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| [[{{PAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]<br/>
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| [[{{PAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]<br/>
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| [[{{PAGENAME}}/Names]]<br/>
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| {{Infobox language
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| |image =
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| |imagesize =
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| |setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
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| |creator= [[User:IlL]]
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| |name = {{PAGENAME}}
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| |nativename = y Hanvyrav
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| |pronunciation= /i ˈhanvɨɾəv/
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| |region = Talma
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| |speakers = 100 million L1 speakers (300 million L2 speakers)
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| |date = fT 1670<sub>dd</sub> (2676)
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| |familycolor=PfK
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| |fam1= [[Proto-Quihum|Quihum]]
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| |fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
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| |fam3= Thensaric
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| |fam4= Old Eevo
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| |iso3=qtg
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| |notice=IPA
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| }}
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| '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''y ghâħ Hanvyrav'' /i ɣaːħ ˈhanvɨɾəv/) is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] (in the subbranch of Tigolic, which also includes [[Eevo]]) somewhat inspired by Irish. On the planet of [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]] ({{PAGENAME}}: ''y Samòch'' /i səˈmɔːx/), it is an analogue of German in terms of influence and grammar. {{PAGENAME}} is the official language of the Talman nation [[Verse:Tricin/Anvyr|Anvyr]] and of former colonies in Cualuav and Txapoalli; it is the second-largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. Like most modern Talmic languages, {{PAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. It is spoken on the northwest coast of the continent of Etalocin (called ''Eħa'' /ˈɛħə/ in {{PAGENAME}}) on the planet of Clotricin. Thanks in large part to the printing press, Modern {{PAGENAME}} rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma. Today, {{PAGENAME}} still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages.
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| This language began as ''Tíogall'', which was a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?". For a while it developed as an Irish-German hybrid. At one point I decided to remove all "giblangs" from modern Tricin, or languages with the aesthetics of one natlang (unless the premise was funny, like [[Bhadhagha]] or [[Clofabosin]]). Since Tíogall was basically an Irish with German characteristics, it was abandoned. I still decided that Talmic languages needed somewhat more internal diversity (in particular, a "German" analogue to Eevo's "English"), so I decided to revive this project. Since I don't want a German analogue to be so obviously Hiberno-German, this time I'm eschewing obviously German features in the aesthetic such as front rounded vowels, and I'm trying a somewhat Old English and West Slavic aesthetic. Also grammar-wise, while keeping a somewhat Celtic grammar (e.g. mutations, head-initial syntax), I'm playing with decidedly non-Celtic grammatical features such as split-ergativity (which was in my original Tíogall), and a singulative-collective-plurative system.
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| ==Todo==
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| TODO: genitive singular and nominative plural forms for every noun. The principal parts for nouns are given in the order of: nom. sg., gen. sg, nom. pl.
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| For the principal parts just make up some common patterns now and justify it later.
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| *''ciûgh, ciûghad, ciûż'' (m) = bowl < clíugh
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| *''samuac, samuac, samuac'' (n) = bridge
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| *''âvaħ, âvaś, âvaħa'' (m) = book
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| *''szâr, szârad, szârz'' (m) = cat
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| *''biè, biè, bièz'' (n; from ''beidh'') = part
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| *''cîv, cîvann, cîvar'' (f) = hand
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| *''drâ, drâ, drâz'' (n) = side
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| *''bûta, bûta, bûtaz'' (m) = cave
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| *''fîrac, fîrac, fîracar'' (f) = kingdom
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| *''maroż, maroż, marożar'' (f) = law, in general or collective system of laws; right (translates German ''Recht'', [[Windermere]] ''xin'')
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| *''taszniach, taszniasz, taszniacha'' (n) = law, as in a specific statute or act (translates German ''Gesetz'', [[Windermere]] ''hăma'')
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| *''aściôchân'' = guilty
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| *''aściôc, aściôc'' (f) = guilt (from 'proof [of guilt]')
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| *''ir-aściôc, ir-aściôc'' (f) = innocence
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|
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| ==Notes==
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| ===Symbols===
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| *<sup>L</sup> - lenition/aspiration
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| *<sup>N</sup> - eclipsis
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|
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| ==Phonology==
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| The following describes {{PAGENAME}} as spoken in Ściemmîn. The orthography used in this article aims for aesthetics and ease of reading phonetically.
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| ===Stress===
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| Stress is not phonemic and is weight-sensitive: the last long vowel is stressed. If there is no long vowel the first syllable is stressed.
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| In most compound words, primary stress falls on the first member and a secondary stress falls on the second member. Place names are sometimes exceptions to the preceding rule: for example, the element ''-vè'' is always stressed.
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|
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| ===Consonants===
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| {{PAGENAME}} has a relatively large consonant inventory.
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| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
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| |+ '''{{PAGENAME}} consonants'''
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| |-
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| !colspan="2"| !! Labial !! Dental/Alveolar !! Postalv. !! Palatal !! Velar !! Pharyngeal !! Glottal
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| |-
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| !colspan="2"|Nasal
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| | '''m''' /m/, '''mm''' /m:/
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| | '''n''' /n/, '''nn''' /n:/
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| | '''ń''' /ɲ/, '''ńń''' /ɲ:/
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| | '''ŋ''' /ŋ/, '''ŋŋ''' /ŋ:/ || ||
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| |-
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| !rowspan="2"|Stop
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| !<small>fortis</small>
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| | '''p''' /p/
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| | '''t''' /t/
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| | '''k''' /k/ || ||
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| |-
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| !<small>lenis</small>
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| | '''b''' /b/
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| | '''d''' /d/
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| | '''g''' /g/ || ||
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| |-
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| !rowspan="2"|Affricate
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| !<small>fortis</small>
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| | '''c''' /ts/
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| | '''cz''' /tʃ/
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| | '''ć''' /tɕ/
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| | || ||
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| |-
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| !<small>lenis</small>
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| | '''dz''' /dz/
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| | '''dż''' /dʒ/
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| | '''dź''' /dʑ/ || || ||
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| |-
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| !rowspan="2"|Spirant
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| !<small>unvoiced</small>
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| | '''f''' /f/
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| | || '''hj''' /ç/
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| | '''ch''' /x/ || '''ħ''' /ħ/ ||
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| |-
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| !<small>voiced</small>
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| | '''v''' /v/
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| | '''gh''' /ɣ/ || ||
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| |-
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| !rowspan="2"|Sibilant
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| !<small>unvoiced</small>
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| | '''s''' /s/
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| | '''sz''' /ʃ/ || '''ś''' /ɕ/ ||
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| | || '''h''' /h/
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| |-
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| !<small>voiced</small>
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| | '''z''' /z/
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| | '''ż''' /ʒ/ || '''ź''' /ʑ/ ||
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| |-
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| !colspan="2"| Liquid
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| | '''r''' /ɾ/ || '''rz''' /r̝/ ||
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| |-
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| !colspan="2"| Approximant
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| | '''ł''' /w/ || ||
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| | '''j, ĺ''' /j/ ||
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| |}
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|
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| ;Notes
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| *An initial /ʔ/ can be added to null initials (but is not mandatory).
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| *Voiceless stops are aspirated syllable-initially; voiced stops devoice after voiceless sounds.
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| * {{PAGENAME}} has a form of Auslautverhärtung: voicing is neutralized for word-final stops but not word-final fricatives.
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| */n, t, d/ are usually dental [n̪, t̪, d̪].
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| */s/ is laminal alveolar [s].
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| */ŋ, k, g/ are usually velar [ŋ, k, g], but are often labialized pharyngealized uvular [qʷ, qʷˁ, ɢʷˁ] next to /ʀ~ʟ/. /kʟ/ becomes an affricate or a trilled affricate [qχ].
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| */ŋ, k, g, x, ɣ/ are prevelar before front vowels.
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| *In dialects and classical singing and drama, '''l''' /w/ is pronounced as [ɫ] and '''ĺ''' is a separate phoneme /lʲ/.
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| *After a vowel, /ɣ/ colloquially disappears with compensatory lengthening of the vowel if the vowel is short (unless the /ɣ/ begins a stressed syllable.)
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| ====Mutations====
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|
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| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
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| |-
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| |+ '''Consonant mutations'''
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| |-
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| !|Grapheme
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| |''m''||''p''||''b''||''f''||''nn''||''t''||''d''||''ńń''||''ć''||''dź''||''s''||''ś''||''k''||''g''||''ŋŋ''||''cz''||''dż''||''0''
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| |-
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| !|Lenited
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| |''v''||''f''||''v''||''h''||''n''||''ħ''||''0''||''ń''||''ś''||''ź''||''h''||''ś''||''ch''||''gh''||''ŋ''||''sz''||''ż''||''h-''
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| |-
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| !|Eclipsed
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| |''m''||''b''||''m''||''v''||''nn''||''d''||''n''||''ńń''||''dź''||''ń''||''s''||''ś''||''g''||''ŋ''||''ŋŋ''||''dż''||''ń''||''n-''
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| |}
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|
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| ===Vowels===
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| {{PAGENAME}} has a moderately large vowel system.
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
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| |+ '''{{PAGENAME}} vowels'''
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="3" |
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| ! colspan="2" |Front
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| ! colspan="2" |Central
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| ! colspan="3" |Back
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="" |<small>unrounded</small>
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| ! style=" " |<small>unrounded</small>
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| ! style=" " |<small>rounded</small>
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| ! style=" " |<small>unrounded</small>
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| ! style=" " |<small>rounded</small>
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| |-
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| !style=" "|<small>short</small>
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| !style=" "|<small>long</small>
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| !style=" "|<small>short</small>
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| !style=" "|<small>long</small>
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| !style=" "|<small>short</small>
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| !style=" "|<small>long</small>
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| | '''y, i''' /ɪ/
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| | '''ŷ, î''' /iː/
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| | '''u''' /ʊ/
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| | '''û''' /uː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Mid
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| | '''ê''' /eː/
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| | [ə]
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| | '''ô''' /oː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open-mid
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| | '''e''' /ɛ/
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| | '''è''' /ɛː/
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| | '''o''' /ɔ/
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| | '''ò''' /ɔː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open
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| | '''a''' /a/
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| | '''â''' /aː/
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| |}
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|
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| As in Czech, '''y, ŷ''' is used as a non-palatalizing variant of '''i, î'''.
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| Unstressed /əw/ becomes /ɔ/.
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|
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| ===Phonotactics===
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| All initial clusters are prohibited except those of the form /Cw/ and /Cj/. Final clusters are allowed, though.
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|
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| ===Prosody===
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| {{PAGENAME}} has a distinctive intonation paradigm. It originates from discursive uptalk in older forms of {{PAGENAME}}, which has since generalized to all declarative sentences. A few accents, such as Tumacan accents, do not use this pattern.
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| *In declarative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focus word (if there is no focused constituent, the last word) has a lower pitch than the immediately preceding syllable. ("...mid ꜜ LOW mid...")
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| *In interrogative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focus word has a higher pitch than the syllable immediately before. ("... mid ꜛ HIGH mid ... ?")
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| *In exclamations, the stressed syllable starts low and receives a rising intonation ("... mid ꜜ LOW-HIGH mid ... !"), possibly with a gradual drop to low pitch in the end. Angry or indignant questions also use an exclamatory intonation.
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|
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| ==Dialectology==
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| {{PAGENAME}} is subject to a fair amount of accentual and dialectal variation.
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| ==Morphology==
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| ===Pronouns===
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| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
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| |-
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| !|
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| !I!!you (sg.)!!he!!she!!it!!we (exc.)!!we (inc.)!!you (pl.)!!they!!you (semi-polite)!!you (polite)
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| |-
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| !|Emphatic
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| |''gonyn''||''gonas''||''gonu''||''goni''||''gona''||''gonav''||''gonyd''||''gonach''||''gonar''||''gonach''||''gonałâ''
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| |-
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| !|Genitive
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| |''nâ''||''fiar''||''hu''||''hi''||''he''||''âv''||''gêd''||''sêd''||''hâr''||''sêd''||''sêd, łâ''
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| |-
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| !|Accusative
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| |''môn''||''môs''||''môv''||''mê''||''mô''||''môm''||''mêd''||''môch''||''môr''||''môch''||''mołâ''
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| |}
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| ====Politeness====
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| Modern Anvyrese has three levels of politeness in pronouns:
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| *''gonas, môs'' (sg.) is used for family members, friends, pets, inanimates, deities, and among blue-collar workers. It is becoming more common among young people.
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| *''gonalâ, molâ'' is used as a polite second-person pronoun (for both singular and plural) for strangers or persons in positions of authority. It is still considered acceptable for some professions, such as superiors in military or schoolteachers, to refer to their counterparts with the familiar pronouns ''gonas'' and ''gonach'', although nowadays using ''gonalâ'' is becoming more common.
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| *''gonach'' is roughly intermediate in formality between ''gonas'' and ''gonalâ''. The pronoun ''gonach'' is used when an apprentice addresses their master, when university students address professors or when professors address students. In universities and some schools students use ''gonach'' for each other. (In vocational schools ''gonalâ'' is used for student-instructor conversation.) Strangers on the Internet and books intended for a general audience also use ''gonach''.
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| **In archaic Anvyrese, ''sêd'' is used as a polite pronoun for persons of higher class (say nobles or royalty), or among the upper class.
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|
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| ===Nouns===
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| Anvyrese nouns are quite conservative: they have three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), three numbers (singular, plural and collective), and three states (nominative, genitive and construct). Collective nouns take singular agreement with verbs and adjectives.
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|
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| *The nominative singular, nominative plural, and genitive singular must be memorized for every noun. Feminine plurals tend to end in ''-r''.
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| *The genitive plural is formed by affixing ''-ń'' to the genitive singular.
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| *The singular construct is formed by affixing ''-aħ'' to the nominative singular.
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| *The plural construct is formed by affixing ''-u'' to the nominative singular if the nominative singular ends in a consonant, and ''-v'' to the nominative singular if it ends in a vowel.
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| ====The article====
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| The article inflects and triggers mutation based on number and gender.
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|
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| The singular definite article is always ''yn'' (with no mutation) before a masculine or neuter noun starting with a V.
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|
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| Collective nouns are by nature definite, and the collective of a noun is formed by using the collective article before the singular form.
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|
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| To be revised:
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| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
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| |+ '''Definite article'''
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| ! rowspan=2 | || colspan="3" | singular || colspan="3" | plural || colspan=3 | collective
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| |-
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| ! m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n.
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| |-
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| ! nom.
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| | ''y<sup>N</sup>'' || ''y<sup>L</sup>'' || ''y'' || ''na'' || ''nar'' || ''na<sup>N</sup>'' || ''ba<sup>N</sup>'' || ''ba<sup>L</sup>'' || ''ba''
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| |-
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| ! gen.
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| | ''na<sup>L</sup>'' || ''y<sup>N</sup>'' || ''y<sup>N</sup>'' || ''na'' || ''na'' || ''na'' || ''ba<sup>L</sup>'' || ''ba<sup>N</sup>'' || ''ba<sup>N</sup>''
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| |}
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|
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| ===Adjectives===
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| Adjectives must agree with nouns in gender, number and case. Adjectives also have nominative singular, genitive singular and nominative plural as principal parts. The genitive plural always ends in ''-ń''.
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|
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| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
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| |+ Attributive forms of ''czoł, czoł, czoła'' 'small'
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| ! rowspan=2 | || colspan="3" | singular, collective || colspan="3" | plural
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| |-
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| ! m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n.
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| |-
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| ! nom.
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| | ''dżoł'' || ''szoł'' || ''czoł'' || ''czola'' || ''czola'' || ''dżola''
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| |-
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| ! gen.
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| | ''szoł'' || ''dżoł'' || ''dżoł'' || ''czolań'' || ''czolań'' || ''czolań''
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| |}
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|
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| ===Verbs===
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| There is a closed class of about 20-30 auxiliaries which are conjugated for tense and person. The main verb is used as a verbal noun. Example:
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|
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| :'''''Ńan garziav lan darsiad ikân charzî.'''''
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| :[ɲan ˈgar̝iəv wən daɾˈsiət iˈkaːn xəˈr̝iː]
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| :PRES.1SG go.VN to-DEF.GEN.SG.N school.GEN.SG every.F day.GEN.SG
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| :''I go to school every day.''
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|
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| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
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| |-
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| !|
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| !I!!thou!!he!!she!!it!!we (exc.)!!we (inc.)!!you (pl., semi-polite)!!you (polite)!!they!!one (impersonal)
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| |-
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| !|present<sup>1</sup>
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| |''ńan''||''ńer''||''ńav''||''ńas''||''ńa''||''ńam''||''ńad''||''ńach''||''ńał''||''ńaħ''||''ńar''
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| |}
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| <sup>1</sup> from Old Eevo ''ar.nédh'' 'to dwell at'. (The verb acquired a meaning like Vietnamese ''ở'' 'be at' which then turned into a progressive construction with a verbal noun.)
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|
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| [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
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| [[Category:Talmic languages]]
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| [[Category:Quihum languages]]
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| [[Category:Tricin]]
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| [[Category:Languages]]
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