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Daùnare: Difference between revisions
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Any non-back vowel can be labialised, i.e. the following labialised vowels exist: /ʊ̯ɛ ʊ̯a ʊ̯e ʊ̯i/. Iotation is orthographically represented through diacritics – specifically, the breve. | Any non-back vowel can be labialised, i.e. the following labialised vowels exist: /ʊ̯ɛ ʊ̯a ʊ̯e ʊ̯i/. Iotation is orthographically represented through diacritics – specifically, the breve. | ||
The use of ⟨ʊ̯⟩ to represent the onset of these vowels (or diphthongs) phonetically is by convention, as there nominally exists no independent **/w/ phoneme, but the realisation is functionally [ | The use of ⟨ʊ̯⟩ to represent the onset of these vowels (or diphthongs) phonetically is by convention, as there nominally exists no independent **/w/ phoneme, but the realisation is functionally [w]. | ||
In the standard language, these vowels are pronounced as such, but in many dialects, one of two things has happened: | In the standard language, these vowels are pronounced as such, but in many dialects, one of two things has happened: | ||
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| sar | | sar | ||
| sari | | sari | ||
| sā | | rowspan=2 | sā | ||
| siri | | siri | ||
| siris | | siris | ||
| sī | | rowspan=2 | sī | ||
| ter | | ter | ||
| teri | | teri | ||
| tē | | rowspan=2 | tē | ||
| tru | | tru | ||
| tū | | rowspan=2 | tū | ||
|- style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | |- style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | ||
! {{sc|abl}} | ! {{sc|abl}} | ||
| Line 932: | Line 932: | ||
| sal | | sal | ||
| saıl | | saıl | ||
| sli | | sli | ||
| slis | | slis | ||
| tel | | tel | ||
| teıl | | teıl | ||
| tulu | | tulu | ||
|- style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | |- style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | ||
! {{sc|voc}} | ! {{sc|voc}} | ||
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: ''See also: [[#Voice apophony|→Morphophonology of verbs § Voice apophony]]'' | : ''See also: [[#Voice apophony|→Morphophonology of verbs § Voice apophony]]'' | ||
Daùnare has three "primary" voices, which are indicated through apophony on verbs. As an ergative-absolutive language, Daùnare does not feature an active voice but rather a '''primary''' voice, in which the argument of an intransitive verb is equivalent to the patient of a transitive verb; i.e., in ambitransitive verbs, the | Daùnare has three "primary" voices, which are indicated through apophony on verbs. As an ergative-absolutive language, Daùnare does not feature an active voice but rather a '''primary''' voice, in which the argument of an intransitive verb is equivalent to the patient of a transitive verb; i.e., in ambitransitive verbs, the intransitive use in the primary voice will omit the agent (like the passive voice of a nominative-accusative language), not the patient. | ||
To omit the patient instead (like one in the active voice of a nominative-accusative language), the '''antipassive''' voice can be used, called such because it effectively achieves the reverse of what a passive voice achieves in a nominative-accusative language. Some verbs do not have an antipassive form; these are termed ''defective'' verbs. Conversely, some verbs only have an antipassive form, and these verbs are termed ''deponent'' verbs. | To omit the patient instead (like one in the active voice of a nominative-accusative language), the '''antipassive''' voice can be used, called such because it effectively achieves the reverse of what a passive voice achieves in a nominative-accusative language. Some verbs do not have an antipassive form; these are termed ''defective'' verbs. Conversely, some verbs only have an antipassive form, and these verbs are termed ''deponent'' verbs. | ||
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| mum | | mum | ||
| maùd | | maùd | ||
| | | unki | ||
|- style="border-bottom-width: 2px;" | |- style="border-bottom-width: 2px;" | ||
! Negative | ! Negative | ||
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| nemum | | nemum | ||
| numda | | numda | ||
| | | nunki | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | Relative | ! rowspan=2 | Relative | ||
| Line 1,339: | Line 1,335: | ||
| smu | | smu | ||
| sta | | sta | ||
| | | saki | ||
|- style="border-bottom-width: 2px;" | |- style="border-bottom-width: 2px;" | ||
! Negative | ! Negative | ||
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| nesmu | | nesmu | ||
| nesta | | nesta | ||
| | | nesti | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | Subordinate | ! rowspan=2 | Subordinate | ||
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| gem | | gem | ||
| ged | | ged | ||
| | | geti | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Negative | ! Negative | ||
| neg | | neg | ||
| | | neglo | ||
| negem | | negem | ||
| neged | | neged | ||
| | | neki | ||
|} | |} | ||