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Chlouvānem/Verbs: Difference between revisions
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→Stem extensions and terminations
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#* The reportative (or "first reportative") marks a reported situation likely to be true, marked by '''-emi-'''; | #* The reportative (or "first reportative") marks a reported situation likely to be true, marked by '''-emi-'''; | ||
#* The dubitative reportative (or "second reportative") marks a reported situation whose truthness is unlikely or doubted, marked by '''-enab(u)-'''. | #* The dubitative reportative (or "second reportative") marks a reported situation whose truthness is unlikely or doubted, marked by '''-enab(u)-'''. | ||
# The second stem extension is the interior verb marker '''-ir-''' (exterior verbs are not marked) | # The second stem extension is '''-ug-''', marking the optative mood. | ||
# The | # The third stem extension is the interior verb marker '''-ir-''' (exterior verbs are not marked) | ||
# The fourth stem extension is the causative marker '''-is-''' (non-causatives are not marked) | |||
Finally, note that some stem extensions may trigger a change in the personal termination (e.g. the third person plural present indicative interior ''-irāhe'', not *-ir-āhai). The ''-is-'' stem extension, when preceding ''-d-'' initial personal termination, in contemporary Chlouvānem predictably disappears, lengthening the preceding vowel (e.g. ''meš-is-de'' → ''mešīde''). In Archaic and Early Classical Chlouvānem, however, there were two options, varying between dialects. One is the same as the current one, which reflects a prior voicing of '''s'''; in the other, it is ''-d-'' which loses its voicing, forming ''-st-'' clusters (or ''-ṣṭ-'' in certain dialects, esp. in the Archaic Chlouvānem of some parts of the Holy Books), i.e. ''meš-is-de'' → ''mešiste'' or ''mešiṣṭe''. | Finally, note that some stem extensions may trigger a change in the personal termination (e.g. the third person plural present indicative interior ''-irāhe'', not *-ir-āhai). The ''-is-'' stem extension, when preceding ''-d-'' initial personal termination, in contemporary Chlouvānem predictably disappears, lengthening the preceding vowel (e.g. ''meš-is-de'' → ''mešīde''). In Archaic and Early Classical Chlouvānem, however, there were two options, varying between dialects. One is the same as the current one, which reflects a prior voicing of '''s'''; in the other, it is ''-d-'' which loses its voicing, forming ''-st-'' clusters (or ''-ṣṭ-'' in certain dialects, esp. in the Archaic Chlouvānem of some parts of the Holy Books), i.e. ''meš-is-de'' → ''mešiste'' or ''mešiṣṭe''. | ||
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Additional notes: | Additional notes: | ||
* The present indicative exterior terminations of ''-ah'' verbs are: ''-ah -aši -ah ; -ąsme -ardia -arde ; -ąim -ąšin -ah'', with no distinct evidential forms. | * The present indicative exterior terminations of ''-ah'' verbs are: ''-ah -aši -ah ; -ąsme -ardia -arde ; -ąim -ąšin -ah'', with no distinct evidential forms. | ||
* The ''-ir-'' root extension causes the <small>3SG</small> indicative present ''-ē'' to become ''-e'' and the <small>3PL</small> indicative present ''-āhai'' to become ''-āhe''. | * The ''-ir-'' root extension causes the <small>3SG</small> indicative present ''-ē'' to become ''-e'' and the <small>3PL</small> indicative present ''-āhai'' to become ''-āhe''. | ||
* The third person interior imperfective subjunctive is ''-irya'' instead of *-ir-ī. | * The third person interior imperfective subjunctive is ''-irya'' instead of *-ir-ī. | ||