Ciètian: Difference between revisions

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Ciètian (view source)

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|creator= [[User:IlL]]
|creator= [[User:IlL]]
|name = {{SUBPAGENAME}}
|name = {{SUBPAGENAME}}
|nativename = ''ye Gièdem''
|nativename = ''ye Giètem''
|pronunciation=   
|pronunciation=   
|region = Talma
|region = Talma
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==Todo==
==Todo==
*Change orthography
*Change orthography
*''nehdier'' = chain
*Nominative ~ accusative ~ dative, genitive more different (like Irish and German)
*''netzier'' = chain
*''Nian yirastzuòtzìn!'' = I'm innocent!
*''Nian yirastzuòtzìn!'' = I'm innocent!
*''Shüèl'' = a name (from Sréul)
*''Srüeil'' = a name (from Sréul)
*''Xjüèla'' = Skella
*''Sgüeila'' = Skella
*Single vs. double negatives: use both
*Single vs. double negatives: use both
**a > ea, e > eo, i > iu in certain conditions - what type of pal'n do these new vowels trigger
**a > ea, e > eo, i > iu in certain conditions - what type of pal'n do these new vowels trigger
***e.g. ''cell'' 'small' > *cĕoll > ''qiel''? ''qial''?
***e.g. ''cell'' 'small' > *cĕoll > ''ciel''
**already have eo éu iu íu/iú
**already have eo éu iu íu/iú
*Actually palatalization is NOT as simple as this. y ø a o u vs. i ie vs. ia io iu vs ja jo ju je/ĺa ĺo ĺu ĺe affect consonants differently.
*Actually palatalization is NOT as simple as this. y ø a o u vs. i ie vs. ia io iu vs ja jo ju je/ĺa ĺo ĺu ĺe affect consonants differently.
*non-initial -gh might die
*non-initial -gh might die
*''mièn àvaħ'' (this-DEF book) = 'this book'
*''mièn àvath'' (this-DEF book) = 'this book'
*Revise Thensarian declension based on {{SUBPAGENAME}}
*Revise Thensarian declension based on {{SUBPAGENAME}}
*Have a separate schwa phoneme ''a'' /ə/?
*Have a separate schwa phoneme ''a'' /ə/?
*''-atz'' is cognate to Eevo ''-ahd''
*''-atz'' is cognate to Eevo ''-ahd''
*''-z'' is one plural suffix (often used for nouns ending in vowels; from palatalized lenited -dh)
*''-z'' is one plural suffix (often used for nouns ending in vowels; from palatalized lenited -dh)
*''cht'' > ''c'' à la Wenedyk, final slender ''-t'' > ''-cy''
*''cht'' > ''tz'' à la Wenedyk, final slender ''-t'' > ''-cy''
*sg palatalizes to sh, not xj
*sg palatalizes to /ʃ/ {{angbr|sgi}}
*Words starting with f- are reanalyzed to start with p-: nonstandard dialects don't have this
*Etymological doublets from Tigol absolute-conjunct verb forms.
*Etymological doublets from Tigol absolute-conjunct verb forms.
*lianger = dream (< ''leṁar'')
*lianger = dream (< ''leṁar'')
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===Intonation===
===Intonation===
Pitch accent?
====Word level====
====Word level====
*A stressed short vowel has a high pitch.
*A stressed short vowel has a high pitch.
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{{PAGENAME}} has an aspiration distinction in stops; however, the distinction is neutralized in word-final position.
{{PAGENAME}} has an aspiration distinction in stops; however, the distinction is neutralized in word-final position.


*'''c g ch''' /k g x/
*'''c g ch gh''' /k g x ɣ/
*'''ci gi chi''' /tʃ dʒ ʃ/
*'''ci/cü gi/gü chi/chü/sgi/sgü''' /tʃ dʒ ʃ/
*'''tz dz s z''' /ts dz s z/
*'''tz dz s z''' /ts dz s z/
*'''t d''' /t d/
*'''t d th dh''' /t d ħ ɣ/
*'''p b f v''' /p b f w/
*'''p b f v''' /p b f w/
*'''pь bь fь vь''' /pj bj fj vj/
*'''pь bь fь vь''' /pj bj fj vj/
*'''r rr ħ h m n nь ng l y''' /r r̝ ħ h m n nj ŋ l j/  
*'''r rr h m n nь ng l y''' /r r̝ h m n nj ŋ l j/  
**/l/ is velarized when not followed by /i/, /j/, /y/, or /ɥ/.
**/l/ is velarized when not followed by /i/, /j/, /y/, or /ɥ/.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Ciètian has the following vowels:
Ciètian has the following vowels:
*''i ü u ie üe a''  /ɪ ʏ ʊ jɛ ɥɛ a/
*'''i ü u ie üe a'''  /ɪ ʏ ʊ jɛ ɥɛ a/
*/ɪj ʏɥ ʊw jɛː wɔː ɑː ɒj æː äj äw jäw jæj (ɥ)ɶj ɯː ɤː jɤː ɥɤː wɤː aɯ/
*/ɪj ʏɥ ʊw jɛː wɔː ɑː ɒj æː äj äw jäw jæj (ɥ)ɶj ɯː ɤː jɤː ɥɤː wɤː aɯ/
*/ə ɨ~i/
*/ə ɨ~i/
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| '''ì''' /ɪj/, '''ǜ''' /ʏɥ/
| '''ì''' /ɪj/, '''ǜ''' /ʏɥ/
|  
|  
| /ɯː/
|  
| '''u''' /u/
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ù''' /ʊw/
| '''ù''' /ʊw/
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|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| /ɯː/
|-
|-
! style="" |Mid
! style="" |Mid
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|}
|}
[ɨ(ː) ʉ(ː)] are allophones of /i(ː) y(ː)/ after dental and retroflex sibilants.
[ɨ(ː) ʉ(ː)] are allophones of /i(ː) y(ː)/ after dental and retroflex sibilants.
/ɯː/ is more fully back, unlike [ɨː].


Semivowel onglides: '''i ü u''' /j ɥ w/
Semivowel onglides: '''i ü u''' /j ɥ w/


Diphthongs: '''ai au ei ou iou iei üei''' /ɒj æː äj äw jäw jæj ɥɶj/
Diphthongs: '''ai au ei ou iou iei üei''' /ɒj æː äj äw jäw jæj ɥɶj/
====R-colored vowels====
====R-colored vowels====
(No linking R is used.)
(No linking R is used.)
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|-
|-
!|Emphatic
!|Emphatic
|''gonin''||''gonas''||''gonu''||''gonyi''||''gona''||''gonav''||''gonid''||''gonax''||''gonar''||''gonax''||''gonawaa''
|''gonin''||''gonas''||''gonu''||''goni''||''gona''||''gonang''||''gonid''||''gonah''||''gonar''||''gonaH''||''gonaLà''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''naa''||''fiar''||''hu''||''hi''||''he''||''aav''||''geed''||''seed''||''haar''||''seed''||''waa''
|''nà''||''fiar''||''hù''||''hì''||''hè''||''àng''||''gèd''||''sèd''||''hàr''||''Sèd''||''Là''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''moon''||''moos''||''moov''||''mooy''||''moo''||''moom''||''meed''||''moox''||''moor''||''moox''||''mowaa''
|''mòn''||''mòs''||''mòng''||''mài''||''mò''||''mòm''||''mèd''||''mòh''||''mòr''||''mòH''||''moLà''
|}
|}
====Politeness====
====Politeness====
Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} has three levels of politeness in pronouns:
Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} has three levels of politeness in pronouns:
*''gonas, moos'' (sg.) is used for family members, friends, pets, inanimates, deities, and among blue-collar workers. It is becoming more common among young people.
*''gonas, mòs'' (sg.) is used for family members, friends, pets, inanimates, deities, and among blue-collar workers. It is becoming more common among young people.
*''gonalaa, mowaa'' is used as a polite second-person pronoun (for both singular and plural) for strangers or persons in positions of authority. It is still considered acceptable for some professions, such as superiors in military or schoolteachers, to refer to their counterparts with the familiar pronouns ''gonas'' and ''gonax'', although nowadays using ''gonawaa'' is becoming more common.
*''gonaLà, moLà'' is used as a polite second-person pronoun (for both singular and plural) for strangers or persons in positions of authority. It is still considered acceptable for some professions, such as superiors in military or schoolteachers, to refer to their counterparts with the familiar pronouns ''gonas'' and ''gonah'', although nowadays using ''gonaLà'' is becoming more common.
*''gonax'' is roughly intermediate in formality between ''gonas'' and ''gonawaa''. The pronoun ''gonax'' is used when an apprentice addresses their master, when university students address professors or when professors address students. In universities and some schools students use ''gonax'' for each other. (In vocational schools ''gonawaa'' is used for student-instructor conversation.) Strangers on the Internet and books intended for a general audience also use ''gonax''.
*''gonaH'' is roughly intermediate in formality between ''gonas'' and ''gonaLà''. The pronoun ''gonaH'' is used when an apprentice addresses their master, when university students address professors or when professors address students. In universities and some schools students use ''gonaH'' for each other. (In vocational schools ''gonawaa'' is used for student-instructor conversation.) Strangers on the Internet and books intended for a general audience also use ''gonax''.
**In archaic {{SUBPAGENAME}}, ''gonax'' is used as a polite pronoun for persons of higher class (say nobles or royalty), or among the upper class.
**In archaic {{SUBPAGENAME}}, ''gonaH'' is used as a polite pronoun for persons of higher class (say nobles or royalty), or among the upper class.


===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Standard {{SUBPAGENAME}} nouns are quite conservative: they have three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), three numbers (singular, plural and collective), and three states (nominative, genitive and construct). Collective nouns take singular agreement with verbs and adjectives. Regiolects usually have less noun declension.
Standard {{SUBPAGENAME}} nouns are quite conservative: they have three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), three numbers (singular, plural and collective), and three states (nominative, genitive and construct). Collective nouns take singular agreement with verbs and adjectives. Regiolects usually have more tone and less noun declension.


*The nominative singular, nominative plural, and genitive singular must be memorized for every noun. Feminine plurals tend to end in ''-r''.
*The nominative singular, nominative plural, and genitive singular must be memorized for every noun. Feminine plurals tend to end in ''-r''.
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*The plural construct is formed by affixing ''-u'' to the nominative singular if the nominative singular ends in a consonant, and ''-v'' to the nominative singular if it ends in a vowel.
*The plural construct is formed by affixing ''-u'' to the nominative singular if the nominative singular ends in a consonant, and ''-v'' to the nominative singular if it ends in a vowel.
====The article====
====The article====
The article inflects and triggers mutation based on number and gender.
The article inflects and triggers mutation based on number, case and gender.


The singular definite article ''ye'' and ''ye<sup>N</sup>'' changes to ''yen'' (with no mutation) before a noun starting with a vowel or a semivowel. For example:  
The singular definite article ''ye'' and ''ye<sup>N</sup>'' changes to ''yen'' (with no mutation) before a noun starting with a vowel or a semivowel. For example:  
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Collective nouns are by nature definite, and the collective of a noun is formed by using the collective article before the singular form.
Collective nouns are by nature definite, and the collective of a noun is formed by using the collective article before the singular form.


The nominative case is used for the subject; the genitive case is used for direct objects and objects of prepositions.
*The nominative case is used for the subject
*The accusative case is used for direct objects and after certain prepositions
*The dative cade is used after certain prepositions
*The genitive case is used for possession


To be revised:
Todo: accusative and dative
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"  
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"  
|+ '''Definite article'''
|+ '''Definite article'''
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! Example
! Example
| ''ye mpràn'' || ''ye gkàtz'' || ''ye hazier''  || ''na pràn'' || ''ner kàtzer'' || ''na nghazier''
| ''ye mpràn'' || ''ye gkàtz'' || ''ye hazier''  || ''na pràn'' || ''ner kàtzer'' || ''na nghazier''
|-
! acc.
| ''ye<sup>L</sup>'' || ''ye'' || ''ye''  || ''na'' || ''ner'' || ''na<sup>N</sup>''
|-
! Example
| ''ye mpràn'' || ''ye kàtz'' || ''ye hazier''  || ''na pràn'' || ''ner kàtzer'' || ''na nghazier''
|-
! dat.
| ''yi<sup>N</sup>'' || ''na<sup>L</sup>'' || ''yi''  || ''na'' || ''na'' || ''na''
|-
! Example
| ''yi mpràn'' || ''ye gkàtz'' || ''yi hazier''  || ''na pràn'' || ''na kàtzer'' || ''na hazier''
|-
|-
! gen.
! gen.
| ''na<sup>L</sup>'' || ''na<sup>L</sup>'' || ''ye<sup>N</sup>'' || ''nanı'' || ''nanı'' || ''nanı''
| ''na<sup>L</sup>'' || ''na<sup>L</sup>'' || ''na<sup>L</sup>'' || ''nanı'' || ''nanı'' || ''nanı''
|-
|-
! Example
! Example
| ''na bpràn'' || ''na gkàtz'' || ''ye nghazier'' || ''nanı prànenı'' || ''nanı kàtzenı'' || ''nanı hazirienı''
| ''na bprànı'' || ''na gkàtzan'' || ''n'γazra'' || ''nanı prànenı'' || ''nanı kàtzenı'' || ''nanı hazrienı''
|}
|}


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{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"  
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"  
|+ Attributive forms of ''cial'' 'small'
|+ Attributive forms of ''cial'' 'small'
! rowspan=2 | || colspan="3" | singular, collective || colspan="3" | plural  
! rowspan=2 | || colspan="3" | singular || colspan="3" | plural  
|-
|-
! m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n.  
! m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n.  
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====Inflected forms====
====Inflected forms====
Unlike the present and the future, the past tense uses the participle ''-ìn'', derived from the Tigol past passive participle. Like in [[Anbirese]] but unlike in [[Eevo]], the past tense uses  ergative alignment, with the ergative preposition ''u'' used before the ergative constituent for transitive verbs.
Unlike the present and the future, the past tense uses the participle ''-ìn'', derived from the Tigol past passive participle. Like in [[Anbirese]] but unlike in [[Eevo]], the past tense uses  ergative alignment, with the ergative preposition ''u'' used before the ergative constituent for transitive verbs.
====Other forms====
*The active participle in ''-ig'' is used to modify a noun. As such it is used as a relative form for the subject.
*The ''-et'' infinitive:
**is used with modal verbs.
*The ''-eγ'' infinitive:
**with ''zi'' 'in', indicates "while the action is taking place" or, when possessed, "while POSSESSOR is VERBing"
**with ''ar'' 'on', indicates "upon/as soon as the action is taking place" or, when possessed,  "upon the POSSESSOR's VERBing"
**with ''nai'' 'by', indicates that the verb's action serves a purpose: "by VERBing"
*The bare infinitive:
**with ''zi'' 'in', indicates the progressive.
**with ''jel'' 'from', indicates (from just having been VERB-ing)
**with ''ħrù'' 'next to', indicates "intends to VERB" or "about to VERB"
**with ''asd'' 'without', indicates "without VERBing"
**(nonstandard) with ''ħand'' 'after', indicates that the action just happened.


===Prepositions===
===Prepositions===
IlL
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