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Ciètian: Difference between revisions
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*Change orthography | *Change orthography | ||
*Nominative ~ accusative ~ dative, genitive more different (like Irish and German) | *Nominative ~ accusative ~ dative, genitive more different (like Irish and German) | ||
*'' | *''netzier'' = chain | ||
*''Nian yirastzuòtzìn!'' = I'm innocent! | *''Nian yirastzuòtzìn!'' = I'm innocent! | ||
*'' | *''Srüeil'' = a name (from Sréul) | ||
*'' | *''Sgüeila'' = Skella | ||
*Single vs. double negatives: use both | *Single vs. double negatives: use both | ||
**a > ea, e > eo, i > iu in certain conditions - what type of pal'n do these new vowels trigger | **a > ea, e > eo, i > iu in certain conditions - what type of pal'n do these new vowels trigger | ||
***e.g. ''cell'' 'small' > *cĕoll > '' | ***e.g. ''cell'' 'small' > *cĕoll > ''ciel'' | ||
**already have eo éu iu íu/iú | **already have eo éu iu íu/iú | ||
*Actually palatalization is NOT as simple as this. y ø a o u vs. i ie vs. ia io iu vs ja jo ju je/ĺa ĺo ĺu ĺe affect consonants differently. | *Actually palatalization is NOT as simple as this. y ø a o u vs. i ie vs. ia io iu vs ja jo ju je/ĺa ĺo ĺu ĺe affect consonants differently. | ||
*non-initial -gh might die | *non-initial -gh might die | ||
*''mièn | *''mièn àvath'' (this-DEF book) = 'this book' | ||
*Revise Thensarian declension based on {{SUBPAGENAME}} | *Revise Thensarian declension based on {{SUBPAGENAME}} | ||
*Have a separate schwa phoneme ''a'' /ə/? | *Have a separate schwa phoneme ''a'' /ə/? | ||
*''-atz'' is cognate to Eevo ''-ahd'' | *''-atz'' is cognate to Eevo ''-ahd'' | ||
*''-z'' is one plural suffix (often used for nouns ending in vowels; from palatalized lenited -dh) | *''-z'' is one plural suffix (often used for nouns ending in vowels; from palatalized lenited -dh) | ||
*''cht'' > '' | *''cht'' > ''tz'' à la Wenedyk, final slender ''-t'' > ''-cy'' | ||
*sg palatalizes to | *sg palatalizes to /ʃ/ {{angbr|sgi}} | ||
*Etymological doublets from Tigol absolute-conjunct verb forms. | *Etymological doublets from Tigol absolute-conjunct verb forms. | ||
*lianger = dream (< ''leṁar'') | *lianger = dream (< ''leṁar'') | ||
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===Intonation=== | ===Intonation=== | ||
Pitch accent? | |||
====Word level==== | ====Word level==== | ||
*A stressed short vowel has a high pitch. | *A stressed short vowel has a high pitch. | ||
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*'''c g ch gh''' /k g x ɣ/ | *'''c g ch gh''' /k g x ɣ/ | ||
*'''ci gi chi''' /tʃ dʒ ʃ/ | *'''ci/cü gi/gü chi/chü/sgi/sgü''' /tʃ dʒ ʃ/ | ||
*'''tz dz s z''' /ts dz s z/ | *'''tz dz s z''' /ts dz s z/ | ||
*'''t d th dh''' /t d ħ ɣ/ | *'''t d th dh''' /t d ħ ɣ/ | ||
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| '''ì''' /ɪj/, '''ǜ''' /ʏɥ/ | | '''ì''' /ɪj/, '''ǜ''' /ʏɥ/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| '''u''' /u/ | | '''u''' /u/ | ||
| '''ù''' /ʊw/ | | '''ù''' /ʊw/ | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | /ɯː/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Mid | ! style="" |Mid | ||
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|} | |} | ||
[ɨ(ː) ʉ(ː)] are allophones of /i(ː) y(ː)/ after dental and retroflex sibilants. | [ɨ(ː) ʉ(ː)] are allophones of /i(ː) y(ː)/ after dental and retroflex sibilants. | ||
/ɯː/ is more fully back, unlike [ɨː]. | |||
Semivowel onglides: '''i ü u''' /j ɥ w/ | Semivowel onglides: '''i ü u''' /j ɥ w/ | ||
Diphthongs: '''ai au ei ou iou iei üei''' /ɒj æː äj äw jäw jæj ɥɶj/ | Diphthongs: '''ai au ei ou iou iei üei''' /ɒj æː äj äw jäw jæj ɥɶj/ | ||
====R-colored vowels==== | ====R-colored vowels==== | ||
(No linking R is used.) | (No linking R is used.) | ||
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===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Standard {{SUBPAGENAME}} nouns are quite conservative: they have three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), three numbers (singular, plural and collective), and three states (nominative, genitive and construct). Collective nouns take singular agreement with verbs and adjectives. Regiolects usually have less noun declension. | Standard {{SUBPAGENAME}} nouns are quite conservative: they have three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), three numbers (singular, plural and collective), and three states (nominative, genitive and construct). Collective nouns take singular agreement with verbs and adjectives. Regiolects usually have more tone and less noun declension. | ||
*The nominative singular, nominative plural, and genitive singular must be memorized for every noun. Feminine plurals tend to end in ''-r''. | *The nominative singular, nominative plural, and genitive singular must be memorized for every noun. Feminine plurals tend to end in ''-r''. | ||