Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions

→ ''See [[Lahob languages#Morphology|Lahob languages § Morphology]] for diachronical tables and comparisons with sister languages.''

:: '''Exessive''' (''nenijamarcūkire dirūnnevya'')

Chlouvānem does not have grammatical gender, and there are only a few natural gender terms. There are thirteen different noun declensions, but most of them only have few small differences. Chlouvānem declensions are predictable from the ending of the direct case noun, and they're categorized depending on their endings as ''s-'', ''m-'', or ''h-nouns''<ref>These are the remnants of a former gender system present in Proto-Lahob, still evident in other Lahob languages; unlike others in the family, Chlouvānem did not become genderless because of losing gender marking on nouns, but because it lost concordance anywhere else.</ref>.

===M- and N-nouns - Mamą naną no lā halenī===

|+1-m (-am, -ām, (-an, -ān, -en, -ēn))

| rowspan=2 | '''yujam'''<br/><small>''"lotus"''</small> || rowspan=2 | yujivā || rowspan=2 | yujāk

|+2-m (-um, -ūm, (-un, -ūn))

|+3-m (-im, -īm, (-in, -īn))

{{col-begin}}

 

| javilių || javilebhan || javilenīs

#: ''chlǣvānem'' "Chlouvānem", ''ṣurṭāgyai'' "Skyrdegan(s)", ''bronyai'' "Bronic(s)", ''jarajræltyai'' "Cerian(s)", ''nivrahīrai'' "Nivarese"                                                   

: ''hamvyenī'' "nursery" (''hamvyoe'' "cradle"), ''įsmirte'' "playground" (''įsmirtas'' "swing"), ''nacai'' "clothes" (''naca'' "cloth"), ''garaṇai'' "clock, watch" (''garaṇa'' "hour), ''lairtvaha'' "galaxy" (''lairē'' "sky, air"), ''ilēneyi'' "universe" (''ilēni'' "space, invisible sky").

#: ''nūlastān'' "money", ''maula'' "breasts [pair of]", ''mæchlišam'' "leafy greens" (and particular types, e.g. ''mæcichā'' "spinach), ''bågras'' "legumes" (and particular types, e.g. ''dīlla'' "peas", ''mahīra'' "lentils"), ''lāsīm'' "cereals", ''baltīs'' "free time"

#: ''yunya'', ''lillamurḍhyā'', ''mulipenai'' "the Eastern Bloc's 'Internet'", ''tulbaiganin'' "the Eastern Bloc's 'Olympics'"

#: specialistic terminology made with suffixes and related to sciences (''-tarlā'', ''-nātra''), diseases (''-ræṣka'', ''-yūtan'', ''-ītsun'', ''-gulas''), and political/philosophical currents (''-nātra'', ''-lija'')

#: ''Murkadhānāvi'' "the Inquisition", ''Kaiṣamā'', ''Ṣurṭāgah'' "Skyrdagor", ''Jarajrælteh'' "Ceria", ''Kuyugvajitava'' "Kŭyŭgwažtov"

* ''maila'' “water” does not have a dual form outside of colloquial use (where ''mailāt'' is used with the meaning of “two glasses of water”) and has the irregular plural ''mailtvaha'', declined as a ''singular'' 1h noun. This plural form is actually common, used when talking about bodies of water in an area, water layers, glasses of water, and a few minor idiomatic uses (e.g. ''taili mailtvahe hilælulke'', lit. “to arrive by crossing many waters”, meaning “to have had much experience”).<br/>The ''-tvaha'' semantic plural is also used for the word ''damītah'' when used for "petals" (''damītvaha''; the meaning of "nails" has the regular plural ''damītai''), and ''lairē'' (''lairtvaha'', which does not mean "skies" but "galaxy").

* Nouns with non-standard final endings are declined by unpacking the vowel through regular saṃdhi and applying the resulting declension to the newfound root, with regular saṃdhi. The most common such nouns are ''gos'' "ford, crossing of a small river" (ga-us; gen.sg. ''ge'' (ga-i), pl. ''gaus'' (ga-aus)) and ''khaim'' "goose" (khā-im; pl. ''khaik'' (khā-īk)).

* Nouns are always singular after numerals (except, optionally, ''dani'' (two), which they can also be dual after), ''sora'' (some), ''læti'' (any), ''gu'' (no), ''guviṣam'' (no other), ''taili'' (many, much), ''nanū'' (more), ''kaili'' (most), and ''ṣubha'' (few, little).

* When referring to existence or availability of something, that something is always singular, e.g. ''dvārma læjlęs virā'' "there are chairs in the room". It may be plural if topicalized, but the overall meaning of the sentence changes - e.g. ''læjlai mæn dvārma virā'' "the chairs are in the room".

* When referring to a single person, ''dhāna'' (hand), ''mešīn'' (eye), and ''minnūlya'' (ear), and often also ''junai'' (foot) (more rarely for ''pājya'' (leg) and ''liken'' (arm)) are typically singular and not dual - e.g. ''nanau mešīp mešute'' "I see it with my eyes" (lit. "with my eye"). In fact, they might be translated as "a person's hands/eyes/ears", given that dual forms are often used to mean e.g. "both hands of two people" and the plural ones for e.g. "many people's hands".

* '''lilyā hulin''': literally "my woman", informal or semi-formal, implies superiority.

* '''ravi''' (pronominal declension): morphological formal pronoun for lower ranked people; same usage pattern as ''tami''.

* '''samin''', literally "kid, child": used in formal instances by parents towards their children.

| ''udhyāras''<br/>''yamei'' (name) ''tanta''<br/> (name) ''lāma'' || / || /

| / || ''udhyāras''<br/>''lātiṃṣin''<br/> (name) ''lāma'' || /

| / || / || ''yamei'' (name) ''lāma''<br/>''udhyāras''<br/>''lātiṃṣin''

* '''telen''' - less formal than ''lāma'', used by men for unmarried women whom they know somewhat well. Currently less frequently used than it was up to about 10 years ago.

* '''camimurkadhāna''' — Great Inquisitor — rendered as ''nanū aveṣyotārire lallāmaha'' [matronymic] ''yamei'' [surname + given name] ''camimurkadhāna lāma''.

* '''juṃša''' — Bishop (head of a diocese) — rendered as ''aveṣyotārire'' [matronymic] ''yamei'' [(surname +) name] ''juṃša lāma'' (+ diocese name-<small>GEN</small>).

* '''lallaflušamelīs''' (voc.: ''lallaflušamelī'') — High Prefect (head of the Table of Offices (''flušamaili eṇāh'', the executive branch of the Inquisition). Usually rendered as ''taili aveṣyotārire'' [matronymic] ''yamei'' [name] ''lallaflušamelī(s) lāma''.

* '''ṭommīn''' (voc.: ''ṭommī'') — Eparch (head of an Eparchy).

Note that the full titles are used generally at the first mention only. For example, ''Martayināvi yamei murkadhāna Læhimausa lāma'' becomes afterwards either ''yamei murkadhāna'' or ''yamei Læhimausa lāma''. With the Great Inquisitor, this does not usually get shorter than ''nanū aveṣyotārire yamei lallāmaha'' ([Her] Respectable Most Excellent Highness) or ''nanū aveṣyotārire lallāmaha camimurkadhāna'' ([Her] Most Excellent Highness, the Great Inquisitor).

| rowspan=2 | ''nenē''<br/><small>(and others; see below)</small><br/>this (one) || rowspan=2 | ''nunū''<br/><small>(and others; see below)</small><br/>that (one) (near you) || rowspan=2 | ''nanā''<br/><small>(and others; see below)</small><br/>that (one) (over there) || rowspan=2 | ''yanū?''<br/>what?, which (one) ? || ''gu''<br/>no || ''sora''<br/>some || ''læti''<br/>any || rowspan=2 | ''yaiva''<br/>every(thing) || ''viṣam''<br/>another, other || ''guviṣam''<br/>no other

| ''gvami''<br/>nothing || ''sorami''<br/>something || ''lætyami''<br/>anything || ''viṣāmi''<br/>something else || ''guviṣāmi''<br/>nothing else

| ''·evita''<br/>this one || ''·utvita''<br/>that one (near you) || ''·ātvita''<br/>that one (over there) || ''yavita?''<br/>who? || ''guvita''<br/>no one || ''soraita''<br/>someone || ''lævita''<br/>anyone || ''yaivita''<br/>everyone || ''viṣvita''<br/>someone else || ''guviṣvita''<br/>no one else

| ''emiya''<br/>now || ''utiya''<br/>then || ''ātiya''<br/>then (remote) || ''yamiya?''<br/>when? || ''gumiya''<br/>never || ''soramiya''<br/>sometime, somewhen || ''lætmiya''<br/>anytime, whenever || ''yaivmiya''<br/>always, everytime || ''viṣmiya''<br/>sometime else || ''guviṣmiya''<br/>never else

| ''·ejulā''<br/>here || ''·uñjulā''<br/>there || ''·āñjulā''<br/>over there || ''yajulā?''<br/>where? || ''gujulā''<br/>nowhere || ''sorajulā''<br/>somewhere || ''læjulā''<br/>anywhere || ''yavijulā''<br/>everywhere || ''viñjulā''<br/>elsewhere || ''guviñjulā''<br/>nowhere else

| ''·ejulyom''<br/>hither || ''·uñjulyom''<br/>thither || ''·āñjulyom''<br/> thither (remote) || ''yajulyom?''<br/>whither? || ''gujulyom''<br/>nowhither || ''sorajulyom''<br/>somewhither || ''læjulyom''<br/>anywhither || ''yavijulyom''<br/>everywhither || ''viñjulyom''<br/>elsewhither || ''guviñjulyom''<br/>nowhither else

| ''·ejulų''<br/>hence || ''·uñjulų''<br/>thence || ''·āñjulų''<br/> thence (remote) || ''yajulų?''<br/>whence? || ''gujulų''<br/>nowhence ||  ''sorajulų''<br/>somewhence || ''læjulų''<br/>anywhence || ''yavijulų''<br/>everywhence || ''viñjulų''<br/>elsewhence || ''guviñjulų''<br/>nowhence else

| ''elīce''<br/>thus, hereby || ''ūlīce''<br/>thereby || ''ālīce''<br/>thereby; that other way || ''yalīce?''<br/>how? || ''gulīce''<br/>no way || ''soralīce''<br/>somehow || ''lælīce''<br/>anyhow || ''yaivlīce''<br/>everyway || ''viṣlīce''<br/>otherwise || ''guviṣlīce''<br/>no other way

| ''emena''<br/>herefore || ''utmena''<br/>therefore || ''ātmena''<br/>therefore; for that other reason || ''yamenat?''<br/>why? || ''gumena''<br/>for no reason || ''soramena''<br/>somewhy || ''lætmena''<br/>whyever, for any reason || ''yaivmena''<br/>for every reason || ''viṣmena''<br/>for another reason || ''guviṣmena''<br/>for no other reason

| ''esmā''<br/>this kind || ''utsmā''<br/>that kind || ''ātsmā''<br/>that other kind || ''yasmāt?''<br/>which kind? || ''gusmā''<br/>no kind || ''sorasmā''<br/>some kind || ''læsmā''<br/>any kind || ''yavismā''<br/>every kind || ''viṣasmā''<br/>another kind || ''guviṣasmā''<br/>no other kind

| ''enūḍa''<br/>this much || ''utnūḍa''<br/>that much || ''ātnūḍa''<br/>that much (remote) || ''yanūḍat?''<br/>how much? || ''gunūḍa''<br/>none || ''soraṇūḍa''<br/>some of it || ''lætnūḍa''<br/>any much || ''yaivnūḍa''<br/>all of it || ''viṣṇūḍa''<br/>another quantity || ''guviṣṇūḍa''<br/>no other quantity

Note that in common speach ''ālīce'' and ''ūlīce'' as well as ''ātmena'' and ''utmena'' are basically interchangeable. The <small>QUALITY</small> correlatives may take an essive argument, e.g. ''lajlęs læsmā'' "any kind of chair".<br/><small>THING</small> and <small>PERSON</small> correlatives decline for case and, in the case of ''evita'', ''utvita'', and ''ātvita'', also for number (1h declension: ''evita'', acc. sg. ''evitu'', dir. pl. ''evitai'', dat. pl. ''evitesām''…). <small>QUALITY</small> and <small>QUANTITY</small> correlatives also decline for case.

: ''gvamīt～guvitāt'' "neither";  

: ''lætyamīt～lævitāt'' "either";

! <small>All possessives, ''nanā'' and other distals,<br/> ''yambā?'', ''ami'', correlatives in ''-i''<ref>e.g. ''læti'', ''sorami''…</ref></small> !! <small>''nenē'' and other proximals</small> !! <small>''nunū'', and other medials, ''yanū?''</small> !! <small>''yasmāt?'' and ''yanūḍat?''</small>

The next two groups have their separate words, but are quantities rarely used in common speech: '''1.00.00.00.000''' (12⁹) <small>(5.159.780.352₁₀)</small> is a ''taiskaucis'' and '''1.00.00.00.00.000''' (12¹¹) <small>(743.008.370.688₁₀)</small> a ''lallataiskaucis''. The words ''khorādi'' (12⁷, i.e. synonym of lallaraicē), ''yaṣmūn'' (12¹¹, i.e. lallataiskaucis), ''iriakas'' (12¹³), ''mairān'' or ''lalleriakas'' (12¹⁵), ''nirāvah'' (12¹⁷), and ''sṝva'' or ''lallanirāvah'' (12¹⁹) were introduced in Classical-era texts, but are almost never used today. However, they form the base for the scientific measurement system's prefixes.

In some cases, the choice between a collective and a cardinal is stylistic. While for example concepts such as "we are..." or "I have ... children" do normally use the collective (e.g. ''tulūɂatām ñæltah jalim'' "we are six sisters/a group of six reciprocal brothers and sisters"; ''lili mæn nęltitām samin'' "I have four children"), even if using a cardinal isn't wrong, in a sentence such as "there are X people" both versions are found, with the collective-using sentence (e.g. ''dvārma vælditāmą lilęs virā'' "in the room there are eleven people") being perceived as more formal than the more colloquially heard cardinal-using version (i.e. ''dvārma vældąs lilęs virā'').

'''Distributive numerals''' are indeclinable adjective-like words, and have the meaning of "X each": ''pāmvihaicē titē męlyāhai'' "three pens each are given"; ''lili lilyā ñæltah no tulūɂihaicē kolecañi alau ulgutarate'' "my sister and I have bought six bottles of kvas each" — note in both sentences the use of singular number in ''titē'' (pencil) and ''alūs'' (acc. ''alau'') "bottle", just like after cardinal and collective numerals.

: emibe ''nanū'' dani pāmvyå ''lunade'' (1.<small>DIR</small>. more. 2.<small>DIR</small>. 3-<small>DAT</small>. go.<small>MONODIR-IND.PRES-3DU.EXTERIOR-AGENTIVE</small>) — rule: A^DIR ''nanū'' B^DIR (''nanū'' ...) C^DAT ''lunade'' (two addends) / ''lunāhai'' (3+ addends)

Units in ''italics'' are popular divisions used in speech and not usually written. The ''nīnas'' has its own abbreviation but it is nowadays rarely used, and most often written as ''2 vā'' even if spoken as ''nīnas''.

| lūjla <small>(ABL)</small> || <small>Point, tip</small> || 1/12 liv || ~1.20255 mm

! liv

| livuka || <small>Short (dialectal)</small> || ⅙ de || ~1.44305 cm

! de

| dera || <small>Finger (in A.Kūṣṛmāṭhi)</small> || ⅓ vā || ~8.65833 cm

! vā

| vāriṇa || <small>Span</small> || ¼ pā || 25.975 cm

| '''pājya''' || <small>Leg</small> || ''(base unit)'' || 103.9 cm

! bru

| brujñya || <small>Fathom</small> || 2+½ pā || 2.5975 m

! rowspan=3 |

| <small>vyaṣojrī nęltendvāṭ</small> || <small>Quarter of ''vyaṣojrā''</small> || <small>¼ vya — 90 (108₁₀) bru</small> || 280.53 m

| <small>vyaṣojrī pāmvendvāṭ</small> || <small>Third of ''vyaṣojrā''</small> || <small>⅓ vya — 100 (144₁₀) bru</small> || 374.04 m

| <small>vyaṣojrī hælinaivāṭ</small> || <small>Half ''vyaṣojrā''</small> || <small>½ vya — 160 (216₁₀) bru</small> || 561.06 m

| vyaṣojrā || <small>Plough</small> || 300 <small>(432₁₀)</small> bru || 1122.12 m — 1.11212 km

| garaṇa || <small>Hour</small> || 6+⅓ vya || 7106.76 m — 7.10676 km

====Area====

The ''egimbladuldāvi'' (egd) is a unit used for measuring engine displacement: 1 egd equals ⅙ val, that is ~0.10416667 L (~104.16667 cc).

| pārṇam || 28₁₂ (32₁₀) hours || ~35 hours

==Particles (''remīn'')==

* '''tora''' — also, too; used adverbially and between sentences (where, however, ''nanū'' is more common).

* '''bīs''' — between; from ... until, in expressions of time. Comes after both nouns in essive case: ''šurājęs nyūramyęs bīs'' "between [[Contionary:šurājah|Šurājah]] and [[Contionary:nyūramyah|Nyūramyah]]

==="Paired" particles===

Chlouvānem does not have "paired" particles as English does, because they are translated in different ways:

* "both... and..." is translated by the adverb '''peiṃsiṭ''' (the same), either in the form "X Y no peiṃsiṭ" or in "X ..., Y peiṃsiṭ":

:: ''jādāh lañekaica no peiṃsiṭ nanau draikate'' – both Jādāh and Lañekaica did that.

:: ''nānyu uyųlaṃte : māru peiṃsiṭ'' – I have eaten both the bread and the mango.

* "neither... nor..." requires the sentence to be built in a different way, namely "not X, and also not Y", where "also not" is translated in two different ways: 1) by the particle '''gūta''' (more formal); or 2) with the adverb ''peiṃsiṭ'' - therefore building a sentence that is exactly like the "both X and Y" but negative.

:: ''jādāh nanau gu dṛkte ša : lañekaica gūta'' – neither Jādah nor Lañekaica did that. Literal translation: Jādāh didn't do it, and Lañekaica also [didn't].

:: ''nāniu gu uyųlaṃte ša : māru peiṃsiṭ'' – I have eaten neither the bread nor the mango. Literally: I haven't eaten the bread, and the same for the mango.

:: ''jādāh (mbu) lañekaica mbu nanau dṛkte'' – either Jādah or Lañekaica did it. (note the singular verb)

Chlouvānem, like Sanskrit, has four main types of compound words (''tadmaiva'', pl. ''tadmaivai''), called in Chlouvānem grammar ''emibądanīs'' (dvandva), ''khladaradhausire tadmaiva'' (avyayībhāva), ''nīdhvakādhūs'' (tatpuruṣa), and ''kaudhvakādhūs'' (bahuvrīhi).

====Avyayībhāva (''khladaradhausire tadmaiva'')====

Avyayībhāva compounds, in Chlouvānem ''khladaradhausirāhe tadmaivai'' ("adverbial compounds"), are not as productive as the other types and, in fact, except for a few words they're mostly limited to Archaic and Classical Chlouvānem; despite being based on the latter, modern Chlouvānem does not use them productively.<br/>These compounds generally have a first element which is a particle (or a verbal prefix), and the second element is a noun which is either left uninflected in the direct singular or, more commonly, in the two Archaic Chlouvānem adverbializing cases: the instrumental plural or the locative singular.

: ''væse + vāyam'' "while + image, form" → ''væsvāyam'' → ''væsvāyam'' or ''væsvāyaṃrīka'' "thus, therefore"

: ''paṣ(e) + vāyam'' "beyond + image, form" → ''paṣvāyam'' → ''paṣvāyam'' "in addition, furthermore"

: ''muliḍhyęs dunā'' "a telephone which is a computer" → ''muliḍhyāḍuṇā'' "smartphone"

* ''jlityā (jlitim-)''  (be to the right of) → ''jlitimas'' (right)<br/>

'''-ūm''' is another derivative without fixed meaning, overlapping with ''-as''.<br/>With a few roots whose vowel is ''-o-'', ''-un'' is used instead.

'''-(u)kāram''' is a singulative suffix, denoting either a single thing of a collective noun, or a single constituent of a broader act. Unlike the previous ones, it is most commonly applied to other nouns.<br/>

* ''lun'' (to go, walk (monodirectional)) → ''lulkāram'' (step)<br/>

* ''lil'' (to live) (or ''liloe'' (life)) → ''lilukāram'' (moment, instant)<br/>

* ''peith-'' (to go, walk (multidirectional)) → ''peithoe'' (development; the way something is carried out)

'''-ikā''' has various meanings, often somewhat abstract, intensive, or related to highly valued things/roles.

* ''daša'' (rain) → ''dāšikā'' (monsoon) (irregular lengthening)

* ''nail-'' (to kiss) → ''nailikā'' (love <small>''(literary, rare)''</small>)

* ''lalāruṇa'' (giant domestic lizard) → ''lalārauṇikā'' (knight mounting a ''lalāruṇa'')

'''-(g)arim''' is often found with the meaning of "that has to be X"; usually, a synonymous word may be formed by ''-s'' derivation from a necessitative stem, but some ''-(g)arim'' words have their own specialized meaning:

* ''vvlur-'' (to believe) → ''vvlurgarim'' (miracle)

* ''miš-'' (to see) → ''mišarim'' (attraction) (also ''memikṣūs'')

* ''tṛl-'' (to know, understand) → ''tṛlgarim'' (rule) (not synonymous with ''tartṛlsūs'', meaning "needed knowledge, prerequisite")

* ''samin'' (child) → ''samiñcænah'' (little child)

* ''meimairuh'' (emerald) → ''meimairūṣenike'' (emeraldine, emerald-like)

* ''kitte'' (to put) is used for a meaning of addition of the nominal root or its characteristics to something (cf. ''nanūkkitte'' "to add salt" < ''nanūkah'' "salt).

* ''jānake'' (to feel) has a meaning partially overlapping with ''gyake'' (and ''dṛke''), particularly marking the "feeling" of a (usually uncontrollable) condition (''jålkhajānake'' "to be cold" < ''jålkha'' "cold").

* ''khl- 〜 kel-'' - between

* ''įs- 〜 hos-'' - hanging

* ''na(ñ)- 〜 neni-'' - inside

* ''kami- 〜 kįla-'' - around

* ''pri- 〜 paro-'' - behind

* '''-ræṣka''' is a generic term used in medicine for names of illnesses or conditions affecting health, e.g. ''nalekiræṣka'' "obesity" from Lällshag ''naleki'' "fat"; ''vrayegårlæṣka'' "dysphagia" (note dissimilation of -rr-) from ''vre-'' (bad) and ''egåram'' (stomach).

** '''-ræṣkanis''' is the term for someone affected by a ''-ræṣka'', e.g. ''nalekiræṣkanis'' "obese", ''vrayegårlæṣkanis'' "dysphagic".

* '''-yūtan''' is used for inflammatory diseases, cf. "-itis", like ''ṇīṭyūtan'' (dermatitis) or ''āḍhyāsnūliyūtan'' (meningitis).