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Cumbraek: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 12:18, 7 November 2014

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|-
|-
! style="" |Nasal
! style="" |Nasal
| m
|      m
|  
|  
|  
|  
| n
|      n
|  
|  
|  
|  
| ŋ
|      ŋ
|  
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Plosive
! style="" |Plosive
| p   b
| p    b
|  
|  
|  
|  
| t   d
| t    d
|  
|  
|  
|  
| k   g
| k    g
|   
|   
|-
|-
! style="" |Fricative
! style="" |Fricative
|  
|  
| f   v
| f    v
| θ   ð
| θ    ð
| s   (z)
| s    (z)
| ʃ
| ʃ     
|  
|  
| x
| x     
| h
| h     
|-
|-
! style="" |Affricate
! style="" |Affricate
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|  
|  
|  
|  
| t͡ʃ   d͡ʒ
| t͡ʃ    d͡ʒ
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|  
|  
|  
|  
| y
| j
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|  
|  
|  
|  
| r
|      r
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|  
|  
|  
|  
| ɾ
|      ɾ
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|  
|  
|  
|  
| l
|      l
| ɫ
|      ɫ  
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|-
|-
|}
|}


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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|-
|-
! style="" |Close
! style="" |Close
| iː y(ː)
| iː    y(ː)
|
|
| u(ː)
|      u(ː)
|-
|-
! style="" |Near-close
! style="" |Near-close
| ɪ
| ɪ      
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
! style="" |Close-mid
| eː
| eː     
|  
|  
| oː
|      oː  
|-
|-
! style="" |Mid
! style="" |Mid
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|-
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
! style="" |Open-mid
| ɛ
| ɛ     
|  
|  
| ʌ ɔ(ː)
| ʌ    ɔ(ː)
|-
|-
! style="" |Near-open
! style="" |Near-open
| æː
| æː     
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Open
! style="" |Open
| a(ː)
| a(ː)     
|  
|  
|  
|  
|}
|}


====Vowel Length====
====Vowel Length====
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| style="text-align:left;" | in word-final, unstressed syllables only
| style="text-align:left;" | in word-final, unstressed syllables only
|}
|}


====Diacritics====
====Diacritics====
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==Grammar==
==Grammar==
===Morphology===
===Consonant Mutations===
====Consonant Mutations====
As with all modern Celtic languages, Cumbraek makes extensive use of initial consonant mutations to help signal grammatical and syntactic information. Cumbraek has three main mutations: '''lenition''' (''mootthei''), '''spirantisation''' (''anadhlolhei'') and '''nasalisation''' (''troonolhei'').  There is a fourth type of mutation called '''aspiration''' (''anadhleth'') in which word-initial vowels take an ''h'-'' before them.
As with all modern Celtic languages, Cumbraek makes extensive use of initial consonant mutations to help signal grammatical and syntactic information. Cumbraek has three main mutations: '''lenition''' (''mootthei''), '''spirantisation''' (''anadhlolhei'') and '''nasalisation''' (''troonolhei'').  There is a fourth type of mutation called '''aspiration''' (''anadhleth'') in which word-initial vowels take an ''h'-'' before them.


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For brevity, words routinely causing mutations will be marked with superscript letters in this article: <sup>L</sup> for lenition, <sup>S</sup> for spirantisation, <sup>N</sup> for nasalisation and <sup>H</sup> for aspiration.
For brevity, words routinely causing mutations will be marked with superscript letters in this article: <sup>L</sup> for lenition, <sup>S</sup> for spirantisation, <sup>N</sup> for nasalisation and <sup>H</sup> for aspiration.


====Vowel Mutations====
===Vowel Mutations===
Cumbraek also has two vowel mutations, which occur regularly. '''Feminisation''' is generally restricted to adjectives and causes an ''i'' to become ''e'' and a ''u'' to become ''o''. '''Alternation''' is common in the formation of plurals and in certain verb forms, and causes the following changes:
Cumbraek also has two vowel mutations, which occur regularly. '''Feminisation''' is generally restricted to adjectives and causes an ''i'' to become ''e'' and a ''u'' to become ''o''. '''Alternation''' is common in the formation of plurals and in certain verb forms, and causes the following changes:


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In some cases, these changes work backwards (e.g. ''gwrek'' 'woman' has the plural form ''gwragedh'').
In some cases, these changes work backwards (e.g. ''gwrek'' 'woman' has the plural form ''gwragedh'').


====Articles====
===Articles===
There is no indefinite article in Cumbraek, the noun alone is indefinite (e.g. ''gur'' 'man, a man', ''gwrek'' 'woman, a woman').
There is no indefinite article in Cumbraek, the noun alone is indefinite (e.g. ''gur'' 'man, a man', ''gwrek'' 'woman, a woman').


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The definite article causes lenition to feminine nouns (e.g. ''er wrek'' 'the woman').
The definite article causes lenition to feminine nouns (e.g. ''er wrek'' 'the woman').


====Nouns====
===Nouns===
Nouns are either masculine or feminine in gender.
Nouns are either masculine or feminine in gender.


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* nouns in the vocative are preceded by the particle ''a''<sup>L</sup> (e.g. ''a Vathow!'' 'Matthew!'). This particle may be dropped in speech, particularly before a vowel, but lenition is always retained (e.g. ''oucher da, Vathow'' 'good evening, Matthew').  
* nouns in the vocative are preceded by the particle ''a''<sup>L</sup> (e.g. ''a Vathow!'' 'Matthew!'). This particle may be dropped in speech, particularly before a vowel, but lenition is always retained (e.g. ''oucher da, Vathow'' 'good evening, Matthew').  


====Adjectives====
===Adjectives===
Most adjectives follow the noun they qualify and must agree in gender and number with that noun.  
Most adjectives follow the noun they qualify and must agree in gender and number with that noun.  


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Adverbs of quality may be formed by placing ''en''<sup>L</sup> before an adjective (e.g. ''en dha'' 'well', ''en gadarn'' 'strongly').
Adverbs of quality may be formed by placing ''en''<sup>L</sup> before an adjective (e.g. ''en dha'' 'well', ''en gadarn'' 'strongly').


====Pronouns====
===Pronouns===
====Personal====


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
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Possessive pronouns proper only exist in the first and second person singular: ''mow'' 'mine' and ''tow'' 'your'. The so-called 'genitive particle' ''now'' is used with the subject pronouns to produce possessive pronouns in the other persons (e.g. ''now-hi'' 'hers', ''now-ni'' 'ours').
Possessive pronouns proper only exist in the first and second person singular: ''mow'' 'mine' and ''tow'' 'your'. The so-called 'genitive particle' ''now'' is used with the subject pronouns to produce possessive pronouns in the other persons (e.g. ''now-hi'' 'hers', ''now-ni'' 'ours').


The '''demonstrative''' pronouns display a three-way distinction, with ''hunn'' referring to objects close at hand, ''hunnedh'' referring to objects out of sight or abstract and ''hunnunt'' referring to objects in sight but distant. Each of these has masculine, feminine and plural forms.
====Demonstrative====
The demonstrative pronouns display a three-way distinction, with ''hunn'' referring to objects close at hand, ''hunnedh'' referring to objects out of sight or abstract and ''hunnunt'' referring to objects in sight but distant. Each of these has masculine, feminine and plural forms.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
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The ''hunn'' and ''hunnedh'' forms may be used as demonstrative adjectives following a definite noun (e.g. ''er gur hunn'' 'this man', ''er cestill hinnedh'' 'that castle'). ''Hunnunt'' is replaced by ''hunt'' 'yonder' in this use (e.g. ''er wragedh hunt'' 'those women').
The ''hunn'' and ''hunnedh'' forms may be used as demonstrative adjectives following a definite noun (e.g. ''er gur hunn'' 'this man', ''er cestill hinnedh'' 'that castle'). ''Hunnunt'' is replaced by ''hunt'' 'yonder' in this use (e.g. ''er wragedh hunt'' 'those women').


The '''interrogative''' pronouns are ''peth, pebeth'' 'what', ''puw''<sup>L</sup> 'who', ''p'oun, p're'' 'which one(s)'. Interrogative adjectives are ''pe''<sup>L</sup> 'what', ''pet''<sup>L</sup> 'how many'. Interrogative adverbs are ''p'le'' 'where', ''p'oar, pe brit'' 'when', ''pe dhel', pe vodh'' 'how', ''p'rak, per'' 'why', ''pe vent'' 'how much'.
====Interrogative====
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
The '''relative''' pronoun is ''a''<sup>L</sup>, which may be replaced by ''ne''<sup>L</sup> in the negative or by the perfective particle ''ru''<sup>L</sup>.
! style="width: 100px; " rowspan="2" | what
 
| style="width: 100px; "| ''peth'' <br> ''pebeth''
====Verbs====
| style="width: 200px; text-align:left; " | pronouns
====Prepositions====
|-
| ''pe''<sup>L</sup>
| style="text-align:left;" | adjective
|-
! who
| ''puw''<sup>L</sup>
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | which one(s)
| ''p'oun''  
|style="text-align:left;" | singular
|-
| ''p're''  
| style="text-align:left;" | plural
|-
! how many
| ''pet''<sup>L</sup>  
|
|-
! where
| ''p'le''  
|
|-
! when
| ''p'oar'' <br> ''pe brit''  
|
|-
! how
| ''pe dhel' '' <br> ''pe vodh''  
|
|-
! why
| ''p'rak'' <br> ''per''  
|
|-
! how much
| ''pe vent''  
|
|}


===Verbs===
===Verbal Particles===
===Prepositions===
===Syntax===
===Syntax===


Psammead
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