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Chlouvānem/Positional and motion verbs: Difference between revisions
Chlouvānem/Positional and motion verbs (view source)
Revision as of 20:25, 23 May 2018
, 23 May 2018→Motion verbs (duldaradhaus)
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| to carry, bring (on foot) <small>(trans.)</small> || ''dumbhake'' || ''dårbhake'' | | to carry, bring (on foot) <small>(trans.)</small> || ''dumbhake'' || ''dårbhake'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to carry, bring (using a vehicle) <small>(trans.)</small> || '' | | to carry, bring (using a vehicle) <small>(trans.)</small> || ''tulje'' || ''lerjike'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to pull <small>(trans.)</small> || ''khulike'' || ''kharliake'' | | to pull <small>(trans.)</small> || ''khulike'' || ''kharliake'' | ||
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Three verbs denote transport of something and the on foot/in a vehicle contrast is still meaningful: | Three verbs denote transport of something and the on foot/in a vehicle contrast is still meaningful: | ||
* ''dumbhake'' (mono), ''dårbhake'' (multi) refers to carrying or bringing something on foot. | * ''dumbhake'' (mono), ''dårbhake'' (multi) refers to carrying or bringing something on foot. | ||
* '' | * ''tulje'' (mono), ''lerjike'' (multi) refers to carrying or bringing something in or using a vehicle. | ||
* ''khulike'' (mono), ''kharliake'' (multi) refers to pulling something (no matter how). | * ''khulike'' (mono), ''kharliake'' (multi) refers to pulling something (no matter how). | ||
The remaining six verbs denote different kinds of movement: ''buñjñake'' (to run (water only)) ''pṝke, pārlake'' (to roll), ''nittake, nērpake'' (to climb), ''mųke, mårṣake'' (to jump), ''ñulge, ñoerake'' (to crawl), ''sturake'' (to fall). Some grammarians also include ''mūmikke'' (to dance), despite it not having a mono/multidirectional distinction | The remaining six verbs denote different kinds of movement: ''buñjñake'' (to run (water only)) ''pṝke, pārlake'' (to roll), ''nittake, nērpake'' (to climb), ''mųke, mårṣake'' (to jump), ''ñulge, ñoerake'' (to crawl), ''sturake'' (to fall). Some grammarians also include ''mūmikke'' (to dance), despite it not having a mono/multidirectional distinction. | ||
===Case usage=== | ===Case usage=== | ||
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Those verbs which are transitive even in the unprefixed form can effectively have two different objects: | Those verbs which are transitive even in the unprefixed form can effectively have two different objects: | ||
: '' | : ''ñaryū naviṣyu āndimbhu'' "I, on foot, bring the book up the mountain" | ||
: ''martu cūllu kamipūrṣu'' "I regularly drive by car around the city" | : ''martu cūllu kamipūrṣu'' "I regularly drive by car around the city" | ||
While this is often clear by context, there is a popular way to change the original transitive object (in these two cases, "book" and "car" respectively) to something else: if it's the thing driven, the instrumental case (or trigger) is used - cf. ''martu cūllap kamipūrṣu'' -; if it's the thing being brought, carried, or pulled, the ''lā'' (with) particle is used - cf. '' | While this is often clear by context, there is a popular way to change the original transitive object (in these two cases, "book" and "car" respectively) to something else: if it's the thing driven, the instrumental case (or trigger) is used - cf. ''martu cūllap kamipūrṣu'' -; if it's the thing being brought, carried, or pulled, the ''lā'' (with) particle is used - cf. ''ñaryū naviṣyęs lā āndimbhu''. In this latter case, ''lenta'' (together with) is usually used for the comitative sense - cf. ''ñaryū naviṣyęs lā lilyai buneyi lenta āndimbhu'' "I, on foot, bring the book up the mountain with my sister". | ||
Complements such as "from one X to another" are rendered by repeating the same term twice, first in the ablative and then in the dative, and the verb typically gets the prefix ''sam-'' denoting movement towards the next object in a set: | Complements such as "from one X to another" are rendered by repeating the same term twice, first in the ablative and then in the dative, and the verb typically gets the prefix ''sam-'' denoting movement towards the next object in a set: | ||
: ''ogin | : ''ogin junyų junyom sammodhē'' "the honeybee flies from flower to flower" | ||
===Uses of verbs=== | ===Uses of verbs=== | ||
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: ''jāyim tarlāmahom liven'' – the girl goes/is going (walks/is walking) to school. | : ''jāyim tarlāmahom liven'' – the girl goes/is going (walks/is walking) to school. | ||
: ''keikom såtap vasau'' – I took the subway to the park. | : ''keikom såtap vasau'' – I took the subway to the park. | ||
: '' | : ''lilyā ñæltai kitom jaje janāyų iliha'' – my sisters have [just] swum home in the igarapé from the port. | ||
Note, in the last example, all three locative complements: the use of the locative case means that the whole action developed in the same place - concretely, that the igarapé was the way they followed home from the port.<br/>See also this example for a (maybe more familiar) movement on land: | Note, in the last example, all three locative complements: the use of the locative case means that the whole action developed in the same place - concretely, that the igarapé was the way they followed home from the port.<br/>See also this example for a (maybe more familiar) movement on land: | ||
: ''hælinaika taite | : ''hælinaika taite junyāmiti lārvājuṣų saṃryojyami lātimom vasau'' – I took Line 2 [of the Līlasuṃghāṇa Subway] from the Blossoming Temple [station] to Central Saṃryojyam [station]. | ||
The four main uses of multidirectional verbs are: | The four main uses of multidirectional verbs are: | ||
# Habitual actions: | # Habitual actions: | ||
#: ''jāyim tarlāmahom peithē'' – the girl goes (walks) to school (regularly, every schoolday) | #: ''jāyim tarlāmahom peithē'' – the girl goes (walks) to school (regularly, every schoolday) | ||
#: ''saminą | #: ''saminą lilyā ñæltai jaje lærṣaika'' – when they were children, my sisters regularly swam in the igarapé. | ||
# Movement inside a specific location (often expressed with locative-trigger voice), without any specified direction. | # Movement inside a specific location (often expressed with locative-trigger voice), without any specified direction. | ||
#: ''jaja lærṣērā'' – as for the igarapé, someone is swimming in there. (literally "the igarapé, it is being swum") | #: ''jaja lærṣērā'' – as for the igarapé, someone is swimming in there. (literally "the igarapé, it is being swum") | ||
#: ''marte | #: ''marte peithmim'' – we walk around the city. (cf. Russian phrases with ''по'' as in ''мы ходим по городу'') | ||
# Gnomic or potential meanings (the latter are usually not marked with the potential ''junia'' if it's a natural trait - see second example): | # Gnomic or potential meanings (the latter are usually not marked with the potential ''junia'' if it's a natural trait - see second example): | ||
#: ''gūṇai mordhāhai'' – birds fly. | #: ''gūṇai mordhāhai'' – birds fly. | ||
#: ''sūrṣirāhe lalāruṇai pāmvyų lilų nanū dårbhāhaite'' – large lalāruṇai [can] carry more than three people. | #: ''sūrṣirāhe lalāruṇai pāmvyų lilų nanū dårbhāhaite'' – large lalāruṇai [can] carry more than three people. | ||
# In the past and in both future tenses, they can mark completed movements, that is, movement to a place and then back again. The perfect has roughly the meaning of "...to have just come back". | # In the past and in both future tenses, they can mark completed movements, that is, movement to a place and then back again. The perfect has roughly the meaning of "...to have just come back". | ||
#: '' | #: ''lilyā buneya ƾalyākinom mordhek'' – my older sister went (flew) to ʡalyākina [and came back]. | ||
#: '' | #: ''lilyā buneya ƾalyākinom mudhek'' – my older sister went (flew) to ʡalyākina [and she was still there at the time relevant to the topic] – as a monodirectional verb, it may also mean "she was flying/going to ʡalyākina". | ||
#: '' | #: ''lilyā buneya ƾalyākinom umudha'' – my older sister has gone (has flown) to ʡalyākina [she's still there]. | ||
====Prefixed motion verbs==== | ====Prefixed motion verbs==== | ||