspan=2 | lilāt || rowspan=2 | lelyē

| lilu || lilāṣa || lelyu

| lilei || lilāra || lelyei

| leli || lileva || laili

| lilan || lilarį || lelyan

| lilat || lilabhan || lelyat

| liląs || lilanne || lailąs

| lilom || lilarį || lelyom

| lilų || lilabhan || lelyų

| lile || lilanne || laile

| lilap || lilabhan || lelyap

|+-oe declension

| rowspan=2 | '''haloe'''<br/><small>''"name"''</small> || rowspan=2 | halenāt || rowspan=2 | halenī

| halenu || halenāṣa || halenaih

| halenei || halenāya || halenān

| halenyes || halemva || haloemi

| halenan || halenaus || haloemān

| halenat || haloebhan || haloenīs

| halen || haloegin || halenāya

| halenom || halenaus || haloesām

| halenų || haloebhan || haloenīs

| halenye || haloegin || halenilīm

| halenap || haloebhan || haloenīka

{{col-end}}

The ablaut declension is in the singular (except for the vocative and essive) and dual the same as the 1-h one, including the ''-ei'' rule for the genitive singular (e.g. ''rinya'' "ceiling", gen.sg. ''renei''), except for the fact that the genitive singular has a middle-grade vowel. The plural has mostly the same endings as the singular but with middle-grade vowels in most forms (genitive, essive, and locative have a higher-grade one). ''-y-'' is inserted between the stem and the ending, but not for nouns ending in ''-ya'' (''rinya'' → ''renyē'').<br/>

The vowel that undergoes ablaut is usually the penultimate (e.g. ''plušamila'' "Office of the Inquisition", plural ''plušamelyē''), but in some cases it's the first (e.g. ''kimeda'' (a type of panther), plural ''kemedyē'').

 

 

Some words are '''singularia tantum''':

# many collective nouns:

#: ''nūlastān'' "money", ''maula'' "breasts [pair of]", ''mæchlišam'' "leafy greens" (and particular types, e.g. ''mæcichā'' "spinach), ''bågras'' "legumes" (and particular types, e.g. ''dīlla'' "peas", ''mahīra'' "lentils"), ''lāsīm'' "cereals", ''baltīs'' "free time"

# feelings and sensations:

#: ''lācāh'' "romantic love", ''læchlyoe'' "fun", ''ǣlna'' "sadness"

#: ''yunya'', ''lillamurḍhyā'', ''mulipenai'' "the Eastern Bloc's 'Internet'", ''tulbaiganin'' "the Eastern Bloc's 'Olympics'"

#: cardinal points, ''kēhamyuñca'' "North", ''nalejñuñca'' "East"..., including relative ones such as ''smrāṇyuñca'' "upstream" or ''memājñuñca'' "downstream"

#: specialistic terminology made with suffixes and related to sciences (''-tarlā'', ''-nædani''), diseases (''-ræṣka'', ''-yūtan'', ''-ītsun'', ''-gulas''), and political/philosophical currents (''-nædani'', ''-lija'')

#: ''Murkadhānāvi'' "the Inquisition", ''Kaiṣamā'', ''Teñjābah'' "Skyrdagor", ''Jarajrælteh'' "Ceria", ''Kuyugvajitava'' "Kŭyŭgwažtov"

* ''maila'' “water” does not have a dual form outside of colloquial use (where ''mailāt'' is used with the meaning of “two glasses of water”) and has the irregular plural ''mailtvąa''. It declines as a ''singular'' 1h noun, with two exceptions, namely accusative in ''-ąu'' instead of expected *-ahu and genitive in ''-ąi'' instead of expected *-ahi. This plural form is actually common, used when talking about bodies of water in an area, water layers, glasses of water, and a few minor idiomatic uses (e.g. ''taili mailtvahe hilælulke'', lit. “to arrive by crossing many waters”, meaning “to have had much experience”).<br/>The ''-tvąa'' semantic plural is also used for the word ''damītah'' when used for "petals" (''damītvąa''; the meaning of "nails" has the regular plural ''damītai''), and ''lairē'' (''lairtvąa'', which does not mean "skies" but "galaxy").

* ''resan'' "pig" has an irregular plural, ''ryasan'', with vowel change.

* ''ås'' "ford, crossing of a small river" has the stem ''av-'' in all pre-vocalic forms (e.g. plural ''ave'').

* Nouns are always singular after numerals (except, optionally, ''dani'' (two), which they can also be dual after), ''sora'' (some), ''læti'' (any), ''gu'' (no), ''guviṣam'' (no other), ''taili'' (many, much), ''nanū'' (more), ''kaili'' (most), and ''ṣubha'' (few, little).

* When referring to existence or availability of something, that something is always singular, e.g. ''dvārma læjlęs virā'' "there are chairs in the room". It may be plural if topicalized, but the overall meaning of the sentence changes - e.g. ''læjlai mæn dvārma virā'' "the chairs are in the room".

* When referring to a single person, ''dhāna'' (hand), ''mešīn'' (eye), and ''minnūlya'' (ear), and often also ''junai'' (foot) (more rarely for ''pājya'' (leg) and ''liken'' (arm)) are typically singular and not dual - e.g. ''nanau mešīp mešute'' "I see it with my eyes" (lit. "with my eye"). In fact, they might be translated as "a person's hands/eyes/ears", given that dual forms are often used to mean e.g. "both hands of two people" and the plural ones for e.g. "many people's hands".

==Pronouns==

Chlouvānem has a series of pronouns which are irregular when compared to other nouns, yet they follow a mostly similar pattern among themselves - except for ''yūk'', whose pattern is however clearly derived from the plural forms of nouns, unlike other ones which derive their inflections from the singular. As with nouns and adjectives, in Chlouvānem there is mostly no difference between possessive and demonstrative pronouns and adjectives. Note that ''pronouns'' here are defined as a morphological category, as there are many pronominal locutions or nouns acting as pronouns in the Chlouvānem honorific system, as well as nouns standing for pronouns, both in formal and extremely informal speech.

Standard Chlouvānem as spoken today uses the following morphological pronouns (not including those that follow nominal inflection):

* 1st person '''lili''' (sg.), '''lenak''' (dual), and '''yūk''' (pl.).

* 2nd person informal '''sāmi''' (sg.) and '''sanak''' (dual).

* 2nd person formal superior '''nami''' (sg.; also used for 2nd plural, both informal and formal generic) and '''nanak''' (dual).


* 2nd person formal equal '''tami''' (sg.) and '''tanak''' (dual).

* 2nd person formal inferior '''ravi''' (sg.) and '''raṇak''' (dual).

* Reflexive '''demi''' (mandatory for 3rd person, commonly used also for 1st and 2nd).

The pronouns doubling as adjectives are:

* The demonstratives, all declining for case; there are 33 different forms depending on distance and position in space; '''nenē''' (proximal), '''nunū''' (medial), and '''nanā''' (distal) being the least marked ones, even though they may imply "ahead" if used to disambiguate from others.

* The possessives, which are also the genitive forms of pronouns: '''lilyā''', '''ilayā''', '''yūñjā''', '''sāmyā''', '''isayā''', '''namyā''', '''innayā''', '''tamyā''', '''ittayā''', '''ravyā''', '''irayā''', '''demyā''', ('''yanyā''').

Among younger speakers in some areas the Jade Coast, most notably in Līlasuṃghāṇa, Taitepamba, and Kūmanabūruh, demonstratives and possessives, when used attributively, are not inflected at all, e.g. ''lili nanā phēcamu mišau'' "I saw that cat" instead of standard ''lili nanau phēcamu mišau''.

In addition, '''yani''' is an emphatic pronoun not properly part of common speech (''demi'' is used instead) but sometimes found in high style. Archaic Chlouvānem had a demonstrative series consisting of proximal '''ami''', medial '''uteni''', and distal '''āteni''', which declined in use throughout Classical times, when they were replaced by the newer ''nenē — nunū — nanā'' forms.

''ami'' is still used regionally around the mid-course of the Nīmbaṇḍhāra (an area in the Central Plain: roughly the whole of the diocese of Raharjaiṭa, most of Jolenītra, Daikatorāma, Vādhātorama, and Namapleta, and parts of Mūrajātana, Perelkaša, Ryogiñjaiṭa and far northern Sendakārva) where it has been repurposed as a definiteness marker for non-triggered arguments - Standard Chlouvānem usually topicalizes the argument or uses ''nanā'', or, colloquially, leaves it unmarked and only understandable by context; cf. "the tiger is seen by the wolf":

: ''<small>(Standard):</small> ēmīla nanye bāḍhmānæ mešē'', or ''bāḍhmān mæn ēmīla mēšē'', or ''ēmīla bāḍhmānæ mēšē''.

: ''<small>(Mid-Nīmbaṇḍhāri):</small> ēmīla amye bāḍhmānæ mešē''.

As mentioned before, Chlouvānem does not distinguish singular formal superior and plural "you", having the single pronoun ''nami'' for both. Unlike the similar situation in English, Chlouvānem still differentiates them by marking number on the verb, so for example "you (sg) work" is ''nami pūni'', and "you (pl) work" is ''nami pūnašin''. Originally, ''nami'' was only the 2nd person singular feminine pronoun (as shown by its cognates in other Lahob languages); in Archaic Chlouvānem the original plural pronoun ''nagin'' is attested, but we lack attestations of any form except the direct and the genitive (''nagyā'').

=== Personal pronouns ===

{| class="redtable lightredbg"

! colspan=4 | !! Direct !! Accusative !! Ergative !!  Genitive !! Translative !! Exessive !! Essive !!  Dative !! Ablative !! Locative !! Instrumental

! rowspan=5 | Singular !! colspan=3 | 1st person

! rowspan=4 | 2nd person !! colspan=2 | Informal

| '''sāmi''' || sū || sę || sāmyā || sān || sāt || sįs || som || sąu || sēn || saip

! colspan=2 | Form. sup.

| '''nami''' || nū || nę || namyā || nan || nat || nįs || num || nąu || nēn || naip

! colspan=2 | Form. equal

| '''tami''' || tū || tę || tamyā || tan || tat || tįs || tum || tąu || tēn || taip

! colspan=2 | Form. inf.

| '''ravi''' || rū || rę || ravyā || ran || rat || rįs || rum || rąu || rēn || raip

! colspan=4 | Reflexive pronoun

| '''demi''' || diyū || ję || demyā || jen || jet || jįs || jum || jąu || jēn || jaip

! rowspan=5 | Dual !! colspan=3 | 1st person

| '''lenak''' || ilo || ilahę || ilayā || ilān || ilāt || ilęs || ilām || iląu || ilæn || ilaip

! rowspan=4 | 2nd person !! colspan=2 | Informal

| '''sanak''' || iso || isahę || isayā || isān || isāt || isęs || isām || isąu || isæn || isaip

! colspan=2 | Form. sup.

| '''nanak''' || inno || innahę || innayā || innān || innāt || innęs || innām || innąu || innæn || innaip

! colspan=2 | Form. equal

| '''tanak''' || itto || ittahę || ittayā || ittān || ittāt || ittęs || ittām || ittąu || ittæn || ittaip

| '''yūk''' || (i)vaih || (i)vān || yūñjā || yūmān || (i)vanīs || (i)vāra || yūkṣām || (i)vanīs || yūlīm || yūnīka

| '''nami''' || nū || nę || namyā || nan || nat || nįs || num || nąu || nēn || naip

! colspan=4 | <small>Emphatic pronoun (archaic)</small>

| '''yani''' || yū || yę || yanyā || yan || yat || yįs || yum || yąu || yēn || yaip

'''yavyāta''' (though often replaced by ''nami'') and '''yakaliyātam''' are used as formal second person plural pronouns; they are however nouns and decline as such (as singular 1-h and 1-m declension respectively, but they take plural verbs and adjectives). Various other nouns may be used as second- or third-person pronouns depending on the situation; see [[Chlouvānem/Morphology#Honorifics|the following section on honorifics]] for a list of them and their usage.

 

====Use of possessives====

Possessive adjectives are always used if they refer to an explicit topic, and in most cases (except those listed below) if the topic is only marked by the voice, e.g.:

* ''lilyā glūkam mæn māminęltende liven'' - my brother is in his 14₁₂-th year (= is fifteen years old).

* ''ūnikire namyā cūlla viṣam ūnime vi'' - your red car is on the other road.

The voice-marked topic usually does not have a possessive if it belongs to a first- or second-person agent which is explicitely marked. Particularly, the words ''meinā'' (mother) and ''bunā'' (father) are almost always possessive-less. e.g.:

* ''ñæltah laitenælire purṣīnaviṣyu lę emęlyosi'' - It is my sister I gave that wonderful poetry book to. — note how it is simply ''ñæltah'' and not ''lilyā ñæltah'' because of the presence of the ergative pronoun ''lę''.

If the sentence is focussed on a verb-marked (i.e. with a dropped pronoun) agent, it is more common to use the possessive. In many colloquial varieties of Chlouvānem, there is a developing distinction between using the reflexive and the 1st- or 2nd- person forms, where the reflexive is more commonly (but still not exclusively!) used for alienable possession and the other for inalienable possession. Thus, "my sister" is more commonly ''lilyā ñæltah'', while "my book" is more commonly ''demyā naviṣya'', at least in a sentence with a first person focus. The above example would become ''lilyåh ñæltom laitenælire purṣīnaviṣyu emęlyaṃte''; one could also stress the fact it's their own book and thus say ''lilyåh ñæltom laitenælire demyau purṣīnaviṣyu emęlyaṃte''.<br/>Still, even in this case, "mother" and "father" would still lack a possessive, as referring to someone else's mother or father would anyway need the honorific words ''nāḍima'' and ''tāmvāram'' respectively, instead of ''meinā'' and ''bunā''.

In the third person, especially plural, ''demyā'' may be used without an explicit subject, i.e. ''demyau kitu āntedarāhai'' "they are building their own home".

! Category ↓ / Type → !! Proximal !! Medial !! Distal !! Interrogative !! Negative !! Ass. exist. !! Elect. exist. !! Universal !! Positive altern. !! Negative altern.

! Attributive

| rowspan=2 | ''nenē''<br/><small>(and others; see below)</small><br/>this (one) || rowspan=2 | ''nunū''<br/><small>(and others; see below)</small><br/>that (one) (near you) || rowspan=2 | ''nanā''<br/><small>(and others; see below)</small><br/>that (one) (over there) || rowspan=2 | ''yanū?''<br/>what?, which (one) ? || ''gu''<br/>no || ''sora''<br/>some || ''læti''<br/>any || rowspan=2 | ''yaiva''<br/>every(thing) || ''viṣam''<br/>another, other || ''guviṣam''<br/>no other

! Thing

| ''gvami''<br/>nothing || ''sorami''<br/>something || ''lætyami''<br/>anything || ''viṣāmi''<br/>something else || ''guviṣāmi''<br/>nothing else

! Person

| ''·evita''<br/>this one || ''·utvita''<br/>that one (near you) || ''·ātvita''<br/>that one (over there) || ''yavita?''<br/>who? || ''guvita''<br/>no one || ''soraita''<br/>someone || ''lævita''<br/>anyone || ''yaivita''<br/>everyone || ''viṣvita''<br/>someone else || ''guviṣvita''<br/>no one else

! Time

| ''emiya''<br/>now || ''utiya''<br/>then || ''ātiya''<br/>then (remote) || ''yamiya?''<br/>when? || ''gumiya''<br/>never || ''soramiya''<br/>sometime, somewhen || ''lætmiya''<br/>anytime, whenever || ''yaivmiya''<br/>always, everytime || ''viṣmiya''<br/>sometime else || ''guviṣmiya''<br/>never else

! Place

| ''·ejulā''<br/>here || ''·uñjulā''<br/>there || ''·āñjulā''<br/>over there || ''yajulā?''<br/>where? || ''gujulā''<br/>nowhere || ''sorajulā''<br/>somewhere || ''læjulā''<br/>anywhere || ''yavijulā''<br/>everywhere || ''viñjulā''<br/>elsewhere || ''guviñjulā''<br/>nowhere else

! Destination

| ''·ejulyom''<br/>hither || ''·uñjulyom''<br/>thither || ''·āñjulyom''<br/> thither (remote) || ''yajulyom?''<br/>whither? || ''gujulyom''<br/>nowhither || ''sorajulyom''<br/>somewhither || ''læjulyom''<br/>anywhither || ''yavijulyom''<br/>everywhither || ''viñjulyom''<br/>elsewhither || ''guviñjulyom''<br/>nowhither else

! Source

| ''·ejulųu''<br/>hence || ''·uñjulųu''<br/>thence || ''·āñjulųu''<br/> thence (remote) || ''yajulųu?''<br/>whence? || ''gujulųu''<br/>nowhence || ''sorajulųu''<br/>somewhence || ''læjulųu''<br/>anywhence || ''yavijulųu''<br/>everywhence || ''viñjulųu''<br/>elsewhence || ''guviñjulųu''<br/>nowhence else

! Manner

| ''elīce''<br/>thus, hereby || ''ūlīce''<br/>thereby || ''ālīce''<br/>thereby; that other way || ''yalīce?''<br/>how? || ''gulīce''<br/>no way || ''soralīce''<br/>somehow || ''lælīce''<br/>anyhow || ''yaivlīce''<br/>everyway || ''viṣlīce''<br/>otherwise || ''guviṣlīce''<br/>no other way

! Reason

| ''emena''<br/>herefore || ''utmena''<br/>therefore || ''ātmena''<br/>therefore; for that other reason || ''yamenat?''<br/>why? || ''gumena''<br/>for no reason || ''soramena''<br/>somewhy || ''lætmena''<br/>whyever, for any reason || ''yaivmena''<br/>for every reason || ''viṣmena''<br/>for another reason || ''guviṣmena''<br/>for no other reason

! Quality

| ''esmā''<br/>this kind || ''utsmā''<br/>that kind || ''ātsmā''<br/>that other kind || ''yasmāt?''<br/>which kind? || ''gusmā''<br/>no kind || ''sorasmā''<br/>some kind || ''læsmā''<br/>any kind || ''yavismā''<br/>every kind || ''viṣasmā''<br/>another kind || ''guviṣasmā''<br/>no other kind

! Quantity

| ''enūḍa''<br/>this much || ''utnūḍa''<br/>that much || ''ātnūḍa''<br/>that much (remote) || ''yanūḍat?''<br/>how much? || ''gunūḍa''<br/>none || ''soraṇūḍa''<br/>some of it || ''lætnūḍa''<br/>any much || ''yaivnūḍa''<br/>all of it || ''viṣṇūḍa''<br/>another quantity || ''guviṣṇūḍa''<br/>no other quantity

Note that in common speach ''ālīce'' and ''ūlīce'' as well as ''ātmena'' and ''utmena'' are basically interchangeable. The <small>QUALITY</small> correlatives may take an essive argument, e.g. ''lajlęs læsmā'' "any kind of chair".<br/><small>THING</small> and <small>PERSON</small> correlatives decline for case and, in the case of ''evita'', ''utvita'', and ''ātvita'', also for number (1h declension: ''evita'', acc. sg. ''evitu'', dir. pl. ''evitai'', dat. pl. ''evitesām''…). <small>QUALITY</small> and <small>QUANTITY</small> correlatives also decline for case.

Not to be confused with their literal English translations are ''yaivemibe'' (or ''yaiva emibe'') "each, every" (literally "everyone") - which is most often attributive only in Chlouvānem - and especially ''sora emibe'', literally "someone", which has a completely different meaning: ''sora emibe'' denotes "some single subjects, considered as single entities, hence inherently plural and taking plural verbs: ''sora emibe draikate'' "some single subjects did it" ≠ ''soraita dṛkte'' "someone did it".

Negatives, elective existentials, universals, and positive alternatives for thing and person correlatives may also take dual number:

: ''gvamīt～guvitāt'' "neither";

: ''lætyamīt～lævitāt'' "either";

: ''yaivāt～yaivitāt'' "both";

: ''viṣāmāt～viṣvitāt'' "the other one".

: ''yambā?'' (whose?)

: ''smāmi'' (such a...) <small>(archaic, literary)</small>

Chlouvānem has a large number of demonstratives, as they are integrated with the system of [[Chlouvānem/Positional_and_motion_verbs#Positional_verbs_.28jalyadaradhaus.29|positional verbs]], combining a general proximal-medial-distal distinction with positional prefixes, further localizing them in space. Only a subset of 10 out of the 24 positional prefixes are used to build demonstratives; the ones with a ∅- prefix correspond to most of the unused ones, and may be translated as "this/that one in front/ahead/in the middle" when a disambiguation from another one is needed. The same ten prefixes (except for ''įs-'') are also used together with the <small>PERSON</small> series (with the same logic), and with the <small>PLACE</small>, <small>DESTINATION</small>, and <small>SOURCE</small> correlatives, which act as adverbial anaphoras of positional and motion verbs. This results in forms like ''kamyejulā'' "here, around" or ''māhāñjulyom'' "thither (remote), rightwards".

! Prefix ↓ / Type → !! Proximal !! Medial !! Distal

! ∅- (ahead)

| ''nenē''<br/>this one ahead || ''nunū''<br/>that one (near you) ahead || ''nanā''<br/>that one ahead

! ān- (above)

| ''āninē''<br/>this one above || ''ānnū''<br/>that one (near you) above || ''ānnā''<br/>that one above

! šu- (below)

| ''šunē''<br/>this one below || ''šūnū''<br/>that one (near you) below || ''šonā''<br/>that one below

! įs- (hanging)

| ''įsinē''<br/>this one hanging || ''įsunū''<br/>that one (near you) hanging || ''įsanā''<br/>that one hanging

! na(ñ)- (inside)

| ''najinē''<br/>this one inside || ''najunū''<br/>that one (near you) inside || ''najanā''<br/>that one inside

! kau- (outside)

| ''kaunē''<br/>this one outside || ''kaunū''<br/>that one (near you) outside || ''kaunā''<br/>that one outside

! kami- (around)

| ''kaminē''<br/>this one around || ''kamyunū''<br/>that one (near you) around || ''kamyanā''<br/>that one around

! pri- (behind)

| ''prinē''<br/>this one behind || ''prinū''<br/>that one (near you) behind || ''prinā''<br/>that one behind

! vai- (beside; in the corner)<br/><small>(''sāṭ-'' for the main meaning)</small>

| ''vainē''<br/>this one beside || ''vayunū''<br/>that one (near you) beside || ''vayanā''<br/>that one beside

! vyā- (left)

| ''vyāɂinē''<br/>this one to the left || ''vyāɂunū''<br/>that one (near you) to the left || ''vyāɂanā''<br/>that one to the left

! māha- (right)

| ''māhenē''<br/>this one to the right || ''māhonū''<br/>that one (near you) to the right || ''māhānā''<br/>that one to the right

The forms for the <small>PERSON</small>, <small>PLACE</small>, <small>DESTINATION</small>, and <small>SOURCE</small> series are mostly formed through regular saṃdhi (with the partial exception of the ''na(ñ)-'' and ''vyā-'' prefixes):

{| class="redtable lightredbg"

! Prefix ↓ / Base → !! ''·evita<br/>·ejulā<br/>·ejulyom<br/>·ejulųu'' !! ''·utvita<br/>·uñjulā<br/>·uñjulyom<br/>·uñjulųu'' !! ''·ātvita<br/>·āñjulā<br/>·āñjulyom<br/>·āñjulųu''

|-

! ∅- (ahead)

| ''evita'' || ''utvita'' || ''ātvita''

| ''ānevita'' || ''ānutvita'' || ''ānātvita''

| ''švevita'' || ''šūtvita'' || ''švātvita''

| ''naivita'' || ''notvita'' || ''nātvita''

| ''kāvevita'' || ''kāvutvita'' || ''kāvātvita''

| ''kamyevitai'' || ''kamyutvitai'' || ''kamyātvitai''

| ''pryevita'' || ''pryutvita'' || ''pryātvita''

! vai- (beside, in the corner)

| ''vāyevita'' || ''vāyutvita'' || ''vāyātvita''

| ''vyāɂevita'' || ''vyāɂutvita'' || ''vyāɂātvita''

| ''māhaivita'' || ''māhotvita'' || ''māhātvita''

Note that, in the <small>PERSON</small> series, the ''kami-'' forms are only used with a plural meaning, as reflected in the table above.