Chlouvānem/Verbs: Difference between revisions

Chlouvānem verbs also conjugate for seven '''voices''' (''tadgeroe'', pl. ''tadgerenī''), each one putting one of seven different core elements as the ''direct-case argument'', usually for means of topicalization or definiteness; they reflect the Austronesian-type morphosyntactical alignment of the language. The seven voices are, for exterior verbs:

* '''patient-trigger''' (''dṛṣokire tadgeroe'') (unmarked);

* '''benefactive-trigger''' (''hulābādmęlīnūkire tadgeroe'');

* '''antibenefactive-trigger''' (''tatalunsusūkire tadgeroe'');

* '''intensive''' (''caṃliven junya'') - typically denotes emphasis on a stronger effort for/in an action, or on its contrastive nature, or on its completeness and exhaustiveness.

Finally, Chlouvānem also has a '''non-finite form''' (''emibąukire daradhūs'') (the '''-ke''' form, called '''infinitive''' hereafter).

==Verb classes==

# The verbs of the first class do not change its vowel in any form. About 45% of verbs belong to this class, including all those whose root vowel is any of '''ā, ą, e, ē, ę, ǣ, oe, ai, ąi, au, ąu''', as well as most verbs with root vowel '''a, æ, å, o, ei''', or '''ęi'''. An example is ''męlike'' (athematic) "to give": pres. ''męlyē'', past ''męlik'', perfect ''emęlya''.

# Also called the '''basic ablauting class''', these verbs have the most basic ablaut alteration: in their present exterior forms and in the singular present interior ones, '''i ī''' become '''e''' (''širṣṭake'' "to dip, soak": ''šerṣṭē — širṣṭek — iširṣṭa''), '''u ū''' usually become '''o''' (''dhūlte'' "to write": ''dholtē, dhūltik, udhūlta''), but '''i''' in a few verbs (''kulke'' "to say": ''kilē — kulik — ukula''), and '''ṛ ṝ''' become '''ar''' (''dṛke'' "to do": ''darē — dṛk — (irr.) dadrā'')

# Also called ''inverse ablauting class'', these verbs have either ''va'' or ''ya'' in the present (and infinitive; note that the initial semivowel may be "hidden" in a consonant!) that gets reduced to ''u'' or ''i'' respectively in the past. An easy example is ''valde'' "to open": ''valdē — uldik — vulda''; one with a hidden consonant is ''calyake'' "to harvest plums": ''calyē — kilyek — ikilda''. In verbs with ''r-va'', the '''v''' disappears, but the conjugation is otherwise regular, e.g. ''ranyake'' "to untie, loosen, dismantle": ''ranyē — runyek — urunya''.

# Verbs of this class (and the following ones) typically have a vowel change in the ''past'' form and not in the present one. This class has '''å''' in the infinitive, present, and perfect, and '''e''' in the past, for example ''påndake'' "to punch": ''påndē — pendek — apånda''). Verbs whose roots begin in ''y-'' lose it in the past, e.g. ''yåjyake'' "to float in the air; to go with a zeppelin, hot air balloon, or helicopter (monodirectional)": ''yåjyē — ejyek — ayåjya''.

Desiderative examples:

* ''lgutake'' “to buy”, root ''lgut-'' → ''nu-lgot-s'' → ''nulgots-'' (pf. stem ''unulgots-'')

* ''khluke'' “to search, look for”, root ''khlu-'' → ''šu-khlu-s'' → ''šukhlus-'' (pf. stem ''ūšukhlus-'')

Necessitative examples:

* ''khlunāke'' “to search, look for” → ''šokhlusū-'' (pf. stem. ''ušokhlusū-'')

* ''nilyake'' “to think” → ''nenilšū-'' (pf. stem. ''inenilšū-'')

Potential examples:


* ''khluke'' “to search, look for” → ''šukhlonā-'' (pf. stem. ''ūšukhlonā-'')

* ''nilyake'' “to think” → ''ninelyenā-'' (pf. stem. ''īninelyenā-'')

Permissive examples:

* ''mišake'' “to see”, → ''mīmišūd-'' (pf. stem. ''imīmišūd-'')

* ''nilyake'' “to think” → ''nīnilyūd-'' (pf. stem. ''inīnilyūd-'')

# The fourth stem extension is the causative marker '''-is-''' (non-causatives are not marked)

Note, furthermore, that ''-ir-'' (when not followed by the causative marker) becomes '''-ęr-''' in the present of class 11 ''-ah'' verbs.

* ''mišake'' (to see) — ''mešē, āsmik, imiša''

** Suppletive in the past stem only (āsmy-). The present stem is ablauting.

** Suppletive in the perfect only. ''-ah'' verb in the present, non-ablauting.

** Also has the irregular stem ''lēlikṣ-'' for the desiderative junya.

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* ''infinitive'' + ''paṣmišake'' (to look further away): to let X (same meaning as the permissive ''junya'').

*: ''sū yæyake paṣṭemešu'' "I let you read" (cf. permissive ''sū īyæyūdute'')

* ''infinitive'' + ''mālchake'' (to run (multidirectional)): to keep X-ing (less formal alternative to many instances of ''mai-'' verbs).

*: ''nanau yæyake mālchute'' "I keep reading that" (cf. ''nanau maiteyæyu'')

==Adverbs==

Verbs may be turned into adverbs (''khladaradhausire haloe'', pl. ''khladaradhausirāhe halenī'') by simply adding '''-siṭ''' to a consonant-final stem (only '''-iṭ''' after ''-ṣṭ(h)-''), and adding that and lengthening the final vowel of a vowel-final stem. Thus:

* ''tarlausake'' (scientific) → ''tarlaussiṭ'' (scientifically, according to science)

* ''hulābdān'' - good (and ''chlǣcæm'' (better))

* ''taili'' - many, much

* ''kaili'' - most

* ''ṣūbha'' - few, little'

==Comparatives and superlatives==

Forms expressing a continuous enhancement are made by deriving new verbs with the ''naš-'' prefix, e.g. ''yaiva pārṇame našñæñuchlire'' - (s)he becomes more beautiful each day.

| ''hulābdān'' <small>_indecl.</small> (good) || ''chlǣcæm'' <small>_indecl.</small> (better) || ''chlǣcækṣike'' (best)

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