Ciètian: Difference between revisions

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Ciètian (view source)

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|creator= [[User:IlL]]
|creator= [[User:IlL]]
|name = {{SUBPAGENAME}}
|name = {{SUBPAGENAME}}
|nativename = ''ye Gièdem''
|nativename = ''ye Giètem''
|pronunciation=   
|pronunciation=   
|region = Talma
|region = Talma
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}}
}}


'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (''CHAIT-i-ən''; natively ''Ciètem, ye Giètem'', from Thensarian ''Centimae'') is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] (in the Tigolic subbranch of Talmic, which also includes [[Eevo]]). It's inspired by Mandarin, Occitan, Irish, [[Thedish]], and English (particularly Cockney and Philadelphian).
'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (''CHAIT-i-ən''; natively ''Ciètem, ye Giètem'', from Thensarian ''Centimae'') is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] (in the Tigolic subbranch of Talmic, which also includes [[Eevo]]). It's inspired by Mandarin, German, Occitan, Irish, [[Thedish]], and English (particularly Cockney and Philadelphian).


A close relative is [[Páuluòbeng]].
A close relative is [[Páuluòbeng]].
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===Intonation===
===Intonation===
A stressed short vowel has a high pitch; a stressed long vowel or diphthong has a falling pitch; unstressed vowels have low pitch.
====Word level====
*A stressed short vowel has a high pitch.
*A stressed long vowel or diphthong has a falling pitch but ends in a higher pitch than unstressed vowels.
*Unstressed vowels have low pitch.
====Clause level====
*Pitch drops at the end of a sentence.
<!--
<!--
*neutral: level intonation
*neutral: level intonation
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*'''t d''' /t d/
*'''t d''' /t d/
*'''p b f v''' /p b f w/
*'''p b f v''' /p b f w/
*'''pь bь fь vь''' /pj bj fj cj/
*'''pь bь fь vь''' /pj bj fj vj/
*'''r rr ħ h m n ng l y''' /r r̝ ħ h m n ŋ l j/  
*'''r rr ħ h m n nь ng l y''' /r r̝ ħ h m n nj ŋ l j/  
**/l/ is velarized when not followed by /i/, /j/, /y/, or /ɥ/.
**/l/ is velarized when not followed by /i/, /j/, /y/, or /ɥ/.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Ciètian has the following vowels:
*'''i ü u ie üe a'''  /ɪ ʏ ʊ jɛ ɥɛ a/
*/ɪj ʏɥ ʊw jɛː wɔː ɑː ɒj æː äj äw jäw jæj (ɥ)ɶj ɯː ɤː jɤː ɥɤː wɤː aɯ/
*/ə ɨ~i/
====Monophthongs====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
|+ '''Vowel phonemes'''
! rowspan="2" style=""|
! rowspan="2" style=""|
! colspan="2" style="" |Front
! colspan="2" style="" |Front
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| '''ì''' /ɪj/, '''ǜ''' /ʏɥ/
| '''ì''' /ɪj/, '''ǜ''' /ʏɥ/
|  
|  
| '''è''' /ɨː/
| /ɯː/
| '''u''' /u/
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ù''' /ʊw/
| '''ù''' /ʊw/
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Semivowel onglides: '''i ü u''' /j ɥ w/
Semivowel onglides: '''i ü u''' /j ɥ w/


Diphthongs: '''ai au ei ou iou iei üei''' /ɒj æː äj äw jäw jæj (ɥ)ɶj/
Diphthongs: '''ai au ei ou iou iei üei''' /ɒj æː äj äw jäw jæj ɥɶj/
====R-colored vowels====
====R-colored vowels====
(No linking R is used.)
(No linking R is used.)
*ar, àr /ɔɯ/
*ar, àr /ɔɯ~ɤː/
*er, èr, air, aor /aɯ/
*er, èr, air, aor /aɯ/
*ir, ìr, iur /jəɯ~jɤː/
*ir, ìr, iur,  eir, ier, ièr /jəɯ~jɤː/
*or, òr /oɯ~ʊɯ/
*or, òr /uɯ~ɯː/
*ür, ǜr /ɥɤː/
*ür, ǜr /ɥɤː/
*ur, ùr /wɤː/
*ur, ùr /wɤː/
*eir, ier, ièr /ɛɯ/
*final -er = /ɨ/
*final -ar = /aɯ/
*final -ier = /i/
*final -er = /ɯ/


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
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===Common dialectal features===
===Common dialectal features===
*/x ɣ/ realized as uvular [χ ʁ]
*/x ɣ/ realized as uvular [χ ʁ]
*Native words have f- retained
*h from Tigol h = /h/; h from Tigol ch = /x/; ħ is consistently /ħ/
*h from Tigol h = /h/; h from Tigol ch = /x/; ħ is consistently /ħ/


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|-
|-
!|Emphatic
!|Emphatic
|''gonin''||''gonas''||''gonu''||''gonyi''||''gona''||''gonav''||''gonid''||''gonax''||''gonar''||''gonax''||''gonawaa''
|''gonin''||''gonas''||''gonu''||''goni''||''gona''||''gonang''||''gonid''||''gonah''||''gonar''||''gonaH''||''gonaLà''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''naa''||''fiar''||''hu''||''hi''||''he''||''aav''||''geed''||''seed''||''haar''||''seed''||''waa''
|''nà''||''fiar''||''hù''||''hì''||''hè''||''àng''||''gèd''||''sèd''||''hàr''||''Sèd''||''Là''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''moon''||''moos''||''moov''||''mooy''||''moo''||''moom''||''meed''||''moox''||''moor''||''moox''||''mowaa''
|''mòn''||''mòs''||''mòng''||''mài''||''mò''||''mòm''||''mèd''||''mòh''||''mòr''||''mòH''||''moLà''
|}
|}
====Politeness====
====Politeness====
Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} has three levels of politeness in pronouns:
Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} has three levels of politeness in pronouns:
*''gonas, moos'' (sg.) is used for family members, friends, pets, inanimates, deities, and among blue-collar workers. It is becoming more common among young people.
*''gonas, mòs'' (sg.) is used for family members, friends, pets, inanimates, deities, and among blue-collar workers. It is becoming more common among young people.
*''gonalaa, mowaa'' is used as a polite second-person pronoun (for both singular and plural) for strangers or persons in positions of authority. It is still considered acceptable for some professions, such as superiors in military or schoolteachers, to refer to their counterparts with the familiar pronouns ''gonas'' and ''gonax'', although nowadays using ''gonawaa'' is becoming more common.
*''gonaLà, moLà'' is used as a polite second-person pronoun (for both singular and plural) for strangers or persons in positions of authority. It is still considered acceptable for some professions, such as superiors in military or schoolteachers, to refer to their counterparts with the familiar pronouns ''gonas'' and ''gonah'', although nowadays using ''gonaLà'' is becoming more common.
*''gonax'' is roughly intermediate in formality between ''gonas'' and ''gonawaa''. The pronoun ''gonax'' is used when an apprentice addresses their master, when university students address professors or when professors address students. In universities and some schools students use ''gonax'' for each other. (In vocational schools ''gonawaa'' is used for student-instructor conversation.) Strangers on the Internet and books intended for a general audience also use ''gonax''.
*''gonaH'' is roughly intermediate in formality between ''gonas'' and ''gonaLà''. The pronoun ''gonaH'' is used when an apprentice addresses their master, when university students address professors or when professors address students. In universities and some schools students use ''gonaH'' for each other. (In vocational schools ''gonawaa'' is used for student-instructor conversation.) Strangers on the Internet and books intended for a general audience also use ''gonax''.
**In archaic {{SUBPAGENAME}}, ''gonax'' is used as a polite pronoun for persons of higher class (say nobles or royalty), or among the upper class.
**In archaic {{SUBPAGENAME}}, ''gonaH'' is used as a polite pronoun for persons of higher class (say nobles or royalty), or among the upper class.


===Nouns===
===Nouns===
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|-
|-
! gen.
! gen.
| ''na<sup>L</sup>'' || ''na<sup>L</sup>'' || ''ye<sup>N</sup>'' || ''nanı'' || ''nanı'' || ''nanı''
| ''na<sup>L</sup>'' || ''na<sup>L</sup>'' || ''na<sup>L</sup>'' || ''nanı'' || ''nanı'' || ''nanı''
|-
|-
! Example
! Example
| ''na bpràn'' || ''na gkàtz'' || ''ye nghazier'' || ''nanı prànenı'' || ''nanı kàtzenı'' || ''nanı hazirienı''
| ''na bpràn'' || ''na gkàtz'' || ''n'γazier'' || ''nanı prànenı'' || ''nanı kàtzenı'' || ''nanı hazrienı''
|}
|}


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{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"  
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"  
|+ Attributive forms of ''qial'' 'small'
|+ Attributive forms of ''cial'' 'small'
! rowspan=2 | || colspan="3" | singular, collective || colspan="3" | plural  
! rowspan=2 | || colspan="3" | singular, collective || colspan="3" | plural  
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! nom.
! nom.
| ''jqial'' || ''xqial'' || ''qial''  || ''qiala'' || ''qialer'' || ''jqiala''  
| ''jcial'' || ''xcial'' || ''cial''  || ''ciala'' || ''cialer'' || ''jciala''  
|-
|-
! gen.
! gen.
| ''jqiele'' || ''jqiele'' || ''jqiele'' || ''qialenı'' || ''qialenı'' || ''qialenı''  
| ''jciele'' || ''jciele'' || ''jciele'' || ''cialenı'' || ''cialenı'' || ''cialenı''  
|}
|}


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Modern {{PAGENAME}} has a closed class of about 20-30 auxiliaries which are conjugated for tense and person. The main verb is used as a verbal noun. (Verbal nouns do not decline.) Example:
Like English and German, Ciètian uses a mixture of periphrastic constructions and inflected forms to express tenses.
 
====Auxiliaries====
:'''''Nyan garhiav wan dtarsiad ikaan xkarhii.'''''
:'''''Nyan garhiav wan dtarsiad ikaan xkarhii.'''''
:[ɲan gaˈriəv wən daɾˈsiət iˈkaːn xəˈr̝iː]
:[ɲan gaˈriəv wən daɾˈsiət iˈkaːn xəˈr̝iː]
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!|present<sup>1</sup>
!|present<sup>1</sup>
|''nyan''||''nyer''||''nyav''||''nyas''||''nya''||''nyam''||''nyad''||''nyax''||''nyaw''||''nyaħ''||''nyar''
|''nyan''||''nyer''||''nyav''||''nyas''||''nya''||''nyam''||''nyad''||''nyax''||''nyaw''||''nyaħ''||''nyar''
|-
!|past
|''kon''||''ker''||''kov''||''kos''||''ko''||''kom''||''kod''||''kox''||''koo''||''koħ''||''kor''
|-
|-
!|future
!|future
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<sup>1</sup> from Old Eevo ''ar.nédh'' 'to dwell at'. (The verb acquired a meaning like Vietnamese ''ở'' 'be at' which then turned into a progressive construction with a verbal noun.)
<sup>1</sup> from Old Eevo ''ar.nédh'' 'to dwell at'. (The verb acquired a meaning like Vietnamese ''ở'' 'be at' which then turned into a progressive construction with a verbal noun.)
====Inflected forms====
Unlike the present and the future, the past tense uses the participle ''-ìn'', derived from the Tigol past passive participle. Like in [[Anbirese]] but unlike in [[Eevo]], the past tense uses  ergative alignment, with the ergative preposition ''u'' used before the ergative constituent for transitive verbs.
====Other forms====
*The active participle in ''-ig'' is used to modify a noun. As such it is used as a relative form for the subject.
*The ''-et'' infinitive:
**is used with modal verbs.
*The ''-eγ'' infinitive:
**with ''zi'' 'in', indicates "while the action is taking place" or, when possessed, "while POSSESSOR is VERBing"
**with ''ar'' 'on', indicates "upon/as soon as the action is taking place" or, when possessed,  "upon the POSSESSOR's VERBing"
**with ''nai'' 'by', indicates that the verb's action serves a purpose: "by VERBing"
*The bare infinitive:
**with ''zi'' 'in', indicates the progressive.
**with ''jel'' 'from', indicates (from just having been VERB-ing)
**with ''ħrù'' 'next to', indicates "intends to VERB" or "about to VERB"
**with ''asd'' 'without', indicates "without VERBing"
**(nonstandard) with ''ħand'' 'after', indicates that the action just happened.


===Prepositions===
===Prepositions===
If the prepositional object is a pronoun, the genitive form of the pronoun is used: ''la nà'' = to me, for me.
If the prepositional object is a pronoun, the genitive form of the pronoun is used: ''la nà'' = to me, for me.
===Numbers===
===Numbers===
ngic, cìm, tiħer, nèig, dèib, selı, sdàm, ruìz, lèr, bàr, ngiaor, yàxim, knè
ngic, cìm, tiħer, nèig, dèib, selь, sdàm, ruìz, lèr, bàr, ngiaor, yàxim, knè


===Derivational morphology===
===Derivational morphology===
*''yir-'' = un-, non-
*''yir-'' = un-, non-
**yirstzuòtz, yirstzuòtz (f) 'innocence', from ''stzuòc'' (f) 'guilt'
**yirstzuòtz, yirstzuòtz (f) 'innocence', from ''stzuòtz'' (f) 'guilt'
*''-gàn, -gànı, -gànı'' = -able?
*''-gàn, -gànь, -gànь'' = -able?
*''-ah, -ax, -aha'' (n) = verbal noun
*''-ah, -ax, -aha'' (n) = verbal noun
*Unstressed initial prefixes are separated by an interpunct (·)
*Unstressed initial prefixes are separated by an interpunct (·)
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==Sample texts==
==Sample texts==
===UDHR===
===UDHR===
:'''''Niam pà ciel ghar sngèi casàn ac sdeħièd nai lòngatz ak nai marrenь. Niam amsetzìn nai mìsrìnen ac ye as·torngegen, ac nia ar ham la foza cràdener nai ghiegòren ri ziarbetzen.'''''
:'''''Niam pà cil ghar sngèi casàn ac sdeħèid nai lòngatz ac nai marrenь. Niam amsetzìn nai mìsrìnen ac ye as·torngegen, ac niam ar ham la foza cràdener nai ghiegòren ri ziarbetzen.'''''
:/nʲəm pɑː tʃəɫ ɣɔɯ sŋaɪ ˈkasɑːn ək sdəˈħɛːt nɒ ɫawŋəts ək nɒ mar̝ɨ. nʲəm ˈamsətsiːn nɒ ˈmiːsʲɾʲiːnən ək jə əsˈtʊɯŋəgən, ək nʲə əɾ ham ɫə ˈfɔzə kɾɑːdənɨ nɒ zjəgʊɯn ɾɪ zʲɔɯabətsən/
:/nʲəm pɑː tʃəɫ ɣɤː sŋaɪ ˈkasɑːn ək sdəˈħait nɒ ɫawŋəts ək nɒ mar̝ənʲ. nʲəm ˈamsətsiːn nɒ ˈmiːsʲɾʲiːnən ək jə əsˈtʊɯŋəgən, ək nʲəm əɾ ham ɫə ˈfɔzə kɾɑːdənɨ nɒ zjəgʊɯn ɾɪ zʲɤːbətsən/
:''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
:''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''


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