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[[{{PAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]<br/>

[[{{PAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]<br/>

[[{{PAGENAME}}/Names]]<br/>

[[{{PAGENAME}}/Sandbox]]<br/>

|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]

|creator= [[User:IlL]]

|name = {{PAGENAME}}

|nativename = i hEnvirav

|pronunciation=  

|region = Talma

|fam1= [[Proto-Quihum|Quihum]]

|fam4= Old Eevo

|iso3=qtg

'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''i γgaaħ hEnvirav'' /i ɣaːħ ˈhanviɾəv/) is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] (in the subbranch of Tigolic, which also includes [[Eevo]]) somewhat inspired by Irish. On the planet of [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]] ({{PAGENAME}}: ''i Samąχ'' /i səˈmɔːx/), it is an analogue of German in terms of influence and grammar. {{PAGENAME}} is the official language of the Talman nation [[Verse:Tricin/Anvir|Anvir]] and of former colonies in Cualuav and Txapoalli; after [[Eevo]], it is the second-largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. Like most modern Talmic languages, {{PAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. It is spoken on the northwest coast of the continent of Etalocin (called ''Eħa'' /ˈɛħə/ in {{PAGENAME}}) on the planet of Tricin. Thanks in large part to the printing press, Modern {{PAGENAME}} rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma. Today, {{PAGENAME}} still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages.

This language began as ''Tíogall'', which was a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?". For a while it developed as an Irish-German hybrid. At one point I decided to remove all "giblangs" from modern Tricin, or languages with the aesthetics of one natlang (unless the premise was funny, like [[Bhadhagha]] or [[Clofabosin]]). Since Tíogall was basically an Irish with German characteristics, it was abandoned. I still decided that Talmic languages needed somewhat more internal diversity (in particular, a "German" analogue to Eevo's "English"), so I decided to revive this project. Since I don't want a German analogue to be so obviously Hiberno-German, this time I'm eschewing obviously German features in the aesthetic such as front rounded vowels, and I'm trying a somewhat Old English and Slavic aesthetic. Also grammar-wise, while keeping a somewhat Celtic grammar (e.g. mutations, head-initial syntax), I'm playing with decidedly non-Celtic grammatical features such as split-ergativity (which was in my original Tíogall), and a singulative-collective-plurative system.

***e.g. cell 'small' > *cĕoll > chow /tʃow/

*Get rid of initial clusters:

**sR- > sVR- (R = m, n, ń, ŋ, r)

*''mee in aavaħ'' (this DEF book) = 'this book'

*Revise Thensarian declension based on Envirese

*''-ac'' is cognate to Eevo ''-ahd'' (both from Old Eevo ''-aitt'')

*''-z'' is one plural suffix (often used for single syllable nouns ending in vowels; from palatalized lenited -dh)

*''cht'' > ''c'' à la Wenedyk, final slender ''-t'' > ''-cy''

*slender b > j?

*sk palatalizes to sh

*Get rid of initial geminate nasals

The following describes {{PAGENAME}} as spoken in Ascemmiin.

Stress is not phonemic and is weight-sensitive. The rule is: the last long vowel is stressed. If there is no long vowel the first syllable is stressed.

In most compound words, primary stress falls on the first member and a secondary stress falls on the second member. Place names are sometimes exceptions to the preceding rule: for example, the element ''-vę'' is always stressed.

{{PAGENAME}} has a large consonant inventory (about 37 consonants).

|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} consonants'''

|-

!colspan="2"| !! Labial !! Dental/Alveolar !! Postalv. !! Palatal !! Velar !! Pharyngeal !! Glottal

*An initial /ʔ/ can be added to null initials (but is not mandatory).

*Voiceless stops are aspirated syllable-initially; voiced stops devoice after voiceless sounds.

* {{PAGENAME}} has a form of Auslautverhärtung: voicing is neutralized for word-final stops but not word-final fricatives.

*/n, t, d/ are usually dental [n̪, t̪, d̪].

*/s/ is laminal alveolar [s].

*/ŋ, k, g/ are usually velar [ŋ, k, g].

*/ŋ, k, g, x, ɣ/ are prevelar before front vowels.

*In dialects and classical singing and drama, /w/ is pronounced as [ɫ].

*After a vowel, /ɣ/ colloquially disappears with compensatory lengthening of the vowel if the vowel is short (unless the /ɣ/ begins a stressed syllable.)

{{PAGENAME}} has a moderately large vowel system (7 vowel qualities).

 

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="3" |

! colspan="2" |Front

! colspan="2" |Central

! colspan="3" |Back

! colspan="2" style="" |<small>unrounded</small>

! style=" " |<small>unrounded</small>

! style=" " |<small>rounded</small>

!style=" "|<small>short</small>

!style=" "|<small>long</small>

!style=" "|<small>short</small>

!style=" "|<small>long</small>

!style=" "|<small>short</small>

!style=" "|<small>long</small>

| '''i''' /ɪ/

| '''ii''' /iː/

| '''u''' /ʊ/

| '''uu''' /uː/

! style="" |Mid

| '''ee''' /eː/

| '''oo''' /oː/

! style="" |Open-mid

| '''e''' /ɛ/

| '''ę''' /ɛː/

| '''o''' /ɔ/

| '''ą''' /ɔː/

| '''a''' /a/

| '''aa''' /aː/

There are also two diphthongs: '''ia''' /iə/ and '''ua''' /uə/.

Unstressed /əw/ becomes /ɔ/. This is not reflected in the transcription.

Final clusters are allowed, however.

{{PAGENAME}} has a distinctive intonation paradigm. It originates from discursive uptalk in older forms of {{PAGENAME}}, which has since generalized to all declarative sentences. A few accents, such as Tumacan accents, do not use this pattern.

*In interrogative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focus word has a higher pitch than the syllable immediately before. ("... mid ꜛ HIGH mid ... ?")

*In exclamations, the stressed syllable starts low and receives a rising intonation ("... mid ꜜ LOW-HIGH mid ... !"), possibly with a gradual drop to low pitch in the end. Angry or indignant questions also use an exclamatory intonation.

{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"

!|Root consonant

|''m''||''p''||''b''||''f''||''t''||''d''||''cy''||''jy''||''s''||''sy''||''sh''||''k''||''g''||''ch''||''jh''||''0, y''

|''vm''||''fp''||''vb''||''hf''||''ħt''||''d''||''scy''||''zjy''||''hs''||''sy''||''sh''||''χk''||''γg''||''sch''||''zjh''||''h' ''

|''m''||''bp''||''mb''||''vf''||''dt''||''nd''||''jcy''||''njy''||''zs''||''zsy''||''zsh''||''gk''||''ŋg''||''jch''||''njh'' (pronounced like ny)||''n' ''

===Palatalization===

 

 

**l softens to /j/

 

 

*initial vs. non-initial pal'zn

 

===Umlaut===

 

 

Generally i-umlaut is triggered by Old Eevo final -(a)e, -(a)é, -(a)i and -(a)í.

 

{{PAGENAME}} is subject to a fair amount of accent and dialect variation.

*''gonalaa, mowaa'' is used as a polite second-person pronoun (for both singular and plural) for strangers or persons in positions of authority. It is still considered acceptable for some professions, such as superiors in military or schoolteachers, to refer to their counterparts with the familiar pronouns ''gonas'' and ''gonaχ'', although nowadays using ''gonawaa'' is becoming more common.

 

Envirese nouns are quite conservative: they have three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), three numbers (singular, plural and collective), and three states (nominative, genitive and construct). Collective nouns take singular agreement with verbs and adjectives.

*The genitive plural is formed by affixing ''-ny'' to the genitive singular.

*The singular construct is formed by affixing ''-ahh'' to the nominative singular.  

The article inflects and triggers mutation based on number and gender.

The singular definite article ''i'' and ''i^N'' changes to ''in'' (with no mutation) before a noun starting with a V. For example:  

*''*i^N uar'' > ''in uar'' (masculine) 'the sense (nominative)';

*''*i aavaħ'' > ''in aavaħ'' (neuter) 'the book (nominative)'.

*''i h'yowm'' (feminine) 'the star (nominative)'.

To be revised:

! rowspan=2 | || colspan="3" | singular || colspan="3" | plural || colspan=3 | collective

! m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n.

| ''i^N'' || ''i^L'' || ''i''  || ''na'' || ''nar'' || ''na^N'' || ''ba^N'' || ''ba^L'' || ''ba''

| ''na^L'' || ''i^N'' || ''i^N'' || ''na'' || ''na'' || ''na'' || ''ba^L'' || ''ba^N'' || ''ba^N''

Adjectives must agree with nouns in gender, number and case. Adjectives also have nominative singular, genitive singular and nominative plural as principal parts. The genitive plural always ends in ''-ny''.

|+ Attributive forms of ''chow, chow, chowa'' 'small'

! rowspan=2 | || colspan="3" | singular, collective || colspan="3" | plural  

| ''jchow'' || ''schow'' || ''chow''  || ''chowa'' || ''chowa'' || ''jchowa''  

| ''schow'' || ''jchow'' || ''jchow'' || ''chowany'' || ''chowany'' || ''chowany''  

There is a closed class of about 20-30 auxiliaries which are conjugated for tense and person. The main verb is used as a verbal noun. Example:

:'''''Nyan garhiav lan dtarsiad ikaan χkarhii.'''''

:[ɲan ˈgar̝iəv wən daɾˈsiət iˈkaːn xəˈr̝iː]

:PRES.1SG go.VN to-DEF.GEN.SG.N school.GEN.SG every.F day.GEN.SG

:''I go to school every day.''

{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"

|''nyan''||''nyer''||''nyav''||''nyas''||''nya''||''nyam''||''nyad''||''nyaχ''||''nyaw''||''nyaħ''||''nyar''

|}

¹ from Old Eevo ''ar.nédh'' 'to dwell at'. (The verb acquired a meaning like Vietnamese ''ở'' 'be at' which then turned into a progressive construction with a verbal noun.)

If the prepositional object is a pronoun, the genitive form of the pronoun is used: ''wa naa'' = to me, for me.

**yirascooc, yirascooc (f) 'innocence', from ''ascooc'' (f) 'guilt'

[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]