Ciètian: Difference between revisions

[[{{PAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]<br/>

[[{{PAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]<br/>

[[{{PAGENAME}}/Names]]<br/>

|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]

|creator= [[User:IlL]]

|name = {{PAGENAME}}

|nativename = a :hAnvyrav

|pronunciation= /ə ɣaːħ ˈhanvɨɾəv/

|region = Talma

|fam1= [[Proto-Quihum|Quihum]]

|fam4= Old Eevo

|iso3=qtg

'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''y g:ghâħ :hAnvyrav'' /i ɣaːħ ˈhanvɨɾəv/) is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] (in the subbranch of Tigolic, which also includes [[Eevo]]) somewhat inspired by Irish. On the planet of [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]] ({{PAGENAME}}: ''y Samòch'' /i səˈmɔːx/), it is an analogue of German in terms of influence and grammar. {{PAGENAME}} is the official language of the Talman nation [[Verse:Tricin/Anvyr|Anvyr]] and of former colonies in Cualuav and Txapoalli; it is the second-largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. Like most modern Talmic languages, {{PAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. It is spoken on the northwest coast of the continent of Etalocin (called ''Eħa'' /ˈɛħə/ in {{PAGENAME}}) on the planet of Clotricin. Thanks in large part to the printing press, Modern {{PAGENAME}} rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma. Today, {{PAGENAME}} still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages.

This language began as ''Tíogall'', which was a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?". For a while it developed as an Irish-German hybrid. At one point I decided to remove all "giblangs" from modern Tricin, or languages with the aesthetics of one natlang (unless the premise was funny, like [[Bhadhagha]] or [[Clofabosin]]). Since Tíogall was basically an Irish with German characteristics, it was abandoned. I still decided that Talmic languages needed somewhat more internal diversity (in particular, a "German" analogue to Eevo's "English"), so I decided to revive this project. Since I don't want a German analogue to be so obviously Hiberno-German, this time I'm eschewing obviously German features in the aesthetic such as front rounded vowels, and I'm trying a somewhat Old English and West Slavic (particularly Czech and Sorbian) aesthetic. Also grammar-wise, while keeping a somewhat Celtic grammar (e.g. mutations, head-initial syntax), I'm playing with decidedly non-Celtic grammatical features such as split-ergativity (which was in my original Tíogall), and a singulative-collective-plurative system.

*Should have had more dh's

***e.g. cell 'small' > *cĕoll > ċol /tʃow/

*Get rid of initial clusters:

**sR- > sVR- (R = m, n, ń, ŋ, r)

*''mê yn âvaħ'' (this DEF book) = 'this book'

*Revise Thensarian declension based on Anvyrese

*''-aț'' is cognate to Eevo ''-ahd'' (both from Old Eevo ''-aitt'')

*''-z'' is one plural suffix (often used for single syllable nouns ending in vowels; from palatalized lenited -dh)

The following describes {{PAGENAME}} as spoken in Stimmîn. The orthography used in this article aims for aesthetics and ease of reading phonetically.

Stress is not phonemic and is weight-sensitive: the last long vowel is stressed. If there is no long vowel the first syllable is stressed.

In most compound words, primary stress falls on the first member and a secondary stress falls on the second member. Place names are sometimes exceptions to the preceding rule: for example, the element ''-vè'' is always stressed.

{{PAGENAME}} has a relatively large consonant inventory.

{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"

|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} consonants'''

!colspan="2"| !! Labial !! Dental/Alveolar !! Postalv. !! Palatal !! Velar !! Pharyngeal !! Glottal

!colspan="2"|Nasal

| '''m''' /m/, '''mm''' /m:/

| '''n''' /n/, '''nn''' /n:/

| '''ț''' /ts/

| '''ċ''' /tʃ/

!<small>lenis</small>

| || '''hj''' /ç/

|

 

*An initial /ʔ/ can be added to null initials (but is not mandatory).

 

 

 

|  

| '''ê''' /eː/

| '''ò''' /ɔː/

| '''a''' /a/

| '''â''' /aː/

/ʉː, ɵː/ retain fully back allophones [uː, oː] before /ɾ/, /w/ and /j/.

As in Czech, '''y, ŷ''' is used as a non-palatalizing variant of '''i, î'''.

Unstressed /əw/ becomes /ɔ/.

===Prosody===

{{PAGENAME}} has a distinctive intonation paradigm. It originates from discursive uptalk in older forms of {{PAGENAME}}, which has since generalized to all declarative sentences. A few accents, such as Tumacan accents, do not use this pattern.

*In declarative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focus word (if there is no focused constituent, the last word) has a lower pitch than the immediately preceding syllable. ("...mid ꜜ LOW mid...")

*In interrogative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focus word has a higher pitch than the syllable immediately before. ("... mid ꜛ HIGH mid ... ?")

*In exclamations, the stressed syllable starts low and receives a rising intonation ("... mid ꜜ LOW-HIGH mid ... !"), possibly with a gradual drop to low pitch in the end. Angry or indignant questions also use an exclamatory intonation.

{{PAGENAME}} is subject to a fair amount of accentual and dialectal variation.

==Morphology==

===Pronouns===

{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"

!|

!|Independent (emphatic)

|''gonyn''||''gonas''||''gonu''||''goni''||''gona''||''gonav''||''gonyd''||''gonach''||''gonar''||''gonach''||''gonalâ''

!|Independent (archaic)

|''nâ''||''fiar''||''hu''||''hi''||''he''||''âv''||''gêd''||''sêd''||''hâr''||''sêd''||''lâ''

!|Accusative

|''môn''||''môs''||''môv''||''mê''||''mô''||''môm''||''môd''||''môch''||''môr''||''môch''||''molâ''

Anvyrese nouns have three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), three numbers (singular, plural and collective), and three states (nominative, genitive and construct). Collective nouns take singular agreement with verbs and adjectives.

*The genitive plural is formed by affixing ''-ń'' to the genitive singular.

The article inflects and triggers mutation based on number and gender.

The singular definite article is always ''yn'' (with no mutation) before a masculine or neuter noun starting with a V.

To be revised:

! rowspan=2 | || colspan="3" | singular || colspan="3" | plural || colspan=3 | collective

! m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n.

| ''y^N'' || ''y^L'' || ''y''  || ''na'' || ''nar'' || ''na^N'' || ''ba^N'' || ''ba^L'' || ''ba''

| ''na^L'' || ''y^N'' || ''y^N'' || ''na'' || ''na'' || ''na'' || ''ba^L'' || ''ba^N'' || ''ba^N''

Adjectives must agree with nouns in gender, number and case.

There is a closed class of about 20-30 auxiliaries which are conjugated for tense and person. The main verb is used as a verbal noun. Example:

{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"

|-

!I!!thou!!he!!she!!it!!we (exc.)!!we (inc.)!!you (pl., semi-polite)!!you (polite)!!they!!one (impersonal)

|-

|''ńan''||''ńer''||''ńav''||''ńas''||''ńa''||''ńam''||''ńad''||''ńach''||''ńal''||''ńaħ''||''ńar''

¹ from Old Eevo ''ar.nédh'' 'to dwell at'. (The verb acquired a meaning like Vietnamese ''ở'' 'be at' which then turned into a progressive construction with a verbal noun.)

[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]