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==Inflectional morphology== | ==Inflectional morphology== | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Daùnare nouns decline according to noun '''class''' (also called gender), '''number''', and '''case'''. There are four '''classes''', each declining for either three or two '''numbers''' as shown below (an asterisk* indicates the default/undifferentiated form). | |||
* Masculine (singular,* dual, plural) | |||
* Feminine (singular,* dual, plural) | |||
* Concrete (singular,* dual, plural) | |||
* Abstract (collective,* singulative) | |||
However, in many ways the abstract singulative can be regarded more as a derivational than inflectional process, as it isn't universally productive (there are many collective-only abstract nouns). | |||
Masculine, feminine, and concrete nouns decline for six '''cases''': absolutive, ergative, dative, genitive, ablative, and vocative. Abstract nouns feature the same cases except for the vocative, i.e. a total of five. Declension suffixes are shown in the table below – for an overview of what the parenthesised letters indicate, please see the above sections on [[#Class-dependent anaptyxis|→class-dependent anaptyxis]] and the [[#Methelcystic t and the definite clitic|→methelcystic t and the definite clitic]]. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;" | |||
|+ Declension table (most nouns) | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="3" | {{sc|masculine}} | |||
! colspan="3" | {{sc|feminine}} | |||
! colspan="3" | {{sc|concrete}} | |||
! colspan="2" | {{sc|abstract}} | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! {{sc|sg}} | |||
! {{sc|dl}} | |||
! {{sc|pl}} | |||
! {{sc|sg}} | |||
! {{sc|dl}} | |||
! {{sc|pl}} | |||
! {{sc|sg}} | |||
! {{sc|dl}} | |||
! {{sc|pl}} | |||
! {{sc|col}} | |||
! {{sc|sgv}} | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align:center;" | {{sc|abs}} | |||
| -(t)an | |||
| -(t)aın | |||
| -(t)ana | |||
| -(i)ni | |||
| -(i)nis | |||
| -(t)in | |||
| -(t)en | |||
| -(t)eın | |||
| -(t)ene | |||
| -(u)nu | |||
| -(t)unu | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align:center;" | {{sc|erg}} | |||
| -(t)as | |||
| -(t)aıs | |||
| -(t)ara | |||
| -(t)i | |||
| -(t)is | |||
| -(t)ir | |||
| -(t)es | |||
| -(t)eıs | |||
| -(t)ere | |||
| -(t)u | |||
| -(t)uru | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align:center;" | {{sc|dat}} | |||
| -(t)am | |||
| -(t)aım | |||
| -(t)ama | |||
| -(i)mi | |||
| -(i)mis | |||
| -(t)im | |||
| -(t)em | |||
| -(t)eım | |||
| -(t)eme | |||
| -(u)mu | |||
| -(t)umu | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align:center;" | {{sc|gen}} | |||
| -(t)ar | |||
| -(t)ari | |||
| rowspan=3 | -(t)ā | |||
| -(i)ri | |||
| -(i)ris | |||
| rowspan=3 | -(t)ī | |||
| -(t)er | |||
| -(t)eri | |||
| rowspan=3 | -(t)ē | |||
| -(u)ru | |||
| -(t)ū | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align:center;" | {{sc|abl}} | |||
| -(t)al | |||
| -(t)aıl | |||
| -(i)li | |||
| -(i)lis | |||
| -(t)el | |||
| -(t)eıl | |||
| -(u)lu | |||
| -(t)ul | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align:center;" | {{sc|voc}} | |||
| -(t)a | |||
| -(t)aı | |||
| -(t)īs | |||
| -(t)īr | |||
| -(t)e | |||
| -(t)eı | |||
| style="background-color: #aaa;" | | |||
| style="background-color: #aaa;" | | |||
|} | |||
Some singulative abstract nouns have been reanalysed as concrete nouns (known as ''concretised nouns''). These follow a special uncountable declension: | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;" | |||
|+ Concretised nouns | |||
|- | |||
! {{sc|abs}} | |||
| -(t)uın | |||
|- | |||
! {{sc|erg}} | |||
| -(t)uruıs | |||
|- | |||
! {{sc|dat}} | |||
| -(t)uım | |||
|- | |||
! {{sc|gen}} | |||
| -(t)uri | |||
|- | |||
! {{sc|abl}} | |||
| -(t)uli | |||
|} | |||
'''Definiteness''' is expressed using the definite clitic, for which see above ([[#Methelcystic t and the definite clitic|→methelcystic t and the definite clitic]]). | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
====Tense and aspect==== | ====Tense and aspect==== |
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