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Topics are very commonly used to mark a broad context, acting as a sort of "heading" for a sequence of otherwise seemingly unrelated sentences:
Topics are very commonly used to mark a broad context, acting as a sort of "heading" for a sequence of otherwise seemingly unrelated sentences:
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = nāmñē mæn švai chlǣvānumi maichleyuñci, jaryāmaile lilah, soramiya mušigērisilīm tora, ñikumi viṣam haloe līlas vi no. nenēhu līlasuṃghāṇa ga camimarti haloe gṇyāvire.
| phrase = nāmñē mæn švai chlǣvānumi maichleyuñci, jaryāmaile lilah, soramiya mušigērisilīm tan, ñikumi viṣam haloe līlas vi no. nenēhu līlasuṃghāṇa ga camimarti haloe gṇyāvire.
| gloss = nāmñē.<small>DIR.SG</small>. <small>TOPIC</small>. animal-<small>DIR.PL.</small> Chlouvānem-<small>GEN.PL</small>. south-<small>GEN.SG.</small>. – seawater-<small>LOC.SG</small>. live-<small>IND.PRES-EXP-3PL.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. – sometimes. tidal.lake-<small>LOC.PL</small>. also. – cub-<small>GEN.PL</small>. other.<small>DIR</small>. name.<small>DIR.SG.</small>. līlas.<small>DIR.SG</small>. be.<small>IND.PRES.EXP.3SG.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. and. — this-<small>ABL</small>. Līlasuṃghāṇa.<small>DIR</small>. <small>ADP</small>. capital.city-<small>GEN.SG</small>. name.<small>DIR.SG</small>. give.birth-<small>IND.PRES-EXP-3SG.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>.
| gloss = nāmñē.<small>DIR.SG</small>. <small>TOPIC</small>. animal-<small>DIR.PL.</small> Chlouvānem-<small>GEN.PL</small>. south-<small>GEN.SG.</small>. – seawater-<small>LOC.SG</small>. live-<small>IND.PRES-EXP-3PL.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. – sometimes. tidal.lake-<small>LOC.PL</small>. also. – cub-<small>GEN.PL</small>. other.<small>DIR</small>. name.<small>DIR.SG.</small>. līlas.<small>DIR.SG</small>. be.<small>IND.PRES.EXP.3SG.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. and. — this-<small>ABL</small>. Līlasuṃghāṇa.<small>DIR</small>. <small>ADP</small>. capital.city-<small>GEN.SG</small>. name.<small>DIR.SG</small>. give.birth-<small>IND.PRES-EXP-3SG.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>.
| translation = Nāmñai<ref>A kind of tropical seal, iconic and sacred in Chlouvānem culture.</ref> are animals of the Southern Inquisition that live in seawater and sometimes can also be found in tidal lakes; another name for their cubs is "līlas". This is the source of the name of the Chlouvānem capital Līlasuṃghāṇa.
| translation = Nāmñai<ref>A kind of tropical seal, iconic and sacred in Chlouvānem culture.</ref> are animals of the Southern Inquisition that live in seawater and sometimes can also be found in tidal lakes; another name for their cubs is "līlas". This is the source of the name of the Chlouvānem capital Līlasuṃghāṇa.
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}}
}}
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = dāneh dulmaidanų nanū lalla.
| phrase = dāneh dulmaidanų širē lalla.
| gloss = Dāneh.<small>DIR</small>. Dulmaidana-<small>ABL</small>. more. tall.
| gloss = Dāneh.<small>DIR</small>. Dulmaidana-<small>ABL</small>. more. tall.
| translation = Dāneh is taller than Dulmaidana.
| translation = Dāneh is taller than Dulmaidana.
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}}
}}
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = jāyim palyu junikte : ni nenichladirya meinei muṣkemālchek.
| phrase = jāyim palyu junikte : ni nanichladirya meinei muṣkemālchek.
| gloss = girl.<small>DIR.SG</small>. face-<small>ACC.SG</small>. paint.<small>IND.PAST-3SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. – but. hurry.<small>SUBJ.IMPF-3SG.INTERIOR</small>. mother-<small>ERG.SG</small>. ask-<small>INF</small>-run.<small>MULTIDIR-IND.PAST-3SG.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>.
| gloss = girl.<small>DIR.SG</small>. face-<small>ACC.SG</small>. paint.<small>IND.PAST-3SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. – but. hurry.<small>SUBJ.IMPF-3SG.INTERIOR</small>. mother-<small>ERG.SG</small>. ask-<small>INF</small>-run.<small>MULTIDIR-IND.PAST-3SG.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>.
| translation = The girl was painting her [own] face, but her mother kept asking her to hurry.
| translation = The girl was painting her [own] face, but her mother kept asking her to hurry.
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}}
}}
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = chlærim mindų nanū nuppire.
| phrase = chlærim mindų širē nuppire.
| gloss = light.<small>DIR.SG</small>. sound-<small>ABL.SG</small>. more. be_fast.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-3S.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>.
| gloss = light.<small>DIR.SG</small>. sound-<small>ABL.SG</small>. more. be_fast.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-3S.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>.
| translation = Light is faster than sound.
| translation = Light is faster than sound.
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When presenting a new stance that can change the general consensus, even if based on observation, it is customary to use the first inferential:
When presenting a new stance that can change the general consensus, even if based on observation, it is customary to use the first inferential:
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = lališire pūnāmis nanū našajelduɂire.
| phrase = lališire pūnāmis širē našajelduɂire.
| gloss = be_new.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-3S.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>. product.<small>DIR.SG</small>. more. be_effective.<small>IND.PRES-INF1-3S.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>.
| gloss = be_new.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-3S.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>. product.<small>DIR.SG</small>. more. be_effective.<small>IND.PRES-INF1-3S.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>.
| translation = The new product is, apparently, more effective.
| translation = The new product is, apparently, more effective.
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}}
}}
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = galtargyu pądīte ras nanū halše kāvelīsa.
| phrase = galtargyu pądīte ras širē halše kāvelīsa.
| gloss = train-<small>ACC.SG</small>. miss-<small>SUBJ.IMPF.3.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. avoid. more. early. go.out-<small>IND.PERF.3.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>.
| gloss = train-<small>ACC.SG</small>. miss-<small>SUBJ.IMPF.3.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. avoid. more. early. go.out-<small>IND.PERF.3.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>.
| translation = (S)he/they left earlier to avoid missing their train.
| translation = (S)he/they left earlier to avoid missing their train.
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}}
}}
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = nunū nęlte yaltan snijē.
| phrase = nunū nęlte ilāti snijē.
| gloss = that.<small>MED.DIR</small>. four.<small>DIR</small>. yaltan.<small>DIR.SG</small>. be_worth-<small>IND.PRES.3S.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>.
| gloss = that.<small>MED.DIR</small>. four.<small>DIR</small>. ilāti.<small>DIR.SG</small>. be_worth-<small>IND.PRES.3S.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>.
| translation = It costs four yaltan.
| translation = It costs four ilāti.
}}
}}
There are particles which require a noun in the direct case: ''ga'' (adpositive), ''nali'' (benefactive marker), ''pa'' (concerning, about), and ''ras'' (antibenefactive marker).
There are particles which require a noun in the direct case: ''ga'' (adpositive), ''nali'' (benefactive marker), ''pa'' (concerning, about), and ''ras'' (antibenefactive marker).
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===Stative cases===
===Stative cases===
The three stative cases of Chlouvānem are the translative (''najamarcūkire dirūnnevya''), exessive (''nenijamarcūkire ~''), and essive (''jalausire ~'') ones, prototypically referring to entrance, exit, and permanence in a given state.
The three stative cases of Chlouvānem are the translative (''najamarcūkire dirūnnevya''), exessive (''nanijamarcūkire ~''), and essive (''jalausire ~'') ones, prototypically referring to entrance, exit, and permanence in a given state.


Often, these meanings correlate to nominal tense, with the exessive expressing a past state, the essive a present one, and the translative another in the future:
Often, these meanings correlate to nominal tense, with the exessive expressing a past state, the essive a present one, and the translative another in the future:
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}}
}}
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = lilyā kaleya mæn nanū aveṣyotārire lallāmahan camimurkadhānan gī gu lilullenāvaute ša.
| phrase = lilyā kaleya mæn širē aveṣyotārire lallāmahan camimurkadhānan gī gu lilullenāvaute ša.
| gloss = my-<small>DIR</small>. spiritual_friend.<small>DIR.SG</small>. <small>TOPIC</small>. more. be_excellent-<small>IND.PRES.3SG.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>. highness-<small>TRANS.SG</small>. great_inquisitor-<small>TRANS.SG</small>. be.<small>SUBJ.IMPF.3.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. <small>NEG</small>=believe.<small>POT-IND.PAST.1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>=<small>NEG</small>.
| gloss = my-<small>DIR</small>. spiritual_friend.<small>DIR.SG</small>. <small>TOPIC</small>. more. be_excellent-<small>IND.PRES.3SG.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>. highness-<small>TRANS.SG</small>. great_inquisitor-<small>TRANS.SG</small>. be.<small>SUBJ.IMPF.3.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. <small>NEG</small>=believe.<small>POT-IND.PAST.1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>=<small>NEG</small>.
| translation = I could not believe that my best friend was the Great Inquisitor-elect.
| translation = I could not believe that my best friend was the Great Inquisitor-elect.
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It is also used in order to state something given in exchange for something else, most commonly when talking about money:
It is also used in order to state something given in exchange for something else, most commonly when talking about money:
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = emibumaye yaltat nenyau nīmilku ulgutaṃte.
| phrase = emibumaye ilātit nenyau nīmilku ulgutaṃte.
| gloss = 11<sub>12</sub>. yaltan-<small>EXESS.SG</small>. <small>PROXIMAL.SG-ACC</small>. music_album-<small>ACC.SG</small>. buy.<small>IND.PERF-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.
| gloss = 11<sub>12</sub>. ilāti-<small>EXESS.SG</small>. <small>PROXIMAL.SG-ACC</small>. music_album-<small>ACC.SG</small>. buy.<small>IND.PERF-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.
| translation = I bought this album for thirteen yaltan.
| translation = I bought this album for thirteen ilāti.
}}
}}


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The ablative case is also used in comparative structures, marking the thing being compared:
The ablative case is also used in comparative structures, marking the thing being compared:
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = dāneh dulmaidanų nanū lalla.
| phrase = dāneh dulmaidanų širē lalla.
| gloss = Dāneh.<small>DIR</small>. Dulmaidana-<small>ABL</small>. more. tall.
| gloss = Dāneh.<small>DIR</small>. Dulmaidana-<small>ABL</small>. more. tall.
| translation = Dāneh is taller than Dulmaidana.
| translation = Dāneh is taller than Dulmaidana.
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}}
}}
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = nenē naviṣya yaivų nanū ñæñuchlire.
| phrase = nenē naviṣya yaivų širē ñæñuchlire.
| gloss = this.<small>DIR</small>. book.<small>DIR.SG</small>. all-<small>ABL</small>. more. be_beautiful-<small>IND.PRES.3SG.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>.
| gloss = this.<small>DIR</small>. book.<small>DIR.SG</small>. all-<small>ABL</small>. more. be_beautiful-<small>IND.PRES.3SG.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>.
| translation = This book is the most beautiful.
| translation = This book is the most beautiful.
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In Archaic Chlouvānem, the instrumental plural was used in order to form adverbs (e.g. ''maišpūnīka'' "chain~, as if in a chain"; ''keɂēnīka'' "clearly" (← ''keɂās'' "glass")); this usage predates Archaic Chlouvānem, as in fact the same inflection was maintained in many other Lahob languages which lost the instrumental case as a derivational, adverb-forming suffix. More rarely, the locative was used instead, a usage which survives in now lexicalized adverbs such as ''[[Contionary:halše|halše]]'' "soon" and in the grammaticalized adverbial formant ''-naise'' (originally the locative of ''naisah'', Arch. Chl. for "shape", i.e. "in the shape of").
In Archaic Chlouvānem, the instrumental plural was used in order to form adverbs (e.g. ''maišpūnīka'' "chain~, as if in a chain"; ''keɂēnīka'' "clearly" (← ''keɂās'' "glass")); this usage predates Archaic Chlouvānem, as in fact the same inflection was maintained in many other Lahob languages which lost the instrumental case as a derivational, adverb-forming suffix. More rarely, the locative was used instead, a usage which survives in now lexicalized adverbs such as ''[[Contionary:halše|halše]]'' "soon" and in the grammaticalized adverbial formant ''-naise'' (originally the locative of ''naisah'', Arch. Chl. for "shape", i.e. "in the shape of").
The instrumental (''drausire dirūnnevya'') is used to express the thing with which something is done, i.e. the instrument of an action:
{{Gloss
| phrase = bausenīka seṣa ukhūgate.
| gloss = stone-<small>INSTR.PL</small>. <small>2DU_INFORMAL.ACC</small>. hit_from_afar-<small>IND.PERF.3SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.
| translation = (S)he hit you [two] with stones.
}}


===Temporal and spatial case usage===
===Temporal and spatial case usage===
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* A different solution is to mark indefiniteness: this is commonly done by using either ''emibe'' "one" or, in colloquial speech, ''sorasmā'' "some kind of".
* A different solution is to mark indefiniteness: this is commonly done by using either ''emibe'' "one" or, in colloquial speech, ''sorasmā'' "some kind of".


Chlouvānem as spoken in the area around the mid-course of the Nīmbaṇḍhāra river (the central Plain: roughly the whole of the diocese of Raharjātia, most of Jolenītra, Daikatorāma, Vādhātorama, and Namapleta, and parts of Mūrajātana, Perelkaša, Ryogiñjātia and far northern Sendakārva) does have a definite article used with non-topicalized arguments, which is actually the repurposed archaic demonstrative ''ami'' (still used as "this" in Archaic Chlouvānem). It declines for case, but not number, mostly following the pronoun declension (that is, exactly as ''tami'' without the initial ''t-'' except for the accusative (''amu'') and ergative (''amye'')).
Chlouvānem as spoken in the area around the mid-course of the Nīmbaṇḍhāra river (the central Plain: roughly the whole of the diocese of Raharjaiṭa, most of Jolenītra, Daikatāraṣa, Vādhātāraṣa, and Namagrāṣya, and parts of Mūrajātana, Pāriṇavārṭha, Ryogiñjaiṭa and far northern Sundakārva) does have a definite article used with non-topicalized arguments, which is actually the repurposed archaic demonstrative ''ami'' (still used as "this" in Archaic Chlouvānem). It declines for case, but not number, mostly following the pronoun declension (that is, exactly as ''tami'' without the initial ''t-'' except for the accusative (''amu'') and ergative (''amye'')).


===Anaphora===
===Anaphora===
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==Comparative sentences==
==Comparative sentences==
As stated above in the section about the use of the ablative case, comparative sentences (''tadmiškiloe'', pl. ''tadmiškilenī'') in Chlouvānem are formed by using the adverbial particles '''nanū''' (more) or '''ovat''' in front of the object of comparison, and using the ablative case for the comparison class.
As stated above in the section about the use of the ablative case, comparative sentences (''tadmiškiloe'', pl. ''tadmiškilenī'') in Chlouvānem are formed by using the adverbial particles '''širē''' (more) or '''ovat''' in front of the object of comparison, and using the ablative case for the comparison class.
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = nenē ūnima eṣanūvu nanū mųrmire.
| phrase = nenē ūnima eṣanūvu širē mųrmire.
| gloss = this.<small>SG.DIR</small>. road.<small>DIR.SG</small>. that.<small>DISTAL.DU-ABL</small>. more. be_long.<small>IND.PRES-3S.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>.
| gloss = this.<small>SG.DIR</small>. road.<small>DIR.SG</small>. that.<small>DISTAL.DU-ABL</small>. more. be_long.<small>IND.PRES-3S.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>.
| translation = This road is longer than those two.
| translation = This road is longer than those two.
}}
}}
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = lilyā kalineh ląu nanū lalla.
| phrase = lilyā kalineh ląu širē lalla.
| gloss = <small>1SG.GEN-DIR</small>. female's_younger_sister.<small>DIR.SG</small>. <small>1SG.ABL</small>. more. tall.
| gloss = <small>1SG.GEN-DIR</small>. female's_younger_sister.<small>DIR.SG</small>. <small>1SG.ABL</small>. more. tall.
| translation = My younger sister is taller than me.
| translation = My younger sister is taller than me.
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}}
}}
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = nanā nurmai nanū našajeldire.
| phrase = nanā nurmai širē našajeldire.
| gloss = that.<small>DISTAL.SG.DIR</small>. soap.<small>DIR.SG</small>. more. be_effective.<small>IND.PRES-3S.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>.
| gloss = that.<small>DISTAL.SG.DIR</small>. soap.<small>DIR.SG</small>. more. be_effective.<small>IND.PRES-3S.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>.
| translation = That soap is more effective.
| translation = That soap is more effective.
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Comparative clauses are handled by using the appropriate correlative as a comparison term:
Comparative clauses are handled by using the appropriate correlative as a comparison term:
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = nilyirau utnūḍų nanū lalla vei.
| phrase = nilyirau utnūḍų širē lalla vei.
| gloss = think.<small>IND.PAST-EXP-1SG-COMMON.INTERIOR</small>. that_much.<small>MEDIAL-ABL</small>. more. tall. be.<small>IND.PRES.EXP.2SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>.
| gloss = think.<small>IND.PAST-EXP-1SG-COMMON.INTERIOR</small>. that_much.<small>MEDIAL-ABL</small>. more. tall. be.<small>IND.PRES.EXP.2SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>.
| translation = You are taller than I thought. ~ You are tall, more than that extent I thought you to be.
| translation = You are taller than I thought. ~ You are tall, more than that extent I thought you to be.
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The structure used for superlatives is the same, but the comparison class (ablative case argument) is ''yaivų'' (than all). If there is a subset class (often as a marked topic), then ''yaivų'' is optional:
The structure used for superlatives is the same, but the comparison class (ablative case argument) is ''yaivų'' (than all). If there is a subset class (often as a marked topic), then ''yaivų'' is optional:
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = nunū pūnas yaivų nanū cami.
| phrase = nunū pūnas yaivų širē cami.
| gloss = that.<small>MEDIAL.SG.DIR</small>. work.<small>DIR.SG</small>. all-<small>ABL</small>. more. important.
| gloss = that.<small>MEDIAL.SG.DIR</small>. work.<small>DIR.SG</small>. all-<small>ABL</small>. more. important.
| translation = That task [you have] is the most important.
| translation = That task [you have] is the most important.
}}
}}
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = nanā nurmai yaivų nanū našajeldire.
| phrase = nanā nurmai yaivų širē našajeldire.
| gloss = that.<small>DISTAL.SG.DIR</small>. soap.<small>DIR.SG</small>. all-<small>ABL</small>. more. be_effective.<small>IND.PRES-3S.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>.
| gloss = that.<small>DISTAL.SG.DIR</small>. soap.<small>DIR.SG</small>. all-<small>ABL</small>. more. be_effective.<small>IND.PRES-3S.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>.
| translation = That soap is the most effective.
| translation = That soap is the most effective.
}}
}}
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = bāgami saṃhārāk mæn khālbayān (yaivų) nanū mruṣṭhiṭ pūnē.
| phrase = bāgami saṃhārāk mæn khālbayān (yaivų) širē mruṣṭhiṭ pūnē.
| gloss = class-<small>GEN.SG</small>. boy-<small>DIR.PL</small>. <small>TOPIC</small>.  Khālbayān.<small>DIR</small>. (all-<small>ABL</small>.) more. be_careful-<small>ADV</small>. work.<small>IND.PRES-3S.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>.
| gloss = class-<small>GEN.SG</small>. boy-<small>DIR.PL</small>. <small>TOPIC</small>.  Khālbayān.<small>DIR</small>. (all-<small>ABL</small>.) more. be_careful-<small>ADV</small>. work.<small>IND.PRES-3S.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>.
| translation = Among the boys in the class, Khālbayān [is the one who] works the most carefully.
| translation = Among the boys in the class, Khālbayān [is the one who] works the most carefully.
}}
}}
For those verbs and adverbs which have irregular comparatives (see [[Chlouvānem/Morphology#Irregular_forms|Chlouvānem morphology § Comparatives and superlatives § Irregular forms]]), ''nanū'' and ''yaivų nanū'' are not used, but the syntax is the same:
For those verbs and adverbs which have irregular comparatives (see [[Chlouvānem/Morphology#Irregular_forms|Chlouvānem morphology § Comparatives and superlatives § Irregular forms]]), ''širē'' and ''yaivų širē'' are not used, but the syntax is the same:
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = nenē eṇāh nanąu svaprire.
| phrase = nenē eṇāh nanąu svaprire.
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The syntax used is the same when the verbs are used attributively:
The syntax used is the same when the verbs are used attributively:
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = dirūn nali nanū gęṇṭire ṣryaḍhīnu rileimiṃte.
| phrase = dirūn nali širē gęṇṭire ṣryaḍhīnu rileimiṃte.
| gloss = role.<small>DIR.SG</small>. for. more. be_old.<small>IND.PRES-3S.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>. actor-<small>ACC.SG</small>. need.<small>IND.PRES-1P.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.
| gloss = role.<small>DIR.SG</small>. for. more. be_old.<small>IND.PRES-3S.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>. actor-<small>ACC.SG</small>. need.<small>IND.PRES-1P.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.
| translation = For [that] role we need an older actor/actress.
| translation = For [that] role we need an older actor/actress.
}}
}}
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = yaivų (nanū) našajeldire nurmai ulguta.
| phrase = yaivų (širē) našajeldire nurmai ulguta.
| gloss = all-<small>ABL</small>. more. be_effective.<small>IND.PRES-3S.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>. soap.<small>DIR.SG</small>. buy.<small>IND.PERF-3S.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>.
| gloss = all-<small>ABL</small>. more. be_effective.<small>IND.PRES-3S.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>. soap.<small>DIR.SG</small>. buy.<small>IND.PERF-3S.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>.
| translation = The most effective soap has been bought.
| translation = The most effective soap has been bought.
}}
}}
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = bāgami nanū dadṛnausirāhe tarlāmąlelyē chlærausirekkǣ.
| phrase = bāgami širē dadṛnausirāhe tarlāmąlelyē chlærausirekkǣ.
| gloss = class-<small>GEN.SG</small>. more. be_skilled.<small>IND.PRES-3P.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>. student-<small>DIR.PL</small>. be_easy.<small>IND.PAST-3S.EXTERIOR-BENEFACTIVE</small>.
| gloss = class-<small>GEN.SG</small>. more. be_skilled.<small>IND.PRES-3P.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>. student-<small>DIR.PL</small>. be_easy.<small>IND.PAST-3S.EXTERIOR-BENEFACTIVE</small>.
| translation = It was easy for the most skilled students in the class.
| translation = It was easy for the most skilled students in the class.
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Comparing sentences with two different verbs requires the structure [sentence 1] + ''nanąu'' (ablative of ''nanā'' "that", i.e. "than that") + optionally ''ni'' (but) + [sentence 2]:
Comparing sentences with two different verbs requires the structure [sentence 1] + ''nanąu'' (ablative of ''nanā'' "that", i.e. "than that") + optionally ''ni'' (but) + [sentence 2]:
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = yæyite nanąu ni nanū nūpsiṭ dholtute.
| phrase = yæyite nanąu ni širē nūpsiṭ dholtute.
| gloss = read.<small>IND.PRES-2S.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. that.<small>DISTAL.SG-ABL</small>. but. more. be_fast-<small>ADV</small>. write.<small>IND.PRES-1S.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.
| gloss = read.<small>IND.PRES-2S.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. that.<small>DISTAL.SG-ABL</small>. but. more. be_fast-<small>ADV</small>. write.<small>IND.PRES-1S.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.
| translation = I write faster than you read.
| translation = I write faster than you read.
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===Only===
===Only===
The Chlouvānem construction for "only" is, grammatically, a comparative, with the thing that is "only" in the ablative case, compared to a positive alternative correlative (or, in some cases, ''nanū'') in a negative sentence:
The Chlouvānem construction for "only" is, grammatically, a comparative, with the thing that is "only" in the ablative case, compared to a positive alternative correlative (or, in some cases, ''širē'') in a negative sentence:
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = nęltayų viṣāmi gu vi ša, gu našabuṃṣanah!
| phrase = nęltayų viṣāmi gu vi ša, gu našabuṃṣanah!
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}}
}}
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = lillaukų nanū gu yaccechlašute ša.
| phrase = lillaukų širē gu yaccechlašute ša.
| gloss = moment-<small>ABL.SG</small>. more. <small>NEG</small>=request.<small>HUMBLE-INF</small>-do.<small>HUMBLE-PRES.IND.1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.=<small>NEG</small>.
| gloss = moment-<small>ABL.SG</small>. more. <small>NEG</small>=request.<small>HUMBLE-INF</small>-do.<small>HUMBLE-PRES.IND.1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.=<small>NEG</small>.
| translation = Just a moment, please.
| translation = Just a moment, please.
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}}
}}
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = mārenīs lēn nanū mbinē.
| phrase = mārenīs lēn širē mbinē.
| gloss = mango-<small>EXESS.PL</small>. <small>1SG.LOC</small>. more. like.<small>IND.PRES.3S.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>.
| gloss = mango-<small>EXESS.PL</small>. <small>1SG.LOC</small>. more. like.<small>IND.PRES.3S.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>.
| translation = I prefer mangoes.
| translation = I prefer mangoes.
}}
}}
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = mārenīs julkhenīs lēn nanū mbinē.
| phrase = mārenīs julkhenīs lēn širē mbinē.
| gloss = mango-<small>EXESS.PL</small>. peach-<small>ABL.PL</small>. <small>1SG.LOC</small>. more. like.<small>IND.PRES.3S.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>.
| gloss = mango-<small>EXESS.PL</small>. peach-<small>ABL.PL</small>. <small>1SG.LOC</small>. more. like.<small>IND.PRES.3S.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>.
| translation = I prefer mangoes to peaches.
| translation = I prefer mangoes to peaches.
}}
}}
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = julkhenīs lēn mbinē, mārenīs ni nanū.
| phrase = julkhenīs lēn mbinē, mārenīs ni širē.
| gloss = peach-<small>EXESS.PL</small>. <small>1SG.LOC</small>. like.<small>IND.PRES.3S.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. mango-<small>EXESS.PL</small>. but. more.
| gloss = peach-<small>EXESS.PL</small>. <small>1SG.LOC</small>. like.<small>IND.PRES.3S.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. mango-<small>EXESS.PL</small>. but. more.
| translation = I like peaches, but I prefer mangoes.
| translation = I like peaches, but I prefer mangoes.
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To avoid nestling a sentence inside another one, outside of aulic styles the sentences are simply juxtaposed; the first of the following examples is grammatically correct, but virtually every Chlouvānem speaker prefers a simpler structure like the second one:
To avoid nestling a sentence inside another one, outside of aulic styles the sentences are simply juxtaposed; the first of the following examples is grammatically correct, but virtually every Chlouvānem speaker prefers a simpler structure like the second one:
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = kaminæne lære læjle ānotē lę amboya no naviṣyu yæyute.
| phrase = kaminæne lære širēmye ānotē lę amboya no naviṣyu yæyute.
| gloss = now. yesterday. chair-<small>LOC.SG</small>. lie_on.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-3SG.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. <small>1SG.ERG</small>. find_accidentally.<small>IND.PERF-EXP-3.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. and. book-<small>ACC.SG</small>. read.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>
| gloss = now. yesterday. chair-<small>LOC.SG</small>. lie_on.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-3SG.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. <small>1SG.ERG</small>. find_accidentally.<small>IND.PERF-EXP-3.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. and. book-<small>ACC.SG</small>. read.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>
| translation = I am now reading the book that yesterday I accidentally found lying on a chair.
| translation = I am now reading the book that yesterday I accidentally found lying on a chair.
}}
}}
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = læjle ānotē naviṣyu lære amboyaṃte kaminæne naviṣyu yæyute.
| phrase = širēmye ānotē naviṣyu lære amboyaṃte kaminæne naviṣyu yæyute.
| gloss = chair-<small>LOC.SG</small>. lie_on.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-3SG.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. book-<small>ACC.SG</small>. yesterday. find_accidentally.<small>IND.PERF-EXP-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. now. book-<small>ACC.SG</small>. read.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>
| gloss = chair-<small>LOC.SG</small>. lie_on.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-3SG.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. book-<small>ACC.SG</small>. yesterday. find_accidentally.<small>IND.PERF-EXP-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. now. book-<small>ACC.SG</small>. read.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>
| translation = I am now reading the book that yesterday I accidentally found lying on a chair.
| translation = I am now reading the book that yesterday I accidentally found lying on a chair.
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Predictive conditional sentences and non-past speculative conditional ones are built mostly in the same way, with the if-clause having an imperfective subjunctive verb and the main clause having a choice between indicative or subjunctive, with tense and aspect dependant on meaning. The indicative in the main clause denotes a very high probability the result will happen should the condition be fulfilled; speculative conditionals never use the indicative in the main clause, and may be distinguished by adding the adverb ''lūminaise'' after ''pū''.
Predictive conditional sentences and non-past speculative conditional ones are built mostly in the same way, with the if-clause having an imperfective subjunctive verb and the main clause having a choice between indicative or subjunctive, with tense and aspect dependant on meaning. The indicative in the main clause denotes a very high probability the result will happen should the condition be fulfilled; speculative conditionals never use the indicative in the main clause, and may be distinguished by adding the adverb ''lūminaise'' after ''pū''.
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = lili mæn pū nanū nūlastām gī lališire hāris ulgutāṃta.
| phrase = lili mæn pū širē nūlastām gī lališire hāris ulgutāṃta.
| gloss = <small>1SG.DIR</small>. <small>TOPIC</small>. if. more. money.<small>DIR.SG</small>. be.<small>SUBJ.IMPF.EXP.3.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. be_new.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-3SG.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>. carpet.<small>DIR.SG</small>. buy.<small>IND.FUTINT-EXP-3.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>.
| gloss = <small>1SG.DIR</small>. <small>TOPIC</small>. if. more. money.<small>DIR.SG</small>. be.<small>SUBJ.IMPF.EXP.3.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. be_new.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-3SG.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>. carpet.<small>DIR.SG</small>. buy.<small>IND.FUTINT-EXP-3.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>.
| translation = If I had more money, I'd surely buy a new carpet.
| translation = If I had more money, I'd surely buy a new carpet.
}}
}}
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = lili mæn pū nanū nūlastām gī lališire hāris lgutēt.
| phrase = lili mæn pū širē nūlastām gī lališire hāris lgutēt.
| gloss = <small>1SG.DIR</small>. <small>TOPIC</small>. if. more. money.<small>DIR.SG</small>. be.<small>SUBJ.IMPF.EXP.3.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. be_new.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-3SG.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>. carpet.<small>DIR.SG</small>. buy.<small>SUBJ.PERF-EXP-3.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>.
| gloss = <small>1SG.DIR</small>. <small>TOPIC</small>. if. more. money.<small>DIR.SG</small>. be.<small>SUBJ.IMPF.EXP.3.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. be_new.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-3SG.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>. carpet.<small>DIR.SG</small>. buy.<small>SUBJ.PERF-EXP-3.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>.
| translation = If I had more money, I'd buy a new carpet.
| translation = If I had more money, I'd buy a new carpet.
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If the if-clause is omitted, then a declarative particle '''e''' is usually put at the end of the sentence:
If the if-clause is omitted, then a declarative particle '''e''' is usually put at the end of the sentence:
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = lili mæn emibat yaltat lgutēt e!
| phrase = lili mæn emibat ilātit lgutēt e!
| gloss = <small>1SG.DIR</small>. <small>TOPIC</small>. one-<small>EXESS</small>. yaltan-<small>EXESS.SG</small>. buy.<small>SUBJ.PERF-EXP-3.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. <small>DECLAR</small>.
| gloss = <small>1SG.DIR</small>. <small>TOPIC</small>. one-<small>EXESS</small>. ilāti-<small>EXESS.SG</small>. buy.<small>SUBJ.PERF-EXP-3.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. <small>DECLAR</small>.
| translation = I'd buy it for one yaltan!
| translation = I'd buy it for one ilāti!
}}
}}


Line 1,716: Line 1,723:
| gloss = room-<small>LOC.SG</small>. face-<small>ACC.SG</small>. paint.<small>IND.PERF-3SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. <small>QUOT</small>. <small>REFL.GEN-GEN</small>. daughter-<small>GEN.SG</small>. relationship_partner-<small>DAT.SG</small>. say.<small>IND.PAST-3SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.
| gloss = room-<small>LOC.SG</small>. face-<small>ACC.SG</small>. paint.<small>IND.PERF-3SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. <small>QUOT</small>. <small>REFL.GEN-GEN</small>. daughter-<small>GEN.SG</small>. relationship_partner-<small>DAT.SG</small>. say.<small>IND.PAST-3SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.
| translation = (S)he told his/her daughter's boyfriend/girlfriend that she is painting her face in her room.
| translation = (S)he told his/her daughter's boyfriend/girlfriend that she is painting her face in her room.
}}
{{Gloss
| phrase = cāṃkṝsiṭ, karthāgo bīdruga tati vvlirute.
| gloss = be_final-<small>ADV</small>. Carthage.<small>DIR</small>. destroy.<small>OPT.PERF-3SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. <small>QUOT</small>. think.<small>IND.PRES-1SG.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>.
| translation = [[w:Carthago delenda est|Ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam.]] <small>(literally: "last [but not least], I think: 'Carthage must be destroyed.'")</small>
}}
}}
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
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This is the norm even in more complex sentences:
This is the norm even in more complex sentences:
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = hānihæmma mæn jæhimīnta utsmā taili lācāk menni, lānicunyų nanū gun ē ša mīmišvayatite nin lañšijijeltsute tati yaiva laltesām kulekte.
| phrase = hānihæmma mæn jæhimīnta utsmā taili lācāk menni, lānicunyų širē gun ē ša mīmišvayatite nin lañšijijeltsute tati yaiva laltesām kulekte.
| gloss = Hānihæmma.<small>DIR</small>. <small>TOP</small>. Jæhimīnta.<small>DIR</small>. that_much.<small>MEDIAL</small>. much. love.<small>IND.PRES-3SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. because. / lānicunih-<small>ABL.SG</small>. more. <small>NEG</small>=be.<small>IND.PAST.3SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>=<small>NEG</small>. see-<small>FREQ-SUBJ.IMPF-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. after. marry-<small>DESID-IND.PRES-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. <small>QUOT</small>. all. friend-<small>DAT.PL</small>. say.<small>IND.PAST-3SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.
| gloss = Hānihæmma.<small>DIR</small>. <small>TOP</small>. Jæhimīnta.<small>DIR</small>. that_much.<small>MEDIAL</small>. much. love.<small>IND.PRES-3SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. because. / lānicunih-<small>ABL.SG</small>. more. <small>NEG</small>=be.<small>IND.PAST.3SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>=<small>NEG</small>. see-<small>FREQ-SUBJ.IMPF-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. after. marry-<small>DESID-IND.PRES-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. <small>QUOT</small>. all. friend-<small>DAT.PL</small>. say.<small>IND.PAST-3SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.
| translation = Hānihæmma loved Jæhimīnta so much that she<sub><small>1</small></sub> told all her<sub><small>1</small></sub> friends that she<sub><small>1</small></sub> wanted to marry her<sub><small>2</small></sub> after having seen her<sub><small>2</small></sub> for only one lunar phase!<ref>Example taken from a translation challenge on the ''Constructed Languages'' Facebook group, posted on Sep 8, 2018, adapted for the purpose of this page.</ref>
| translation = Hānihæmma loved Jæhimīnta so much that she<sub><small>1</small></sub> told all her<sub><small>1</small></sub> friends that she<sub><small>1</small></sub> wanted to marry her<sub><small>2</small></sub> after having seen her<sub><small>2</small></sub> for only one lunar phase!<ref>Example taken from a translation challenge on the ''Constructed Languages'' Facebook group, posted on Sep 8, 2018, adapted for the purpose of this page.</ref>
Lili21
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