Ciètian: Difference between revisions

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Ciètian (view source)

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|creator= [[User:IlL]]
|creator= [[User:IlL]]
|name = {{SUBPAGENAME}}
|name = {{SUBPAGENAME}}
|nativename = ''ye Gièdem''
|nativename = ''ye Giètem''
|pronunciation=   
|pronunciation=   
|region = Talma
|region = Talma
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==Todo==
==Todo==
*Change orthography
*Change orthography
*Nominative ~ accusative ~ dative, genitive more different (like Irish and German)
*''nehdier'' = chain
*''nehdier'' = chain
*''Nian yirastzuòtzìn!'' = I'm innocent!
*''Nian yirastzuòtzìn!'' = I'm innocent!
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===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Ciètian has the following vowels:
*'''i ü u ie üe a'''  /ɪ ʏ ʊ jɛ ɥɛ a/
*/ɪj ʏɥ ʊw jɛː wɔː ɑː ɒj æː äj äw jäw jæj (ɥ)ɶj ɯː ɤː jɤː ɥɤː wɤː aɯ/
*/ə ɨ~i/
====Monophthongs====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
|+ '''Vowel phonemes'''
! rowspan="2" style=""|
! rowspan="2" style=""|
! colspan="2" style="" |Front
! colspan="2" style="" |Front
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| '''ì''' /ɪj/, '''ǜ''' /ʏɥ/
| '''ì''' /ɪj/, '''ǜ''' /ʏɥ/
|  
|  
| '''è''' /ɨː/
| /ɯː/
| '''u''' /u/
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ù''' /ʊw/
| '''ù''' /ʊw/
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Semivowel onglides: '''i ü u''' /j ɥ w/
Semivowel onglides: '''i ü u''' /j ɥ w/


Diphthongs: '''ai au ei ou iou iei üei''' /ɒj æː äj äw jäw jæj (ɥ)ɶj/
Diphthongs: '''ai au ei ou iou iei üei''' /ɒj æː äj äw jäw jæj ɥɶj/
====R-colored vowels====
====R-colored vowels====
(No linking R is used.)
(No linking R is used.)
*ar, àr /ɔɯ/
*ar, àr /ɔɯ~ɤː/
*er, èr, air, aor /aɯ/
*er, èr, air, aor /aɯ/
*ir, ìr, iur /jəɯ~jɤː/
*ir, ìr, iur,  eir, ier, ièr /jəɯ~jɤː/
*or, òr /oɯ~ʊɯ/
*or, òr /uɯ~ɯː/
*ür, ǜr /ɥɤː/
*ür, ǜr /ɥɤː/
*ur, ùr /wɤː/
*ur, ùr /wɤː/
*eir, ier, ièr /ɛɯ/
*final -er = /ɨ/
*final -ar = /aɯ/
*final -ier = /i/
*final -er = /ɯ/


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
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===Common dialectal features===
===Common dialectal features===
*/x ɣ/ realized as uvular [χ ʁ]
*/x ɣ/ realized as uvular [χ ʁ]
*Native words have f- retained
*h from Tigol h = /h/; h from Tigol ch = /x/; ħ is consistently /ħ/
*h from Tigol h = /h/; h from Tigol ch = /x/; ħ is consistently /ħ/


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|-
|-
!|Emphatic
!|Emphatic
|''gonin''||''gonas''||''gonu''||''gonyi''||''gona''||''gonav''||''gonid''||''gonax''||''gonar''||''gonax''||''gonawaa''
|''gonin''||''gonas''||''gonu''||''goni''||''gona''||''gonang''||''gonid''||''gonah''||''gonar''||''gonaH''||''gonaLà''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''naa''||''fiar''||''hu''||''hi''||''he''||''aav''||''geed''||''seed''||''haar''||''seed''||''waa''
|''nà''||''fiar''||''hù''||''hì''||''hè''||''àng''||''gèd''||''sèd''||''hàr''||''Sèd''||''Là''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''moon''||''moos''||''moov''||''mooy''||''moo''||''moom''||''meed''||''moox''||''moor''||''moox''||''mowaa''
|''mòn''||''mòs''||''mòng''||''mài''||''mò''||''mòm''||''mèd''||''mòh''||''mòr''||''mòH''||''moLà''
|}
|}
====Politeness====
====Politeness====
Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} has three levels of politeness in pronouns:
Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} has three levels of politeness in pronouns:
*''gonas, moos'' (sg.) is used for family members, friends, pets, inanimates, deities, and among blue-collar workers. It is becoming more common among young people.
*''gonas, mòs'' (sg.) is used for family members, friends, pets, inanimates, deities, and among blue-collar workers. It is becoming more common among young people.
*''gonalaa, mowaa'' is used as a polite second-person pronoun (for both singular and plural) for strangers or persons in positions of authority. It is still considered acceptable for some professions, such as superiors in military or schoolteachers, to refer to their counterparts with the familiar pronouns ''gonas'' and ''gonax'', although nowadays using ''gonawaa'' is becoming more common.
*''gonaLà, moLà'' is used as a polite second-person pronoun (for both singular and plural) for strangers or persons in positions of authority. It is still considered acceptable for some professions, such as superiors in military or schoolteachers, to refer to their counterparts with the familiar pronouns ''gonas'' and ''gonah'', although nowadays using ''gonaLà'' is becoming more common.
*''gonax'' is roughly intermediate in formality between ''gonas'' and ''gonawaa''. The pronoun ''gonax'' is used when an apprentice addresses their master, when university students address professors or when professors address students. In universities and some schools students use ''gonax'' for each other. (In vocational schools ''gonawaa'' is used for student-instructor conversation.) Strangers on the Internet and books intended for a general audience also use ''gonax''.
*''gonaH'' is roughly intermediate in formality between ''gonas'' and ''gonaLà''. The pronoun ''gonaH'' is used when an apprentice addresses their master, when university students address professors or when professors address students. In universities and some schools students use ''gonaH'' for each other. (In vocational schools ''gonawaa'' is used for student-instructor conversation.) Strangers on the Internet and books intended for a general audience also use ''gonax''.
**In archaic {{SUBPAGENAME}}, ''gonax'' is used as a polite pronoun for persons of higher class (say nobles or royalty), or among the upper class.
**In archaic {{SUBPAGENAME}}, ''gonaH'' is used as a polite pronoun for persons of higher class (say nobles or royalty), or among the upper class.


===Nouns===
===Nouns===
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*The plural construct is formed by affixing ''-u'' to the nominative singular if the nominative singular ends in a consonant, and ''-v'' to the nominative singular if it ends in a vowel.
*The plural construct is formed by affixing ''-u'' to the nominative singular if the nominative singular ends in a consonant, and ''-v'' to the nominative singular if it ends in a vowel.
====The article====
====The article====
The article inflects and triggers mutation based on number and gender.
The article inflects and triggers mutation based on number, case and gender.


The singular definite article ''ye'' and ''ye<sup>N</sup>'' changes to ''yen'' (with no mutation) before a noun starting with a vowel or a semivowel. For example:  
The singular definite article ''ye'' and ''ye<sup>N</sup>'' changes to ''yen'' (with no mutation) before a noun starting with a vowel or a semivowel. For example:  
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Collective nouns are by nature definite, and the collective of a noun is formed by using the collective article before the singular form.
Collective nouns are by nature definite, and the collective of a noun is formed by using the collective article before the singular form.


The nominative case is used for the subject; the genitive case is used for direct objects and objects of prepositions.
*The nominative case is used for the subject
*The accusative case is used for direct objects and after certain prepositions
*The dative cade is used after certain prepositions
*The genitive case is used for possession


To be revised:
Todo: accusative and dative
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"  
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"  
|+ '''Definite article'''
|+ '''Definite article'''
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! Example
! Example
| ''ye mpràn'' || ''ye gkàtz'' || ''ye hazier''  || ''na pràn'' || ''ner kàtzer'' || ''na nghazier''
| ''ye mpràn'' || ''ye gkàtz'' || ''ye hazier''  || ''na pràn'' || ''ner kàtzer'' || ''na nghazier''
|-
! acc.
| ''ye<sup>L</sup>'' || ''ye'' || ''ye''  || ''na'' || ''ner'' || ''na<sup>N</sup>''
|-
! Example
| ''ye mpràn'' || ''ye kàtz'' || ''ye hazier''  || ''na pràn'' || ''ner kàtzer'' || ''na nghazier''
|-
! dat.
| ''yi<sup>N</sup>'' || ''na<sup>L</sup>'' || ''yi''  || ''na'' || ''na'' || ''na''
|-
! Example
| ''yi mpràn'' || ''ye gkàtz'' || ''yi hazier''  || ''na pràn'' || ''na kàtzer'' || ''na hazier''
|-
|-
! gen.
! gen.
| ''na<sup>L</sup>'' || ''na<sup>L</sup>'' || ''ye<sup>N</sup>'' || ''nanı'' || ''nanı'' || ''nanı''
| ''na<sup>L</sup>'' || ''na<sup>L</sup>'' || ''na<sup>L</sup>'' || ''nanı'' || ''nanı'' || ''nanı''
|-
|-
! Example
! Example
| ''na bpràn'' || ''na gkàtz'' || ''ye nghazier'' || ''nanı prànenı'' || ''nanı kàtzenı'' || ''nanı hazirienı''
| ''na bprànı'' || ''na gkàtzan'' || ''n'γazra'' || ''nanı prànenı'' || ''nanı kàtzenı'' || ''nanı hazrienı''
|}
|}


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{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"  
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"  
|+ Attributive forms of ''cial'' 'small'
|+ Attributive forms of ''cial'' 'small'
! rowspan=2 | || colspan="3" | singular, collective || colspan="3" | plural  
! rowspan=2 | || colspan="3" | singular || colspan="3" | plural  
|-
|-
! m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n.  
! m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n.  
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====Inflected forms====
====Inflected forms====
Unlike the present and the future, the past tense uses the participle ''-ìn'', derived from the Tigol past passive participle. Like in [[Anbirese]] but unlike in [[Eevo]], the past tense uses  ergative alignment, with the ergative preposition ''u'' used before the ergative constituent for transitive verbs.
Unlike the present and the future, the past tense uses the participle ''-ìn'', derived from the Tigol past passive participle. Like in [[Anbirese]] but unlike in [[Eevo]], the past tense uses  ergative alignment, with the ergative preposition ''u'' used before the ergative constituent for transitive verbs.
====Other forms====
*The active participle in ''-ig'' is used to modify a noun. As such it is used as a relative form for the subject.
*The ''-et'' infinitive:
**is used with modal verbs.
*The ''-eγ'' infinitive:
**with ''zi'' 'in', indicates "while the action is taking place" or, when possessed, "while POSSESSOR is VERBing"
**with ''ar'' 'on', indicates "upon/as soon as the action is taking place" or, when possessed,  "upon the POSSESSOR's VERBing"
**with ''nai'' 'by', indicates that the verb's action serves a purpose: "by VERBing"
*The bare infinitive:
**with ''zi'' 'in', indicates the progressive.
**with ''jel'' 'from', indicates (from just having been VERB-ing)
**with ''ħrù'' 'next to', indicates "intends to VERB" or "about to VERB"
**with ''asd'' 'without', indicates "without VERBing"
**(nonstandard) with ''ħand'' 'after', indicates that the action just happened.


===Prepositions===
===Prepositions===
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===UDHR===
===UDHR===
:'''''Niam pà cil ghar sngèi casàn ac sdeħèid nai lòngatz ac nai marrenь. Niam amsetzìn nai mìsrìnen ac ye as·torngegen, ac niam ar ham la foza cràdener nai ghiegòren ri ziarbetzen.'''''
:'''''Niam pà cil ghar sngèi casàn ac sdeħèid nai lòngatz ac nai marrenь. Niam amsetzìn nai mìsrìnen ac ye as·torngegen, ac niam ar ham la foza cràdener nai ghiegòren ri ziarbetzen.'''''
:/nʲəm pɑː tʃəɫ ɣɔɯ sŋaɪ ˈkasɑːn ək sdəˈħait nɒ ɫawŋəts ək nɒ mar̝ənʲ. nʲəm ˈamsətsiːn nɒ ˈmiːsʲɾʲiːnən ək jə əsˈtʊɯŋəgən, ək nʲəm əɾ ham ɫə ˈfɔzə kɾɑːdənɨ nɒ zjəgʊɯn ɾɪ zʲɔɯbətsən/
:/nʲəm pɑː tʃəɫ ɣɤː sŋaɪ ˈkasɑːn ək sdəˈħait nɒ ɫawŋəts ək nɒ mar̝ənʲ. nʲəm ˈamsətsiːn nɒ ˈmiːsʲɾʲiːnən ək jə əsˈtʊɯŋəgən, ək nʲəm əɾ ham ɫə ˈfɔzə kɾɑːdənɨ nɒ zjəgʊɯn ɾɪ zʲɤːbətsən/
:''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
:''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''


IlL
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