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[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]<br/>
<!--[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Names]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Names]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Sandbox]]<br/>
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{{list subpages}}


{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image =  
|image =  
|imagesize =  
|imagesize =  
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]
|creator= [[User:IlL]]
|creator= User:IlL
|name = {{SUBPAGENAME}}
|name = {{SUBPAGENAME}}
|nativename = ''ye Gièdem''
|nativename = ye Giètem
|pronunciation=   
|pronunciation=   
|region = Talma
|state = Talma
|speakers = 100 million L1 speakers (300 million L2 speakers)
|speakers = 100 million L1 speakers (300 million L2 speakers)
|date = fT 1670<sub>dd</sub> (2676)
|date = fT 1670<sub>dd</sub> (2676)
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'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (''CHAIT-i-ən''; natively ''Ciètem, ye Giètem'', from Thensarian ''Centimae'') is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] (in the Tigolic subbranch of Talmic, which also includes [[Eevo]]). It's inspired by Mandarin, German, Occitan, Irish, [[Thedish]], and English (particularly Cockney and Philadelphian).
'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (''CHAIT-i-ən''; natively ''Ciètem, ye Giètem'', from Thensarian ''Centimae'') is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] (in the Tigolic subbranch of Talmic, which also includes [[Eevo]]). It's inspired by Mandarin, German, Occitan, Irish, [[Thedish]], and English (particularly Cockney and Philadelphian).


A close relative is [[Páuluòbeng]].
A close relative (sometimes considered a dialect) is [[Páuluòbeng]]. [[Anbirese]], a more distant relative, is still somewhat mutually intelligible.


==Todo==
==Todo==
* should be Ăn Yidiș gib?
*Change orthography
*Change orthography
*''nehdier'' = chain
* No case, Welsh grammar
*''netzier'' = chain
*''Nian yirastzuòtzìn!'' = I'm innocent!
*''Nian yirastzuòtzìn!'' = I'm innocent!
*''Shüèl'' = a name (from Sréul)
*''Srüeil'' = a name (from Sréul)
*''Xjüèla'' = Skella
*''Sgüeila'' = Skella
*Single vs. double negatives: use both
*Single vs. double negatives: use both
**a > ea, e > eo, i > iu in certain conditions - what type of pal'n do these new vowels trigger
**a > ea, e > eo, i > iu in certain conditions - what type of pal'n do these new vowels trigger
***e.g. ''cell'' 'small' > *cĕoll > ''qiel''? ''qial''?
***e.g. ''cell'' 'small' > *cĕoll > ''ciel''
**already have eo éu iu íu/iú
**already have eo éu iu íu/iú
*Actually palatalization is NOT as simple as this. y ø a o u vs. i ie vs. ia io iu vs ja jo ju je/ĺa ĺo ĺu ĺe affect consonants differently.
*Actually palatalization is NOT as simple as this. y ø a o u vs. i ie vs. ia io iu vs ja jo ju je/ĺa ĺo ĺu ĺe affect consonants differently.
*non-initial -gh might die
*non-initial -gh might die
*''mièn àvaħ'' (this-DEF book) = 'this book'
*''mièn àvath'' (this-DEF book) = 'this book'
*Revise Thensarian declension based on {{SUBPAGENAME}}
*Revise Thensarian declension based on {{SUBPAGENAME}}
*Have a separate schwa phoneme ''a'' /ə/?
*Have a separate schwa phoneme ''a'' /ə/?
*''-atz'' is cognate to Eevo ''-ahd''
*''-atz'' is cognate to Eevo ''-ahd''
*''-z'' is one plural suffix (often used for nouns ending in vowels; from palatalized lenited -dh)
*''-z'' is one plural suffix (often used for nouns ending in vowels; from palatalized lenited -dh)
*''cht'' > ''c'' à la Wenedyk, final slender ''-t'' > ''-cy''
*''cht'' > ''tz'' à la Wenedyk, final slender ''-t'' > ''-cy''
*sg palatalizes to sh, not xj
*sg palatalizes to /ʃ/ {{angbr|sgi}}
*Words starting with f- are reanalyzed to start with p-: nonstandard dialects don't have this
*Etymological doublets from Tigol absolute-conjunct verb forms.
*Etymological doublets from Tigol absolute-conjunct verb forms.
*lianger = dream (< ''leṁar'')
*lianger = dream (< ''leṁar'')
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===Intonation===
===Intonation===
Pitch accent?
====Word level====
====Word level====
*A stressed short vowel has a high pitch.
*A stressed short vowel has a high pitch.
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{{PAGENAME}} has an aspiration distinction in stops; however, the distinction is neutralized in word-final position.
{{PAGENAME}} has an aspiration distinction in stops; however, the distinction is neutralized in word-final position.


*'''c g ch''' /k g x/
*'''c g ch gh''' /k g x ɣ/
*'''ci gi chi''' /tʃ dʒ ʃ/
*'''ci/cü gi/gü chi/chü/sgi/sgü''' /tʃ dʒ ʃ/
*'''tz dz s z''' /ts dz s z/
*'''tz dz s z''' /ts dz s z/
*'''t d''' /t d/
*'''t d th dh''' /t d ħ ɣ/
*'''p b f v''' /p b f w/
*'''p b f v''' /p b f w/
*'''pь bь fь vь''' /pj bj fj vj/
*'''pь bь fь vь''' /pj bj fj vj/
*'''r rr ħ h m n nь ng l y''' /r r̝ ħ h m n nj ŋ l j/  
*'''r rr h m n nь ng l y''' /r r̝ h m n nj ŋ l j/  
**/l/ is velarized when not followed by /i/, /j/, /y/, or /ɥ/.
**/l/ is velarized when not followed by /i/, /j/, /y/, or /ɥ/.


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| '''ì''' /ɪj/, '''ǜ''' /ʏɥ/
| '''ì''' /ɪj/, '''ǜ''' /ʏɥ/
|  
|  
| /ɯː/
|  
| '''u''' /u/
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ù''' /ʊw/
| '''ù''' /ʊw/
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|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| /ɯː/
|-
|-
! style="" |Mid
! style="" |Mid
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|}
|}
[ɨ(ː) ʉ(ː)] are allophones of /i(ː) y(ː)/ after dental and retroflex sibilants.
[ɨ(ː) ʉ(ː)] are allophones of /i(ː) y(ː)/ after dental and retroflex sibilants.
/ɯː/ is more fully back, unlike [ɨː].


Semivowel onglides: '''i ü u''' /j ɥ w/
Semivowel onglides: '''i ü u''' /j ɥ w/


Diphthongs: '''ai au ei ou iou iei üei''' /ɒj æː äj äw jäw jæj ɥɶj/
Diphthongs: '''ai au ei ou iou iei üei''' /ɒj æː äj äw jäw jæj ɥɶj/
====R-colored vowels====
====R-colored vowels====
(No linking R is used.)
(No linking R is used.)
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==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
Anbirese but with more politeness distinctions
|-
!|
!I!!you (sg.)!!he!!she!!it!!we (exc.)!!we (inc.)!!you (pl.)!!they!!you (semi-polite)!!you (polite)
|-
!|Emphatic
|''gonin''||''gonas''||''gonu''||''gonyi''||''gona''||''gonav''||''gonid''||''gonax''||''gonar''||''gonax''||''gonawaa''
|-
!|Genitive
|''nà''||''fiar''||''hù''||''hì''||''hè''||''àng''||''gèd''||''sèd''||''hàr''||''Sèd''||''Zlà''
|-
!|Accusative
|''moon''||''moos''||''moov''||''mooy''||''moo''||''moom''||''meed''||''moox''||''moor''||''moox''||''mowaa''
|}
====Politeness====
Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} has three levels of politeness in pronouns:
*''gonas, moos'' (sg.) is used for family members, friends, pets, inanimates, deities, and among blue-collar workers. It is becoming more common among young people.
*''gonalaa, mowaa'' is used as a polite second-person pronoun (for both singular and plural) for strangers or persons in positions of authority. It is still considered acceptable for some professions, such as superiors in military or schoolteachers, to refer to their counterparts with the familiar pronouns ''gonas'' and ''gonax'', although nowadays using ''gonawaa'' is becoming more common.
*''gonax'' is roughly intermediate in formality between ''gonas'' and ''gonawaa''. The pronoun ''gonax'' is used when an apprentice addresses their master, when university students address professors or when professors address students. In universities and some schools students use ''gonax'' for each other. (In vocational schools ''gonawaa'' is used for student-instructor conversation.) Strangers on the Internet and books intended for a general audience also use ''gonax''.
**In archaic {{SUBPAGENAME}}, ''gonax'' is used as a polite pronoun for persons of higher class (say nobles or royalty), or among the upper class.
 
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Standard {{SUBPAGENAME}} nouns are quite conservative: they have three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), three numbers (singular, plural and collective), and three states (nominative, genitive and construct). Collective nouns take singular agreement with verbs and adjectives. Regiolects usually have less noun declension.
Standard {{SUBPAGENAME}} nouns are quite conservative: they have three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), three numbers (singular, plural and collective), and three states (nominative, genitive and construct). Collective nouns take singular agreement with verbs and adjectives. Regiolects usually have more tone and less noun declension.


*The nominative singular, nominative plural, and genitive singular must be memorized for every noun. Feminine plurals tend to end in ''-r''.
*The nominative singular, nominative plural, and genitive singular must be memorized for every noun. Feminine plurals tend to end in ''-r''.
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*The plural construct is formed by affixing ''-u'' to the nominative singular if the nominative singular ends in a consonant, and ''-v'' to the nominative singular if it ends in a vowel.
*The plural construct is formed by affixing ''-u'' to the nominative singular if the nominative singular ends in a consonant, and ''-v'' to the nominative singular if it ends in a vowel.
====The article====
====The article====
The article inflects and triggers mutation based on number and gender.
The article inflects and triggers mutation based on number, case and gender.


The singular definite article ''ye'' and ''ye<sup>N</sup>'' changes to ''yen'' (with no mutation) before a noun starting with a vowel or a semivowel. For example:  
The singular definite article ''ye'' and ''ye<sup>N</sup>'' changes to ''yen'' (with no mutation) before a noun starting with a vowel or a semivowel. For example:  
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Collective nouns are by nature definite, and the collective of a noun is formed by using the collective article before the singular form.
Collective nouns are by nature definite, and the collective of a noun is formed by using the collective article before the singular form.


The nominative case is used for the subject; the genitive case is used for direct objects and objects of prepositions.
*The nominative case is used for the subject
*The accusative case is used for direct objects and after certain prepositions
*The dative cade is used after certain prepositions
*The genitive case is used for possession


To be revised:
Todo: accusative and dative
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"  
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"  
|+ '''Definite article'''
|+ '''Definite article'''
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! Example
! Example
| ''ye mpràn'' || ''ye gkàtz'' || ''ye hazier''  || ''na pràn'' || ''ner kàtzer'' || ''na nghazier''
| ''ye mpràn'' || ''ye gkàtz'' || ''ye hazier''  || ''na pràn'' || ''ner kàtzer'' || ''na nghazier''
|-
! acc.
| ''ye<sup>L</sup>'' || ''ye'' || ''ye''  || ''na'' || ''ner'' || ''na<sup>N</sup>''
|-
! Example
| ''ye mpràn'' || ''ye kàtz'' || ''ye hazier''  || ''na pràn'' || ''ner kàtzer'' || ''na nghazier''
|-
! dat.
| ''yi<sup>N</sup>'' || ''na<sup>L</sup>'' || ''yi''  || ''na'' || ''na'' || ''na''
|-
! Example
| ''yi mpràn'' || ''ye gkàtz'' || ''yi hazier''  || ''na pràn'' || ''na kàtzer'' || ''na hazier''
|-
|-
! gen.
! gen.
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|-
|-
! Example
! Example
| ''na bpràn'' || ''na gkàtz'' || ''n'γazier'' || ''nanı prànenı'' || ''nanı kàtzenı'' || ''nanı hazrienı''
| ''na bprànı'' || ''na gkàtzan'' || ''n'γazra'' || ''nanı prànenı'' || ''nanı kàtzenı'' || ''nanı hazrienı''
|}
|}


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{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"  
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"  
|+ Attributive forms of ''cial'' 'small'
|+ Attributive forms of ''cial'' 'small'
! rowspan=2 | || colspan="3" | singular, collective || colspan="3" | plural  
! rowspan=2 | || colspan="3" | singular || colspan="3" | plural  
|-
|-
! m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n.  
! m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n.  
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===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Like English and German, Ciètian uses a mixture of periphrastic constructions and inflected forms to express tenses.
====Finite verb inflection====
====Auxiliaries====
All forms of a {{PAGENAME}} verb are formed from four principal parts:  
:'''''Nyan garhiav wan dtarsiad ikaan xkarhii.'''''
:[ɲan gaˈriəv wən daɾˈsiət iˈkaːn xəˈr̝iː]
:PRES.1SG go.VN to-DEF.GEN.SG.N school.GEN.SG every.F day.GEN.SG
:''I go to school every day.''


{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
#the present absolute stem
|-
#the imperative stem
!|
#the past stem
!I!!thou!!he!!she!!it!!we (exc.)!!we (inc.)!!you (pl., semi-polite)!!you (polite)!!they!!one (impersonal)
#the bare infinitive stem
|-
!|present<sup>1</sup>
|''nyan''||''nyer''||''nyav''||''nyas''||''nya''||''nyam''||''nyad''||''nyax''||''nyaw''||''nyaħ''||''nyar''
|-
!|future
|''pon''||''per''||''pov''||''pos''||''po''||''pom''||''pod''||''pox''||''poo''||''poħ''||''por''
|}


<sup>1</sup> from Old Eevo ''ar.nédh'' 'to dwell at'. (The verb acquired a meaning like Vietnamese ''ở'' 'be at' which then turned into a progressive construction with a verbal noun.)
The forms of a {{PAGENAME}} verb are the following:
*Present tense: PRESENT + ''-ig'', negative ''θri'' + IMPERATIVE
*Subjunctive (after preverbs): also IMPERATIVE
*Future tense: ''aeb'' + IMPERATIVE
*Past tense: PAST + ''-in''; induces split-ergativity
*Imperative: IMPERATIVE
*''-eod'' infinitive: PRESENT + -eod
*bare infinitive: INFINITIVE


====Inflected forms====
There is no aspect distinction.
Unlike the present and the future, the past tense uses the participle ''-ìn'', derived from the Tigol past passive participle. Like in [[Anbirese]] but unlike in [[Eevo]], the past tense uses  ergative alignment, with the ergative preposition ''u'' used before the ergative constituent for transitive verbs.


====Other forms====
====Other forms====
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**with ''asd'' 'without', indicates "without VERBing"
**with ''asd'' 'without', indicates "without VERBing"
**(nonstandard) with ''ħand'' 'after', indicates that the action just happened.
**(nonstandard) with ''ħand'' 'after', indicates that the action just happened.
====Split-ergativity====
{{PAGENAME}} has split-ergativity: past tense verbs display ergative alignment, and non-past tense verbs have accusative alignment.
That is, the subject is marked with the preposition ''u'' for transitive verbs, and is unmarked for intransitive verbs. In the case of transitive verbs, the ergative marking occurs regardless of whether or not there is a direct object.
Examples:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
'''Transitive verbs'''
:''Xabin '''u''' na.''
:eat.PRET ERG 1SG
:'I have eaten.'
:''Xabin '''u''' na n sáeng.''
:eat.PRET ERG 1SG DEF bread
:'I have eaten the bread.'
:''A tjéobrjeong '''u''' na n kéolsjang χa.''
:but leave.PRET ERG 1SG DEF glh_schanng there
:'But I left the ''glh schanng'' (kefir-soaked Bjeheondian salad) there.'
{{col-break}}
'''Intransitive verbs'''
:''Eoseong eo már.''
:die.PRET DEF tree/PL
:'The trees died.'
:''Farjeogin meo nóγeol χaltan.''
:return.PRET 1PL.EXC.POSS dog/PL at_last
:'Our dogs finally returned.'
{{col-end}}
====Strong verbs====
As in Germanic, some Anbirese verbs form the past tense and the ''-eod'' infinitive by using ablaut.


===Prepositions===
===Prepositions===
Jukethatbox
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