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Classical Talothic: Difference between revisions
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=== Stem change === | === Stem change === | ||
Talothic verbs are characterised by a tripartite stem system, used in conjunction with verb endings and the augment, to form its six tenses. This trait is common in eastern Maro-Ephenia languages, while it is rarer in western ones. These three stems are referred to simply as ''S1'', ''S2'', and ''S3'', but may also be called more descriptively the [[w:Gnomic aspect|gnomic]], [[w:Imperfective aspect|imperfective]], and [[w:Perfective aspect|perfective]] aspects. Not all verbs have all stems, however all have S1 as well as either S2 or S3. Verbs lacking a particular stem are called ''despondent''. S1 is seen as the base stem of a verb (and the ''aorist'' which uses it the main tense), and there are a number of different ways to derive S2 & S3. | Talothic verbs are characterised by a tripartite stem system, used in conjunction with verb endings and the augment, to form its six tenses. This trait is common in eastern Maro-Ephenia languages, while it is rarer in western ones. These three stems are referred to simply as ''S1'', ''S2'', and ''S3'', but may also be called more descriptively the [[w:Gnomic aspect|gnomic]], [[w:Imperfective aspect|imperfective]], and [[w:Perfective aspect|perfective]] aspects. Not all verbs have all stems, however all have S1 as well as either S2 or S3. Verbs lacking a particular stem are called ''despondent''. S1 is generally seen as the base stem of a verb (and the ''aorist'' which uses it the main tense), and there are a number of different ways to derive S2 & S3. | ||
: | Strategies for forming ''S2'' (''imperfective'') from ''S1'' (''gnomic''): | ||
* Root vowel e-ablaut: ''ι'' → ''ει'', ''υ'' → ''ευ'', e.g. ''κιδ-'' ('to cut') → ''κειδ-''; ''φυρ-'' ('to fall') → ''φευρ-'' | |||
* Root vowel lengthening: ''α'' → ''η'', ''ε'' → ''η'', ''ο'' → ''ω'' | |||
* Nasal insertion with e-ablaut: ''α'' → ''εμ/εν/εγ'' | |||
* Final consonant mutation: ''π/φ'' → ''πτ'', ''τ/θ/κ/χ'' → ''ττ'', ''β/δ/γ'' → ''ζ'', e.g. ''τεφ-'' ('to drink') → ''τεπτ-''; ''αγ-'' ('to plant') → ''αζ-'' | |||
Strategies for forming ''S3'' (''perfective'') from ''S1'' (''gnomic''): | |||
* Root vowel e-ablaut: ''ι'' → ''ει'', ''υ'' → ''ευ'' | |||
* Root vowel lengthening: ''α'' → ''η'', ''ε'' → ''η'', ''ο'' → ''ω'', e.g. ''παθ-'' ('to be straight') → ''πηθ-'' | |||
* Nasal insertion with e-ablaut: ''α'' → ''εμ/εν/εγ'' | |||
* Root vowel o-ablaut: ''ι'' → ''οι'', ''υ'' → ''ου'', ''ε'' → ''ο'', e.g. ''κιδ-'' ('to cut') → ''κοιδ-''; ''φυρ-'' ('to fall') → ''φουρ-''; ''τεφ-'' ('to drink') → ''τοφ-''; ''αγ-'' ('to plant') → ''ογ-'' | |||
* Root vowel lengthening with o-ablaut: ''α'' → ''ω'', ''ε'' → ''ω'' | |||
* Nasal insertion with o-ablaut: ''α'' → ''ομ/ον/ογ'' | |||
== Footnotes == | == Footnotes == | ||