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Cumbraek: Difference between revisions
→Subordination
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Relative clauses are formed in much the same way as focussed sentences, with the particles ''a''<small><sup>L</sup></small> or ''e(dh)''. | Relative clauses are formed in much the same way as focussed sentences, with the particles ''a''<small><sup>L</sup></small> or ''e(dh)''. | ||
Where the antecedent to the relative clause is the '''subject''' of the sentence, the word order is [ | Where the antecedent to the relative clause is the '''subject''' of the sentence, the word order is [Antecedent] + ''a''<small><sup>L</sup></small> + [3sg Verb] + [Rest of Sentence]. The clause that follows the relative particle is in the normal word order and must begin with a 3sg verb. | ||
* ''Hunn iw er din a warot er ci'' <br /> "This is the man who saved the dog" | * ''Hunn iw er din a warot er ci'' <br /> "This is the man who saved the dog" | ||
* ''Mi adoynav rewoun a lavur Goodhelek'' <br /> "I know someone who speaks Irish" | * ''Mi adoynav rewoun a lavur Goodhelek'' <br /> "I know someone who speaks Irish" | ||
If the antecedent is the '''direct object''' of the verb, the word order is [ | If the antecedent is the '''direct object''' of the verb, the word order is [Antecedent] + ''a''<small><sup>L</sup></small> + [Personal Verb] + [Rest of Sentence]. Here the verb expresses or agrees with the subject. | ||
* ''Honn iw er wrek a dhewedhies'' <br /> "This is the woman (whom) I married" | * ''Honn iw er wrek a dhewedhies'' <br /> "This is the woman (whom) I married" | ||
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*''Yoan iw er ci ay gwarot er din'' <br /> "The dog that the man saved is fine" | *''Yoan iw er ci ay gwarot er din'' <br /> "The dog that the man saved is fine" | ||
Where the antecedent is an ''indirect object'', governed by a preposition, Cumbraek uses a normal object relative sentence then uses a personal preposition to refer back to the antecedent. The word order is therefore [ | Where the antecedent is an ''indirect object'', governed by a preposition, Cumbraek uses a normal object relative sentence then uses a personal preposition to refer back to the antecedent. The word order is therefore [Antecedent] + ''a''<small><sup>L</sup></small> + [Personal Verb] + [Rest of Sentence] + [Personal Pronoun]. | ||
* ''Hunn iw er ti a duvun indho'' <br /> "This is the house in which I grew up" (lit. "This is the house which I grew up in it") | * ''Hunn iw er ti a duvun indho'' <br /> "This is the house in which I grew up" (lit. "This is the house which I grew up in it") | ||
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Again there is potential for ambiguity in the last example. The most basic sentence ''Hi gwelas er wrek a rodhas er get dudhy'' could mean either "She saw the woman who gave the present to her" or "She saw the woman to whom she gave the present". The use of auxiliary ''-hi'' is the only means to signal that the "she" is the subject of the relative clause. | Again there is potential for ambiguity in the last example. The most basic sentence ''Hi gwelas er wrek a rodhas er get dudhy'' could mean either "She saw the woman who gave the present to her" or "She saw the woman to whom she gave the present". The use of auxiliary ''-hi'' is the only means to signal that the "she" is the subject of the relative clause. | ||
Cumbraek does not have a specific '''possessive relative''' akin to English "whose", so sentences of this type are constructed with an object relative sentence, followed by a possessive pronoun referring back to the antecedent and the relevant object of possession. The word order is [ | Cumbraek does not have a specific '''possessive relative''' akin to English "whose", so sentences of this type are constructed with an object relative sentence, followed by a possessive pronoun referring back to the antecedent and the relevant object of possession. The word order is [Antecedent] + ''a''<small><sup>L</sup></small> + [Personal Verb] + [Possessive Pronoun] + [Object of Possession]. | ||
* ''Hunn iw er din a dhewedhies i verch'' <br /> "This is the man whose daughter I married" (lit. "This is the man who I married his daughter") | * ''Hunn iw er din a dhewedhies i verch'' <br /> "This is the man whose daughter I married" (lit. "This is the man who I married his daughter") | ||
* ''E carav er wrek a gahas-ev i h'archenn o widir'' <br /> "He loves the woman whose glass slipper he found" (lit. "He loves the woman who he found her glass slipper") | * ''E carav er wrek a gahas-ev i h'archenn o widir'' <br /> "He loves the woman whose glass slipper he found" (lit. "He loves the woman who he found her glass slipper") | ||
All of these types of relative clause may be ''negated'' by replacing ''a''<small><sup>L</sup></small> with ''ne''<small><sup>SL</sup></small>. | All of these types of relative clause may be '''negated''' by replacing ''a''<small><sup>L</sup></small> with ''ne''<small><sup>SL</sup></small>. | ||
* ''Mi adoynav rewoun ne lavur Goodhelek'' <br /> "I know someone who does not speak Irish" | * ''Mi adoynav rewoun ne lavur Goodhelek'' <br /> "I know someone who does not speak Irish" | ||