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Chlouvānem/Syntax: Difference between revisions
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| gloss = book.<small>DIR.SG</small> about. talk_concerning.<small>IND.PAST-EXP-3DU.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. that-<small>ACC</small>. read.<small>IND.PERF-EXP-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. | | gloss = book.<small>DIR.SG</small> about. talk_concerning.<small>IND.PAST-EXP-3DU.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. that-<small>ACC</small>. read.<small>IND.PERF-EXP-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. | ||
| translation = I have read the book they were talking about. | | translation = I have read the book they were talking about. | ||
}} | }} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
== | ==Sentential subjects and objects== | ||
Chlouvānem often uses juxtaposition even among its structures to specify sentential subjects and objects, not requiring any linking word. | |||
Sentences expressing judgement are often translatable with evidentials (and are therefore single-clause): | Sentences expressing judgement are often translatable with evidentials (and are therefore single-clause): | ||
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| gloss = Lilemāvya.<small>DIR</small>. this-<small>ACC</small>. mistake-<small>ACC.SG</small>. take.<small>IND.PAST-EXP-3SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. [that-<small>ACC</small>.] <small>NEG</small>=believe.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT=NEG</small>. | | gloss = Lilemāvya.<small>DIR</small>. this-<small>ACC</small>. mistake-<small>ACC.SG</small>. take.<small>IND.PAST-EXP-3SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. [that-<small>ACC</small>.] <small>NEG</small>=believe.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT=NEG</small>. | ||
| translation = I don't believe [the fact that] Lilemāvya made this mistake. | | translation = I don't believe [the fact that] Lilemāvya made this mistake. | ||
}} | |||
===Declarative content clauses=== | |||
Declarative content clauses are built in two possible ways: one using juxtaposed clauses, mandatory when the tenses differ and otherwise more proper of common speech, and a more formal one with the infinitive: | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = ṣastirvam svātārṣake ndulširu. | |||
| gloss = Ṣastirvam.<small>DIR</small>. be_right-<small>INF</small>. be_sure.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-INTERIOR-1SG.COMMON</small>. | |||
| translation = I am sure Ṣastirvam is right. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = ṣastirvam svātārṣire ndulširu. | |||
| gloss = Ṣastirvam.<small>DIR</small>. be_right.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-INTERIOR-3SG.COMMON</small>. be_sure.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-INTERIOR-1SG.COMMON</small>. | |||
| translation = I am sure Ṣastirvam is right. | |||
}} | |||
Indirect speech is generally handled through the use of a quotative marker ([[#Quoted_speech|see the corresponding section]]), but such declarative content clauses are typically used with verbs of perception: | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = laukhlyai bismṛcce mišaute. | |||
| gloss = small_aquatic_lizard-<small>DIR.PL</small>. run_away.<small>MONOD-INF</small>. see.<small>IND.PAST-EXP-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. | |||
| translation = I saw the lizards run away. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = kalineh kitom naliven mendute. | |||
| gloss = female's_younger_sister.<small>DIR.SG</small>. house-<small>DAT.SG.</small>. walk_into.<small>MONOD.IND.PRES.3SG.EXTERIOR.AGENT-EXP</small>. hear.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.. | |||
| translation = I hear my sister walking into the house. | |||
}} | }} | ||