Daùnare

WIP

Morphophonology

Morphophonology of verbs

Voice apophony

Theme vowel	Grade 0 ∅	Grade 1 anti	Grade 2 mid
a	a	e	o
	ā	ē	ō
	aı	eı	oı
	aù	eù	ū
	ą	ę	ǫ
	ă	ĕ	oȧ
	æ	o	a
	ǣ	ō	ā
o	o	e	u
	ō	ē	ū
	oȧ	eȧ	uȧ
	oı	eı	uı
	ǫ	ę	ų
e	e	u	a
	ē	ū	ā
	eȧ	uȧ	ō
	eù	ǫ	aù
	eı	uı	aı
	ĕ	oı	ă
	ę	ų	ą
u	u	i	e
	ū	ī	ē
	uȧ	iȧ	eȧ
	uı	ĭ	eı
	ų	iù	ę
i	i	a	u
	ī	ā	ū
	iȧ	ą	uȧ
	iù	aù	ų
	ĭ	ă	uı

Inflectional morphology

Verbs

Aspect

The "default" (unmarked) aspect of the present and future tenses is the gnomic or simple aspect (by convention, the nomenclature is gnomic present but future simple). A progressive aspect can be expressed through the regular suffix ⟨-ta⟩ affixed to the base declension of both tenses, and a perfect aspect only in the future tense through the suffixes ⟨-bi⟩ (first person), ⟨-si⟩ (second person) and ⟨-ni⟩ (third person).

The past tense, by contrast, has no unmarked aspect; each past aspect (preterite or simple past, imperfect or progressive past, and habitual [past]) has its own set of person-number inflections.

Below is an inflection table, where V represents the thematic vowel of the verb (→thematic anaptyxis). The progressive and perfect aspects for the future and present are not shown, as they are perfectly regular, with the exception that the present progressive third person singular/collective (or second person singular formal) has another theme vowel inserted between the declensional suffix and the progressive suffix to prevent the two /t/s colliding, which is the only instance of double thematic anaptyxis.

Inflection table

	1sg	1dl	1pl	2sg.infor	2dl.infor	2pl.infor	3sg/3col/ 2sg.for	3dl/ 2dl.for	3pl/3sgv/ 2pl.for
present	-Vg	-Vm	-Vn	-Vs	-Vsi	-Vsin	-Vt	-Vti	-Vri
preterite	-Vbo	-Vbim	-Vbin	-Vtas	-Vtis	-Vtin	-Vsat	-Vsti	-Vsri
imperfect	-Vbota	-Vbita	-Vbitan	-Vtasta	-Vtista	-Vtinta	-Vtasat	-Vtasti	-Vtasri
habitual	-Vbotag	-Vbitam	-Vtabin	-Vtastas	-Vtistas	-Vtintan	-Vsata	-Vstita	-Vtasir
future	-Vgi	-Vmi	-Vni	-Vsti	-Vstir	-Vstin	-Vti	-Vtir	-Vnir

Semantics

The verb tug

The Daùnare verb ⟨tug⟩ nominally means "to bring", but is capable of expressing a whole host of things for which English uses different verbs.

Intransitive

When used intransitively in primary voice, it can be used with non-sentient/non-volitional arguments to mean "there is":

S	V
Harnu	tugut.
har-nu	tug-u-t
way-abst.sg.abs	bring-∅-prs.3sg
A way is brought.
‘There is a way.’

The same meaning ("there is") can be expressed with the middle voice for sentient/volitional arguments:

S	V
Distan	tegut.
dis-t-an	teg-u-t
person-∅-masc.sg.abs	mid\bring-∅-prs.3sg
A man brings (himself).
‘There is a man.’

Of course, this also works in conjunction with other tenses and aspects (for, e.g., "There used to be a man", "There will have been a way") – with the exception of the progressive aspect (which exists in the present and future tense).

(Mono)transitive

In (mono)transitive usage in the primary voice, the verb usually does translate as "bring":

A	P	V
Distas	kunen	tugut.
dis-t-as	kun-en	tug-u-t
person-∅-masc.sg.erg	dog-conc.sg.abs	bring-∅-prs.3sg
A man brings a dog.
‘A man brings a dog.’

A peculiarity of this verb is that it is possible to use the middle voice form of the verb transitively, i.e. with an ergative argument (which middle voice verbs usually do not take) functioning as recipient:

A	P	V
Distas	kunen	tegut.
dis-t-as	kun-en	teg-u-t
person-∅-masc.sg.erg	dog-conc.sg.abs	mid\bring-∅-prs.3sg
(To) a man a dog brings (itself).
‘A man gets a dog.’

Ditransitive

In ditransitive usage the verb can either be translated as "give" or "take" depending on whether the indirect object is dative or ablative:

A	P	I(DAT)	V
Distas	kunen	disnimi	tugut.
dis-t-as	kun-en	dis=n=i-mi	tug-u-t
person-∅-masc.sg.erg	dog-conc.sg.abs	person=def=∅-fem.sg.dat	bring-∅-prs.3sg
A man brings a dog to the woman.
‘A man gives the woman a dog.’

A	P	I(ABL)	V
Distas	kunen	plastel	tugut.
dis-t-as	kun-en	plas-t-el	tug-u-t
person-∅-masc.sg.erg	dog-conc.sg.abs	child-∅-conc.sg.abl	bring-∅-prs.3sg
A man brings a dog from a child.
‘A man takes a child's dog.’ / ‘A man takes a dog from a child.’

Tritransitive

Both indirect objects can be present to express the idea of giving A to B having taken it from C:

A	P	I(DAT)	I(ABL)	V
Distas	kunen	disnimi	plastel	tugut.
dis-t-as	kun-en	dis=n=i-mi	plas-t-el	tug-u-t
person-∅-masc.sg.erg	dog-conc.sg.abs	person=def=∅-fem.sg.dat	child-∅-conc.sg.abl	bring-∅-prs.3sg
A man brings a dog to the woman from a child.
‘A man gives the woman a child's dog.’ / ‘A man gives the woman a dog taken from a child.’

Applicative

When used as a di- or tritransitive, the verb can be modified using the applicative prefix ⟨do-⟩ which promotes the dative to patient (and the secondary indirect object to primary). Relatively unusually, ⟨tug⟩ does not function as an intransitive verb with the applicative. Also, unlike some verbs, the applicative prefix cannot be combined with the middle voice stem to produce a medioapplicative.

A	P	V
Distas	disnini	tugut.
dis-t-as	dis=n=i-ni	do-tug-u-t
person-∅-masc.sg.erg	person=def=∅-fem.sg.abs	appl-bring-∅-prs.3sg
A man "bebrings" the woman.
‘A man gives [something] to the woman.’

A	P	I(DAT)	V
Distas	disnini	plastem	tugut.
dis-t-as	dis=n=i-ni	plas-t-em	do-tug-u-t
person-∅-masc.sg.erg	person=def=∅-fem.sg.abs	child-∅-conc.sg.dat	appl-bring-∅-prs.3sg
A man "bebrings" the woman through the child.
‘A man gives [something] to the woman [taken] from the child.’

Diapplicative

As is the case with other tritransitive verbs, the diapplicative prefix ⟨ro-⟩ can be used to promote the secondary indirect object to patient instead. Much like with the applicative, the diapplicative does not function intransitively (unlike in other verbs). Also, again like the applicative, the diapplicative prefix cannot be combined with the middle stem to produce a mediodiapplicative.

A	P	V
Distas	disnini	tugut.
dis-t-as	dis=n=i-ni	ro-tug-u-t
person-∅-masc.sg.erg	person=def=∅-fem.sg.abs	diappl-bring-∅-prs.3sg
A man "disbrings" the woman.
‘A man takes [something] from the woman.’

A	P	I(DAT)	V
Distas	disnini	plastem	tugut.
dis-t-as	dis=n=i-ni	plas-t-em	ro-tug-u-t
person-∅-masc.sg.erg	person=def=∅-fem.sg.abs	child-∅-conc.sg.dat	diappl-bring-∅-prs.3sg
A man "disbrings" the woman through the child.
‘A man takes [something] from the woman [and gives it] to the child.’