Ciètian: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search

Ciètian (view source)

Revision as of 00:48, 6 February 2020

1,705 bytes added ,  6 February 2020
m
→‎Adjectives
(37 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 10: Line 10:
|creator= [[User:IlL]]
|creator= [[User:IlL]]
|name = {{SUBPAGENAME}}
|name = {{SUBPAGENAME}}
|nativename = ''ye Gièdem''
|nativename = ''ye Giètem''
|pronunciation=   
|pronunciation=   
|region = Talma
|region = Talma
Line 24: Line 24:
}}
}}


'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (''CHAIT-i-ən''; natively ''Ciètem, ye Giètem'', from Thensarian ''Centimae'') is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] (in the Tigolic subbranch of Talmic, which also includes [[Eevo]]). It's inspired by Mandarin, Occitan, Irish, [[Thedish]], and English (particularly Cockney and Philadelphian).
'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (''CHAIT-i-ən''; natively ''Ciètem, ye Giètem'', from Thensarian ''Centimae'') is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] (in the Tigolic subbranch of Talmic, which also includes [[Eevo]]). It's inspired by Mandarin, German, Occitan, Irish, [[Thedish]], and English (particularly Cockney and Philadelphian).


A close relative is [[Páuluòbeng]].
A close relative is [[Páuluòbeng]].
Line 30: Line 30:
==Todo==
==Todo==
*Change orthography
*Change orthography
*Nominative ~ accusative ~ dative, genitive more different (like Irish and German)
*''nehdier'' = chain
*''nehdier'' = chain
*''Nian yirastzuòtzìn!'' = I'm innocent!
*''Nian yirastzuòtzìn!'' = I'm innocent!
Line 70: Line 71:


===Intonation===
===Intonation===
A stressed short vowel has a high pitch; a stressed long vowel or diphthong has a falling pitch but ends in a higher pitch than unstressed vowels; unstressed vowels have low pitch. Pitch drops at the end of a sentence.
====Word level====
*A stressed short vowel has a high pitch.
*A stressed long vowel or diphthong has a falling pitch but ends in a higher pitch than unstressed vowels.
*Unstressed vowels have low pitch.  
====Clause level====
*Pitch drops at the end of a sentence.
<!--
<!--
*neutral: level intonation
*neutral: level intonation
Line 93: Line 99:


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Ciètian has the following vowels:
*'''i ü u ie üe a'''  /ɪ ʏ ʊ jɛ ɥɛ a/
*/ɪj ʏɥ ʊw jɛː wɔː ɑː ɒj æː äj äw jäw jæj (ɥ)ɶj ɯː ɤː jɤː ɥɤː wɤː aɯ/
*/ə ɨ~i/
====Monophthongs====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
|+ '''Vowel phonemes'''
! rowspan="2" style=""|
! rowspan="2" style=""|
! colspan="2" style="" |Front
! colspan="2" style="" |Front
Line 111: Line 121:
| '''ì''' /ɪj/, '''ǜ''' /ʏɥ/
| '''ì''' /ɪj/, '''ǜ''' /ʏɥ/
|  
|  
| '''è''' /ɨː/
| /ɯː/
| '''u''' /u/
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ù''' /ʊw/
| '''ù''' /ʊw/
Line 143: Line 153:
Semivowel onglides: '''i ü u''' /j ɥ w/
Semivowel onglides: '''i ü u''' /j ɥ w/


Diphthongs: '''ai au ei ou iou iei üei''' /ɒj æː äj äw jäw jæj (ɥ)ɶj/
Diphthongs: '''ai au ei ou iou iei üei''' /ɒj æː äj äw jäw jæj ɥɶj/
====R-colored vowels====
====R-colored vowels====
(No linking R is used.)
(No linking R is used.)
*ar, àr /ɔɯ/
*ar, àr /ɔɯ~ɤː/
*er, èr, air, aor /aɯ/
*er, èr, air, aor /aɯ/
*ir, ìr, iur /jəɯ~jɤː/
*ir, ìr, iur,  eir, ier, ièr /jəɯ~jɤː/
*or, òr /oɯ~ʊɯ/
*or, òr /uɯ~ɯː/
*ür, ǜr /ɥɤː/
*ür, ǜr /ɥɤː/
*ur, ùr /wɤː/
*ur, ùr /wɤː/
*eir, ier, ièr /ɛɯ/
*final -er = /ɨ/
*final -ar = /aɯ/
*final -ier = /i/
*final -er = /ɯ/


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
Line 184: Line 193:
===Common dialectal features===
===Common dialectal features===
*/x ɣ/ realized as uvular [χ ʁ]
*/x ɣ/ realized as uvular [χ ʁ]
*Native words have f- retained
*h from Tigol h = /h/; h from Tigol ch = /x/; ħ is consistently /ħ/
*h from Tigol h = /h/; h from Tigol ch = /x/; ħ is consistently /ħ/


Line 200: Line 208:
|-
|-
!|Emphatic
!|Emphatic
|''gonin''||''gonas''||''gonu''||''gonyi''||''gona''||''gonav''||''gonid''||''gonax''||''gonar''||''gonax''||''gonawaa''
|''gonin''||''gonas''||''gonu''||''goni''||''gona''||''gonang''||''gonid''||''gonah''||''gonar''||''gonaH''||''gonaLà''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''naa''||''fiar''||''hu''||''hi''||''he''||''aav''||''geed''||''seed''||''haar''||''seed''||''waa''
|''nà''||''fiar''||''hù''||''hì''||''hè''||''àng''||''gèd''||''sèd''||''hàr''||''Sèd''||''Là''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''moon''||''moos''||''moov''||''mooy''||''moo''||''moom''||''meed''||''moox''||''moor''||''moox''||''mowaa''
|''mòn''||''mòs''||''mòng''||''mài''||''mò''||''mòm''||''mèd''||''mòh''||''mòr''||''mòH''||''moLà''
|}
|}
====Politeness====
====Politeness====
Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} has three levels of politeness in pronouns:
Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} has three levels of politeness in pronouns:
*''gonas, moos'' (sg.) is used for family members, friends, pets, inanimates, deities, and among blue-collar workers. It is becoming more common among young people.
*''gonas, mòs'' (sg.) is used for family members, friends, pets, inanimates, deities, and among blue-collar workers. It is becoming more common among young people.
*''gonalaa, mowaa'' is used as a polite second-person pronoun (for both singular and plural) for strangers or persons in positions of authority. It is still considered acceptable for some professions, such as superiors in military or schoolteachers, to refer to their counterparts with the familiar pronouns ''gonas'' and ''gonax'', although nowadays using ''gonawaa'' is becoming more common.
*''gonaLà, moLà'' is used as a polite second-person pronoun (for both singular and plural) for strangers or persons in positions of authority. It is still considered acceptable for some professions, such as superiors in military or schoolteachers, to refer to their counterparts with the familiar pronouns ''gonas'' and ''gonah'', although nowadays using ''gonaLà'' is becoming more common.
*''gonax'' is roughly intermediate in formality between ''gonas'' and ''gonawaa''. The pronoun ''gonax'' is used when an apprentice addresses their master, when university students address professors or when professors address students. In universities and some schools students use ''gonax'' for each other. (In vocational schools ''gonawaa'' is used for student-instructor conversation.) Strangers on the Internet and books intended for a general audience also use ''gonax''.
*''gonaH'' is roughly intermediate in formality between ''gonas'' and ''gonaLà''. The pronoun ''gonaH'' is used when an apprentice addresses their master, when university students address professors or when professors address students. In universities and some schools students use ''gonaH'' for each other. (In vocational schools ''gonawaa'' is used for student-instructor conversation.) Strangers on the Internet and books intended for a general audience also use ''gonax''.
**In archaic {{SUBPAGENAME}}, ''gonax'' is used as a polite pronoun for persons of higher class (say nobles or royalty), or among the upper class.
**In archaic {{SUBPAGENAME}}, ''gonaH'' is used as a polite pronoun for persons of higher class (say nobles or royalty), or among the upper class.


===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Line 223: Line 231:
*The plural construct is formed by affixing ''-u'' to the nominative singular if the nominative singular ends in a consonant, and ''-v'' to the nominative singular if it ends in a vowel.
*The plural construct is formed by affixing ''-u'' to the nominative singular if the nominative singular ends in a consonant, and ''-v'' to the nominative singular if it ends in a vowel.
====The article====
====The article====
The article inflects and triggers mutation based on number and gender.
The article inflects and triggers mutation based on number, case and gender.


The singular definite article ''ye'' and ''ye<sup>N</sup>'' changes to ''yen'' (with no mutation) before a noun starting with a vowel or a semivowel. For example:  
The singular definite article ''ye'' and ''ye<sup>N</sup>'' changes to ''yen'' (with no mutation) before a noun starting with a vowel or a semivowel. For example:  
Line 233: Line 241:
Collective nouns are by nature definite, and the collective of a noun is formed by using the collective article before the singular form.
Collective nouns are by nature definite, and the collective of a noun is formed by using the collective article before the singular form.


The nominative case is used for the subject; the genitive case is used for direct objects and objects of prepositions.
*The nominative case is used for the subject
*The accusative case is used for direct objects and after certain prepositions
*The dative cade is used after certain prepositions
*The genitive case is used for possession


To be revised:
Todo: accusative and dative
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"  
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"  
|+ '''Definite article'''
|+ '''Definite article'''
Line 247: Line 258:
! Example
! Example
| ''ye mpràn'' || ''ye gkàtz'' || ''ye hazier''  || ''na pràn'' || ''ner kàtzer'' || ''na nghazier''
| ''ye mpràn'' || ''ye gkàtz'' || ''ye hazier''  || ''na pràn'' || ''ner kàtzer'' || ''na nghazier''
|-
! acc.
| ''ye<sup>L</sup>'' || ''ye'' || ''ye''  || ''na'' || ''ner'' || ''na<sup>N</sup>''
|-
! Example
| ''ye mpràn'' || ''ye kàtz'' || ''ye hazier''  || ''na pràn'' || ''ner kàtzer'' || ''na nghazier''
|-
! dat.
| ''yi<sup>N</sup>'' || ''na<sup>L</sup>'' || ''yi''  || ''na'' || ''na'' || ''na''
|-
! Example
| ''yi mpràn'' || ''ye gkàtz'' || ''yi hazier''  || ''na pràn'' || ''na kàtzer'' || ''na hazier''
|-
|-
! gen.
! gen.
| ''na<sup>L</sup>'' || ''na<sup>L</sup>'' || ''ye<sup>N</sup>'' || ''nanı'' || ''nanı'' || ''nanı''
| ''na<sup>L</sup>'' || ''na<sup>L</sup>'' || ''na<sup>L</sup>'' || ''nanı'' || ''nanı'' || ''nanı''
|-
|-
! Example
! Example
| ''na bpràn'' || ''na gkàtz'' || ''ye nghazier'' || ''nanı prànenı'' || ''nanı kàtzenı'' || ''nanı hazirienı''
| ''na bprànı'' || ''na gkàtzan'' || ''n'γazra'' || ''nanı prànenı'' || ''nanı kàtzenı'' || ''nanı hazrienı''
|}
|}


Line 260: Line 283:
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"  
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"  
|+ Attributive forms of ''cial'' 'small'
|+ Attributive forms of ''cial'' 'small'
! rowspan=2 | || colspan="3" | singular, collective || colspan="3" | plural  
! rowspan=2 | || colspan="3" | singular || colspan="3" | plural  
|-
|-
! m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n.  
! m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n.  
Line 295: Line 318:
====Inflected forms====
====Inflected forms====
Unlike the present and the future, the past tense uses the participle ''-ìn'', derived from the Tigol past passive participle. Like in [[Anbirese]] but unlike in [[Eevo]], the past tense uses  ergative alignment, with the ergative preposition ''u'' used before the ergative constituent for transitive verbs.
Unlike the present and the future, the past tense uses the participle ''-ìn'', derived from the Tigol past passive participle. Like in [[Anbirese]] but unlike in [[Eevo]], the past tense uses  ergative alignment, with the ergative preposition ''u'' used before the ergative constituent for transitive verbs.
====Other forms====
*The active participle in ''-ig'' is used to modify a noun. As such it is used as a relative form for the subject.
*The ''-et'' infinitive:
**is used with modal verbs.
*The ''-eγ'' infinitive:
**with ''zi'' 'in', indicates "while the action is taking place" or, when possessed, "while POSSESSOR is VERBing"
**with ''ar'' 'on', indicates "upon/as soon as the action is taking place" or, when possessed,  "upon the POSSESSOR's VERBing"
**with ''nai'' 'by', indicates that the verb's action serves a purpose: "by VERBing"
*The bare infinitive:
**with ''zi'' 'in', indicates the progressive.
**with ''jel'' 'from', indicates (from just having been VERB-ing)
**with ''ħrù'' 'next to', indicates "intends to VERB" or "about to VERB"
**with ''asd'' 'without', indicates "without VERBing"
**(nonstandard) with ''ħand'' 'after', indicates that the action just happened.


===Prepositions===
===Prepositions===
If the prepositional object is a pronoun, the genitive form of the pronoun is used: ''la nà'' = to me, for me.
If the prepositional object is a pronoun, the genitive form of the pronoun is used: ''la nà'' = to me, for me.
===Numbers===
===Numbers===
ngic, cìm, tiħer, nèig, dèib, selı, sdàm, ruìz, lèr, bàr, ngiaor, yàxim, knè
ngic, cìm, tiħer, nèig, dèib, selь, sdàm, ruìz, lèr, bàr, ngiaor, yàxim, knè


===Derivational morphology===
===Derivational morphology===
*''yir-'' = un-, non-
*''yir-'' = un-, non-
**yirstzuòtz, yirstzuòtz (f) 'innocence', from ''stzuòc'' (f) 'guilt'
**yirstzuòtz, yirstzuòtz (f) 'innocence', from ''stzuòtz'' (f) 'guilt'
*''-gàn, -gànı, -gànı'' = -able?
*''-gàn, -gànь, -gànь'' = -able?
*''-ah, -ax, -aha'' (n) = verbal noun
*''-ah, -ax, -aha'' (n) = verbal noun
*Unstressed initial prefixes are separated by an interpunct (·)
*Unstressed initial prefixes are separated by an interpunct (·)
Line 312: Line 350:
===UDHR===
===UDHR===
:'''''Niam pà cil ghar sngèi casàn ac sdeħèid nai lòngatz ac nai marrenь. Niam amsetzìn nai mìsrìnen ac ye as·torngegen, ac niam ar ham la foza cràdener nai ghiegòren ri ziarbetzen.'''''
:'''''Niam pà cil ghar sngèi casàn ac sdeħèid nai lòngatz ac nai marrenь. Niam amsetzìn nai mìsrìnen ac ye as·torngegen, ac niam ar ham la foza cràdener nai ghiegòren ri ziarbetzen.'''''
:/nʲəm pɑː tʃəɫ ɣɔɯ sŋaɪ ˈkasɑːn ək sdəˈħait nɒ ɫawŋəts ək nɒ mar̝ɨ. nʲəm ˈamsətsiːn nɒ ˈmiːsʲɾʲiːnən ək jə əsˈtʊɯŋəgən, ək nʲəm əɾ ham ɫə ˈfɔzə kɾɑːdənɨ nɒ zjəgʊɯn ɾɪ zʲɔɯbətsən/
:/nʲəm pɑː tʃəɫ ɣɤː sŋaɪ ˈkasɑːn ək sdəˈħait nɒ ɫawŋəts ək nɒ mar̝ənʲ. nʲəm ˈamsətsiːn nɒ ˈmiːsʲɾʲiːnən ək jə əsˈtʊɯŋəgən, ək nʲəm əɾ ham ɫə ˈfɔzə kɾɑːdənɨ nɒ zjəgʊɯn ɾɪ zʲɤːbətsən/
:''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
:''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''


IlL
138,726

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/160120...183940"

Navigation menu