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Ciètian: Difference between revisions
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[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]<br/> | <!--[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]<br/> | ||
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]<br/> | [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]<br/> | ||
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Names]]<br/> | [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Names]]<br/> | ||
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Sandbox]]<br/> | [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Sandbox]]<br/>--> | ||
{{list subpages}} | |||
{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|image = | |image = | ||
|imagesize = | |imagesize = | ||
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]] | |setting = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]] | ||
|creator= | |creator= User:IlL | ||
|name = {{SUBPAGENAME}} | |name = {{SUBPAGENAME}} | ||
|nativename = | |nativename = ye Giètem | ||
|pronunciation= | |pronunciation= | ||
| | |state = Talma | ||
|speakers = 100 million L1 speakers (300 million L2 speakers) | |speakers = 100 million L1 speakers (300 million L2 speakers) | ||
|date = fT 1670<sub>dd</sub> (2676) | |date = fT 1670<sub>dd</sub> (2676) | ||
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'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (''CHAIT-i-ən''; natively ''Ciètem, ye Giètem'', from Thensarian ''Centimae'') is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] (in the Tigolic subbranch of Talmic, which also includes [[Eevo]]). It's inspired by Mandarin, German, Occitan, Irish, [[Thedish]], and English (particularly Cockney and Philadelphian). | '''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (''CHAIT-i-ən''; natively ''Ciètem, ye Giètem'', from Thensarian ''Centimae'') is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] (in the Tigolic subbranch of Talmic, which also includes [[Eevo]]). It's inspired by Mandarin, German, Occitan, Irish, [[Thedish]], and English (particularly Cockney and Philadelphian). | ||
A close relative (sometimes considered a | A close relative (sometimes considered a dialect) is [[Páuluòbeng]]. [[Anbirese]], a more distant relative, is still somewhat mutually intelligible. | ||
==Todo== | ==Todo== | ||
* should be Ăn Yidiș gib? | |||
*Change orthography | *Change orthography | ||
* | * No case, Welsh grammar | ||
*''netzier'' = chain | *''netzier'' = chain | ||
*''Nian yirastzuòtzìn!'' = I'm innocent! | *''Nian yirastzuòtzìn!'' = I'm innocent! | ||
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==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
Anbirese but with more politeness distinctions | |||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Standard {{SUBPAGENAME}} nouns are quite conservative: they have three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), three numbers (singular, plural and collective), and three states (nominative, genitive and construct). Collective nouns take singular agreement with verbs and adjectives. Regiolects usually have more tone and less noun declension. | Standard {{SUBPAGENAME}} nouns are quite conservative: they have three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), three numbers (singular, plural and collective), and three states (nominative, genitive and construct). Collective nouns take singular agreement with verbs and adjectives. Regiolects usually have more tone and less noun declension. | ||
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
====Finite verb inflection==== | |||
==== | All forms of a {{PAGENAME}} verb are formed from four principal parts: | ||
: | |||
#the present absolute stem | |||
#the imperative stem | |||
#the past stem | |||
#the bare infinitive stem | |||
The forms of a {{PAGENAME}} verb are the following: | |||
*Present tense: PRESENT + ''-ig'', negative ''θri'' + IMPERATIVE | |||
*Subjunctive (after preverbs): also IMPERATIVE | |||
*Future tense: ''aeb'' + IMPERATIVE | |||
*Past tense: PAST + ''-in''; induces split-ergativity | |||
*Imperative: IMPERATIVE | |||
*''-eod'' infinitive: PRESENT + -eod | |||
*bare infinitive: INFINITIVE | |||
There is no aspect distinction. | |||
====Other forms==== | ====Other forms==== | ||
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**with ''asd'' 'without', indicates "without VERBing" | **with ''asd'' 'without', indicates "without VERBing" | ||
**(nonstandard) with ''ħand'' 'after', indicates that the action just happened. | **(nonstandard) with ''ħand'' 'after', indicates that the action just happened. | ||
====Split-ergativity==== | |||
{{PAGENAME}} has split-ergativity: past tense verbs display ergative alignment, and non-past tense verbs have accusative alignment. | |||
That is, the subject is marked with the preposition ''u'' for transitive verbs, and is unmarked for intransitive verbs. In the case of transitive verbs, the ergative marking occurs regardless of whether or not there is a direct object. | |||
Examples: | |||
{{col-begin}} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
'''Transitive verbs''' | |||
:''Xabin '''u''' na.'' | |||
:eat.PRET ERG 1SG | |||
:'I have eaten.' | |||
:''Xabin '''u''' na n sáeng.'' | |||
:eat.PRET ERG 1SG DEF bread | |||
:'I have eaten the bread.' | |||
:''A tjéobrjeong '''u''' na n kéolsjang χa.'' | |||
:but leave.PRET ERG 1SG DEF glh_schanng there | |||
:'But I left the ''glh schanng'' (kefir-soaked Bjeheondian salad) there.' | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
'''Intransitive verbs''' | |||
:''Eoseong eo már.'' | |||
:die.PRET DEF tree/PL | |||
:'The trees died.' | |||
:''Farjeogin meo nóγeol χaltan.'' | |||
:return.PRET 1PL.EXC.POSS dog/PL at_last | |||
:'Our dogs finally returned.' | |||
{{col-end}} | |||
====Strong verbs==== | |||
As in Germanic, some Anbirese verbs form the past tense and the ''-eod'' infinitive by using ablaut. | |||
===Prepositions=== | ===Prepositions=== | ||