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| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | kutśl [kuʧl̩](you)
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | kutśl [kuʧl̩](you)
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | vogh gulth  
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | vogh gulth  
[vogəh gultʰ]
[voɠ gulth̩]
(''he/she'')
(''he/she'')
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | garbe śf  
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | garbe śf  
Line 520: Line 520:


==== Indirect Personal ====
==== Indirect Personal ====
Skegletorahh'gallã has a very special set of pronouns reserved only to the indirect object. Instead of saying “to me” you use the indirect personal pronoun for I.  
Skegletorahh'gallã has a very special set of pronouns reserved only to the indirect object. Instead of saying “to me” you use the indirect personal pronoun for I.  


Pira jyei → Pawahh [pa.waɦ]
* pira jyei → pawah [pa.wah]
Jablu sayll → Juvo [ʤu.vo]
* jablu sayll → juvo [ju.vo]
Haloewano kou → Hexorf [χe.k'sorf]
* haloewano kou → hexorf [he.xorf]
Zag ostraig → Zeqask [ze.qyask]
* zag ostraig → zekjask [ze.kʲask]
Qutč → Qphi [qyp.xi]
* kutś → kphi [kap.hi]
Qutčl → Qphil [qyp.xil]
* kutśl → kphil [kap.hil]
Vogh gulth → Vrosun [vro.sun]
* vogh gulth → vrosun [vro.sun]
Garbe šf → Ghaekro [ɠae.kro]
* garbe śf → ghaekro [ɠɔ.kro]
Phouuni → Pūstu [pius.tu]
* phouni → pūstu [pjʊs.tu]
Phouunil → Pūstul [pius.tul]
* phounil → pūstul [pjʊs.tul]
Dara bvi → Drikud [dri.kud]
* dara bvi → drikud [dri.kud]
Budes Delati → Boška [ʙoʃ.ka]
* budes delati → bośka [ʙoʃ.ka]
Borhear → Busẽeta [ʙu.sɘ.ta]
* borhear → buseeta [ʙu.sə.ta]
Borhearl → Busẽetal [ʙu.sɘ.tal]
* borhearl → buseetal [ʙu.sə.tal]
PratNGçu → Prãteb [prã.teb]
* pratńçu → prateb [pra.teb]
PratNGçcul → Prãtebl [prã.te.bel]
* pratńçul → pratebl [pra.te.bl̩]
Thairg → Tribug [tri.buɡ]
* thairg → tribug [tri.bug]
Thogr → Trulois [tru.lo.is]
* thogr → trulois [tru.lʏs]


==== Indefinite ====
==== Indefinite ====


This vs That
==== This vs That ====
 
Demonstrative pronouns are split into 4 categories. There are pronouns for people and things on the same timeline as the speaker's and pronouns for people and objects on a different timeline than the one of the speaker.  
Demonstrative pronouns are split into 4 categories. There are pronouns for people and things on the same timeline as the speaker's and pronouns for people and objects on a different timeline than the one of the speaker.  
When talking about people on the same timeline as the speaker we use vist [vist] for this/these and nu [nu] for that/those.
 
For objects on the speaker's timeline we use niat [niat] for this/these and zu [zu] for that/those
* When talking about '''people''' on the '''same timeline''' as the speaker we use ''vist'' [vist] for this/these and ''nu'' [nu] for that/those. For '''objects''' on the speaker's timeline we use ''niat'' [niat] for this/these and ''zu'' [zu] for that/those
If we're mentioning objects on a different timeline than ours it'd be correct to add fhe'lẽ [œf.heʢ.lẽ] before niat or zu.  
* If we're mentioning '''objects''' on a '''different timeline''' than ours it'd be correct to add ''fe'le'' [θeʔ.le] before ''niat'' or ''zu''. In the case of '''people''' we add ''fe'la'' [θeʔ.la].
In the case of people we add fhe'lã [œf.heʢ.lã].


==== Empathic Pronouns ====
==== Empathic Pronouns ====
These are used generally alongside the imperative form (which we'll learn on the next chapter). The emphatic pronouns give some sort of emphasis on personal pronouns. They are formed by adding the suffix -keh [keχ] to the pronoun. A possible literal translation of the emphatic pronoun would be “x and no one but x”.
 
e.g. Qutĉ → You
These are used generally alongside the imperative form (which we'll learn on the next chapter). The emphatic pronouns give some sort of emphasis on personal pronouns. They are formed by adding the suffix ''keh'' [keh] to the pronoun. A possible literal translation of the emphatic pronoun would be “x and no one but x”.
Qutĉ-keh → You and no one else but you (should, may, must)
 
''kutś'' → you
 
''kutś-keh'' → You and no one else but you (should, may, must)


=== Verbs ===
=== Verbs ===
Verbs in Skegletorahh'gallã aren't as complicated as nouns. They don't need to be conjugated or to match gender nor number (at least most of them anyway). Instead, they use particles to indicate the time of the action and whether it is complete or ongoing. Others verbal distinctions in Skegletorahh'gallã are: transitivity (it happens), reflexivity (it happens to the subject) and polite or rude imperativeness (I order you to.../ Please,...).
==== Infinitive ====
The infinitive form of the verb is represented with the prefix zai-.
==== Tenses ====
Tenses indicate the time in which an action is taking place. All over the years tenses in Skegletorahh'gallã have been evolving. By the times of Old High Gallifreyan there were around 200 tenses but with the constant modernization of the language those tenses that were rarely used became obsolete. The actual Modern Gallifreyan has only 32 'practical' tenses plus other 10 for discussing Alternate Universes.
The following is a chart with all the verbal tenses in Skegletorahh'gallã. I'll be adding approximate English tense names for an easy future reference. The verb used as an example is ''zai'rherjy'' [zai.χr̩.her.ʎa] (to go).
{| class="wikitable"
! style="font-weight: bold;" | Tense Name
! style="font-weight: bold;" | Auxiliary
! style="font-weight: bold;" | English Equivalent
! style="font-weight: bold;" | Example
! style="font-weight: bold;" | Translation
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Forgettable Past
| metjań
| style="font-style: italic;" | no longer X(e)s nor will
| rherjy metjań
| style="font-style: italic;" | no longer goes nor ever will go again
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Past Perfect
| vlayst
| style="font-style: italic;" | Xed
| vlayst rherjy
| style="font-style: italic;" | went
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Past Perfect Continuous
| ogbeste vlayst
| style="font-style: italic;" | had been Xing
| ogbeste rherjy vlayst
| style="font-style: italic;" | had been going
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Past Imperfect
| jeksdamn
| style="font-style: italic;" | was Xing
| jeksdamn rherjy
| style="font-style: italic;" | was going
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Past Anterior
| treźpau
| style="font-style: italic;" | had Xed
| treźpau rherjy
| style="font-style: italic;" | had gone
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Forced Past
| basklo
| style="font-style: italic;" | Xed because of a change in the past
| basklo rherjy
| style="font-style: italic;" | went because of a change in the past
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Interrupted Past
| vlayst basklo
| style="font-style: italic;" | Xed changes a future that's past in the present
| vlayst basklo rherjy
| style="font-style: italic;" | went and changed the timeline
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Past Future
| vlayst iera
| style="font-style: italic;" | (have) Xed changes a future that's past in the present
| vlayst rherjy iera
| style="font-style: italic;" | (have gone) went in the future
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Past Possible Future
| hadtśzuptn iera
| style="font-style: italic;" | Xed before and may again
| hadtśzuptn rherjy iera
| style="font-style: italic;" | went before and may again one day
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Recent Past
| yarpe
| style="font-style: italic;" | just Xed
| rherjy yarpe
| style="font-style: italic;" | just went
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Present
| -
| style="font-style: italic;" | X(e)s
| rherjy
| style="font-style: italic;" | goes
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Present Continuous
| ogbeste
| style="font-style: italic;" | is Xing
| ogbeste rherjy
| style="font-style: italic;" | is going
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Quick Present
| bratarmetśk
| style="font-style: italic;" | X(es) for now
| bratarmetśk rherjy
| style="font-style: italic;" | goes for now
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Future
| iera
| style="font-style: italic;" | will X
| rherjy iera
| style="font-style: italic;" | will go
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Recent Future
| yarpe iera
| style="font-style: italic;" | just Xed in the future
| rherjy yarpe iera
| style="font-style: italic;" | just went in the future
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Future Perfect
| xajakho
| style="font-style: italic;" | will have Xed
| rherjy xajakho
| style="font-style: italic;" | will have gone
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Future Upper-Perfect
| ogbeste xajakho
| style="font-style: italic;" | will have been Xing
| ogbeste rherjy xajakho
| style="font-style: italic;" | will have been going
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Previous Future
| ogbeste treźpau iera
| style="font-style: italic;" | will had been Xing
| ogbeste treźpau rherjy iera
| style="font-style: italic;" | will had been going
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Future Continuous
| ogbeste iera
| style="font-style: italic;" | is going to X
| ogbeste rherjy iera
| style="font-style: italic;" | going to go
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Quick Future
| tarźemk - iera
| style="font-style: italic;" | as soon as Xed, will X
| tarźemk rherjy, rherjy iera
| style="font-style: italic;" | as soon as goes, will go
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Possible Future
| tśrestasebe
| style="font-style: italic;" | didn't X before but possible could in the future
| tśrestasebe rherjy
| style="font-style: italic;" | never before went but could possibly in the future
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Forced Future
| tsirmag
| style="font-style: italic;" | will (have to) X now because of a change in the past
| tsirmag rherjy
| style="font-style: italic;" | will (have to) go now because of a change in the past
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Future Past
| iera vlayst
| style="font-style: italic;" | going to have Xed
| iera rherjy vlayst
| style="font-style: italic;" | going to have gone
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Pluperfect
| hadtśzuptn
| style="font-style: italic;" | had been Xed
| hadtśzuptn rherjy
| style="font-style: italic;" | had been gone
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Oblivion
| meeltśzup
| style="font-style: italic;" | X used to be but has been erased from time completely
| rherjy meeltśzup
| style="font-style: italic;" | went but that action has now been erased from time.
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Pan-Temporal/Spatial
| inasesuth
| style="font-style: italic;" | X(ing) all through time and space
| inasesuth rherjy
| style="font-style: italic;" | go(ing) all through time and space
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Simple Conditional
| jenźi
| style="font-style: italic;" | would X
| rherjy jenźi
| style="font-style: italic;" | would go
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Conditional Perfect
| xajakho jenźi
| style="font-style: italic;" | would have Xed
| xajakho rherjy jenźi
| style="font-style: italic;" | would have gone
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Conditional Progressive
| xajakho jeksdamn jenźi
| style="font-style: italic;" | would be Xing
| xajakho jeksdamn rherjy jenźi
| style="font-style: italic;" | would be going
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Temporal
| tśrestasebe iera
| style="font-style: italic;" | never before but could one day X
| tśrestasebe rherjy iera
| style="font-style: italic;" | could one day go
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Inconceivable
| kotćun
| style="font-style: italic;" | must never X
| rherjy kotćun
| style="font-style: italic;" | must never go
|-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | Timeless
| zai
| style="font-style: italic;" | X
| rherjyzai
| style="font-style: italic;" | to go (uncertainty of time of the action)
|}
==== Imperative Mood ====
The Imperative can only be used in the present or future tense and consists of 3 forms:
* Rude or informal form: ''baeh'' after the verb → ''kutś voziphu baeh'' (You sit dow now!)
* Polite form: ''baehilt'' before the verb → ''fikre lelaefrl xugallafreiy baehilt fthakūlzś'' (Time Lords, fight for Gallifrey)
* Negative form: ''baregh'' before the verb → ''akrut hifrey'hef baregh braovi'' (No Time Travel inside the Academy)
==== Alternate Universes ====
The tenses for Alternate Universes are conformed of the auxiliary, the verb and the suffix '' 'kalra'':
* ''rherjy'kalra iera'' (will go in an Alternate Universe)
Although, only 10 of the verb tenses can be used in the AU mode:
# Present
# Past Perfect
# Past Imperfect
# Past Anterior
# Future
# Future Perfect
# Future Continuous
# Pluperfect
# Saudade
# Conditional Perfect
==== Timelines ====
It's not necessary to specify in which or whose timeline the actions are being performed, nevertheless, if you're engaging conversation with someone not in sync with your time-stream it'd be a big help to add a Timeline Specifier when conjugating a verb. There are 4 timelines in which one can talk so things don't get all wibly-wobley:
# '''Personal Timeline:''' The Timeline of the speaker not the subject who commits the action. Used generally when the subject is not present. It's represented with the word ''źan'' [ʒan] after the verb.
# '''Individual Timeline:''' The Timeline of the subject who commits the action. Used generally when the subject is also the speaker. It's represented with the word ''źana'' [ʒana] before the verb.
# '''Main Timeline:''' The Timeline of the subject who commits the action. Used when the subject isn't the same as the speaker. It's represented with the word ''źani'' [ʒani] after the verb.
# '''Universal Timeline:''' The Timeline of the Universe, the one that never changes. It's represented with the word ''źante'' [ʒante] at the beginning of the sentence.
# '''Gallifreyan Timeline:''' Gallifrey is located in a Micro-Universe outside of Time, thus when you are on Gallifrey you are in Inner Time, “outside” of the Universe. This keeps Gallifreyan history and continuity separated from the rest of the Universe. This Timeline Specifier is used with the Personal, Individual and Main Timelines. It's represented with the word ''źańe'' [ʒaɳe] at the other side of the verb in relation of the second timeline specifier.
==== Fixed Points in Time ====
Time Lords can see what is, what could be, what used to be, what must never happen and what must never change (fixed points in time). To talk about the former three we use the Possible Future, Forgettable Past and the Inconceivable tenses respectively. But when it comes to fixed points in time, simply add the word ''baghk'' [ʙaɠək] after the conjugated verb. Some count this as the 33rd verb tense of the Gallifreyan language.
==== Aspect ====
Aspect in Gallifreyan denotes frequency, intentionality, cause and intention. There are 9 general aspect forms, some with their own subdivisions. The use of some of these aspects is generally optional as their use is not truly necessary, making it up to the speaker to decide how much information they intend to give. Note: some forms of aspect are already mixed with the normal tenses and the use of any of the following prepositions doesn't invalidate them.
* '''Habitual'''
It is used to indicate actions the speaker does or did frequently:
''pira jeyi dodagçaś Sol 3 '''ndirikhutsń''' vlaystgkem rherjy'' → I used to go to planet Earth
* '''Telicity'''
Indicates if an action has been completed as intended:
''pira jyei fagts kphi vuranovi rhasisî sźotse srîniash '''soz''' ''→ I read your book every month (and finish it every time)
* '''Inceptive'''
Used for referring to the beginning of an action or state:
''pira jyei basklo '''pośsi''' irgyu'' – I started running because of a change in the past
* '''Durative'''
It's used for marking the duration of an action or if it stopped for a while:
''kutś tarźemk rherjy, pira jyei rherjy'''<nowiki>'</nowiki>ha''' iera'' – as soon as you go, I will go for a while
''kutś '''ha<nowiki>'</nowiki>'''tarźemk rherjy, pira jyei rherjy iera'' – as soon as you stop going, I will go
* '''Causative'''
It's used to indicate that someone or something played a role assisting or causing another action. It's divided into 4 cases:
- Forced Action: '''''thlihante''' zai'baehilt'' – Someone/something is making someone/something do something.
- Assisted Action: '''''ñetroplg''' zai'baehilt'' – Someone/something is helping someone/something do something.
- Permitted Action: '''''xertten''' zai'baehilt'' – Someone/something is letting someone/something do something.
- An Action Caused Indirectly or As a Result of Something Else: '''''raigh'lakhib''' zai'baehilt'' – Something else happened that let/caused someone/something to do something.
* '''Momentane'''
It's used to indicate that an action happened involuntarily in a sudden and quick manner:
'''''yo''' śek meeltśzup'' – suddenly and quickly died but it was erased from time
* '''Defective'''
Indicates that an action almost happened:
''tśrestasebe rherjy '''mara''''' – I almost never went in the past but could not possibly go at all in the future
* '''Intensity'''
Used to denote the specific intensity of (or put on) an action:
''jeksdamn thasko'''vo''''' – yelled loudly (with a strong force)
''jeksdamn irgyu'''so''''' – barely ran (didn't put much energy into it)
* '''Intentionality'''
Indicates if an action was done deliberately or accidentally:
'''''kî''' treźpau estrupa'' – had harmed on purpose
'''''k''' treźpau ustigraa'' – had laughed accidentally
==== Verb Cases ====
Ten cases with one or several adpositions each.
* '''Desiderative'''
-Expressing optional desire: ''pira jyei '''gonk''' zai'aźñortem'' – I wish to travel.
-Expressing optional but preferential obligation: ''pira jyei '''mirha''' zai'aźñortem'' – I want to travel.
* '''Obligational'''
- Expressing preferential obligation but it's not optional: ''pira jyei '''denja''' zai'aźñortem'' – I must travel.
- Expressing optional but preferential obligation: ''pira jyei '''denśa''' zai'aźñortem'' – I should travel.
* '''Necessity'''
- Optional necessity: ''pira jyei '''prnte''' zai'aźñortem'' – I need to travel.
- Obligatory necessity: ''pira jyei '''denta'prnte''' zai'aźñortem'' – I have to travel.
* '''Alethic'''
- Having the potential or possibility to do something: ''pira jyei '''delgart''' zai'aźñortem'' – I can travel.
- Having the opportunity to do something: ''pira jyei '''usogz'delgart''' zai'aźñortem'' – I could travel.
* '''Potential'''
- To express probability: ''pira jyei '''dahel''' zai'aźñortem'' – I will probably travel.
* '''Irrealis'''
- Expressing regret over a past event now long gone: ''pira jyei treźpau aźñortem pira jyei ayiretuj '''gusźarrr''' jekçamp'' – If I had travelled, I wouldn't be here.
* '''Instrumentative'''
- Indicates the means, cause and instrument of causation of the action: ''vogh gulth gusloghe '''nivh''' merthito'' – He drowns with water.
==== To Be ====
The Gallifreyan verb To Be promises to be a headache for English speakers. For starters, there are 2 forms of To Be, pretty much like in Spanish, and secondly, both of them are optional verbs.
The first verb be is zai'olvs'hekgonn [zai.ʢol.ves.ħek.ɡonː] which is used for sentences like “to be someone” or “to be something”
The second be is zai'jekkçamp [zaiʢ.ʤekː.θamp]. This one is used in sentences like “to be somewhere” or “to be with someone”
Olvs'hekgonn and jekkçamp aren't common verbs in Skegletorahh'gallã. Sometimes even, it's not necessary to add them to the sentence at all.
e.g. The table is outside → Unsobriyi'epreog.
In this example whether you add jekkçamp or not is irrelevant because the listener will understand that the table is outside. Same thing happens with the Indicative Possession, where the suffixes 'heç and 'ehç replace olvs'hekgonn altogether. One could even dare to say both To Be are just used to indicate emphasis.
==== Participle ====
Participle verbs are replaced by nouns in Gallifreyan. Instead of saying “Made in Mars” you will say “Fabrication in Mars”
==== Reflexive Verbs ====
All reflexive verbs are irregular.
==== Irregular Verbs ====
When transitive verbs are only conjugated according to tenses, irregular verbs also need concord in number. That means they need especial suffixes to match the number of the pronoun. In the case of singular pronouns there's no need to add a suffix, it's just when we're talking about plurals that things get complicated.
For the plurals in the 1st person it's necessary to add hhe [ɦe] at the end of the verb.
For the 2nd person we use the suffix an [an]. If the verb ends in one or more vowels they should be eliminated and replaced with the suffix alone: e.g. NGalʦẽ [ɳal.ʦẽ] (be lost) → NGalʦan [ɳal.ʦan]
Finally, for the 3rd person we add the suffix iz [iz]. If the verb ends in one or more vowels we proceed like in the case of the 2nd person suffix.
Some verbs become irregular with context. At the end of this guide you'll find a list of the irregular verbs, all of them with their correct spelling once the suffixes are added. In the list you'll learn in which context some regular verbs become irregular as well.
==== To Be in the State of... ====
We already learned when we studied the emotional words that there's an especial To Be verb used exclusively to describe emotions: zai'zaphod [zaiʢ.zap.xod].
"I'm in love" in Skegletorahh'gallã would read as follows: Pira jyei lomã zaphod, which literally translates as “I am in the state of love”
Now, if you want to tell someone that you love them, you'll have to use the rule of the Emotional Response Verb, which consists of the verb x'ly (make) with the particle u after both pronouns.
I love you – Qutč pira jyei-vol x'lyu lomã zai'zaphod (you make me be in the state of love)
This rule is used with all the emotions.
=== Particles ===
=== Particles ===
=== Derivational morphology ===
=== Derivational morphology ===
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[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Circular Gallifreyan]]
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