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===Usage===
===Usage===
Despite certain areas of the island being monolingually Frisian, English or Dutch, Dogrish is taught nationwide and understood by almost all inhabitants. In monolingually Frisian, English or Dutch areas of the island, bilingualism between the local language and one of the two standard varieties of Dogrish is the norm. The only exception to this is the urban area of St George's Haven in the northernmost corner of the island, where all signage, education and government communication is done only in English.
Despite certain areas of the island being monolingually Frisian, English or Dutch, Dogrish is taught nationwide and understood by almost all inhabitants. In monolingually Frisian, English or Dutch areas of the island, bilingualism between the local language and one of the two standard varieties of Dogrish is the norm. The only exception to this is the urban area of St George's Haven in the northernmost corner of the island, where all signage, education and government communication is done only in English.
====Number of speakers====
In-universe, over 5.2 million Dogric citizens out of just short of 6 million, or about 87%, speak Dogrish as a first language, with the remainder speaking it as a second language. The total number of speakers, formally equivalent to the total population of the Island Provinces of Dogger, is 5,997,215 as per the 2023 census.
The most commonly used variety of standardised Dogrish is Formal Dogrish, used by approximately 50% of the population. Second is Valley Dogrish at 34%, followed by Friso-Dogrish at a distant third position with 14%. Just short of 3% of the population uses Anglo-Dogrish, and less than 1%, or 42,301 citizens, uses Dutch Dogrish.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto"
|+ Number of speakers per language and variety of Dogrish (2023 census)
|-
! colspan="10" |  Dogrish !! rowspan="3" | Dogric Frisian !! rowspan="3" | English !! rowspan="3" | Dogric Dutch
|-
! colspan="2" | Formal Dogrish !! colspan="2" | Valley Dogrish !! colspan="2" | Friso-Dogrish !! colspan="2" | Anglo-Dogrish !! colspan="2" | Dutch Dogrish
|-
! First language !! Second language !! First language !! Second language !! First language !! Second language !! First language !! Second language !! First language !! Second language
|-
| 2,989,992 || 16,222 || 2,000,304 || 14,791 || 182,221 || 633,009 || 42,484 || 75,891 || 18,211 || 24,090 || rowspan="2" | 660,235 || rowspan="2" | 78,738 || rowspan="2" | 25,030
|-
| colspan="10" | Total '''first language''' speakers: 5,233,212
|}


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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|-
|-
! H
! H
| colspan="2" | ''hus'' [hú:s]<br>"house" || N/A || N/A || hnjæi [xɲ̊æ:i̯]<br>"knee"
| colspan="2" | ''hus'' [hú:s]<br>"house" || N/A || N/A || ''hnjæi'' [xɲ̊æ:i̯]<br>"knee"
|-
|-
! K
! K
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| colspan="2" | ''penn'' [pen:]<br>"pen" || ''lópt'' [lou̯ft]<br>"walks" || colspan="2" | N/A
| colspan="2" | ''penn'' [pen:]<br>"pen" || ''lópt'' [lou̯ft]<br>"walks" || colspan="2" | N/A
|}
|}
A special case of alternation are the collective nouns which are formed using the circumfix e-[root]-t, where, if the final phoneme of the root word is an elongated non-nasal consonant or a consonant cluster, the entire final consonant cluster becomes a ''stófð'':
: ''efjællt'' [əˈfjæ:ˀ], "mountain range"
: ''efuglt'' [ə̯ˈfu:ˀ], "poultry, birds"
but
: ''ebejnt'' [əˈbai̯nt], "skeleton, bones".


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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====Stress====
====Stress====
Dogrish stress is phonemic in nature and not always easily predictable. Nevertheless, some general rules exist.
# Stress never falls on an affix, nor does it fall on the final syllable of a regular verb in any of its conjugated iterations:
## ''umöglig'' [uˈmø:li], "impossible"
## ''kyrkelös'' [ˈky:kəløs], "churchless"
# Stress never falls on a syllable following a ''stófð''; if, within a sentence, the first syllable of a word is stressed but follows a ''stófð'' in the previous word, a devoiced schwa is interfixed:
## ''han skyljet ikke'' [ˈhɑn ˌskyljˀɯ̥.ˈiˀə], "he will not".
# Stress always falls on the pitch accent if a word has one.


====Stófð====
====Stófð====
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===Nouns===
===Nouns===
====Declension====
====Declension====
Nouns are declined according to gender, number and definiteness, with the definite article and the indefinite plural article being affixed to the word, whilst the indefinite singular article remains a separate word preceding the noun. In practice, the indefinite singular article is rarely used in neither spoken nor written language, its usage being considered very formal.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto"
|+ Declension of nouns
|+ Declension of nouns
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|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| -ens || -(e)s || -ernes || -ers || -arn || -ars || -arnas || -arns || -inns<sup>1</sup>/-itts<sup>2</sup> || -(e)s || -ernas || -ar
| -ens || -(e)s || -ernes || -ers || -arn || -ars || -arnas || -arns || -inn<sup>1</sup>/-itts<sup>2</sup> || -(e)s || -ernas || -ar
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
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|-
|-
! Ablative
! Ablative
| || || || || || || || || || || ||
| -ent || enenna || -eðenna || -ert || -ena || ena || -aðenna || -art || -irinn<sup>1</sup>/-irið<sup>2</sup> || ið || -að || -ert
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
| || || || || || || || || || || ||
| -ent || enent || -einnt || -ereð || -enar || enar || -ainnt || -areð || -irinnt<sup>1</sup>/-iritt<sup>2</sup> || itt || -einnt || -arenað
|-
|-
| colspan="13" | <sup>1</sup> Used after an open vowel. <sup>2</sup>Used after a closed vowel, ignoring umlaut.
| colspan="13" | <sup>1</sup> Used after an open vowel. <sup>2</sup>Used after a closed vowel, ignoring umlaut.
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Note that ''-ís'' is a term of endearment; the other suffixes can also be affixed to a name or word of relation, but will have a different connotation, whilst using the neuter suffix to make a name or word of relation diminutive is considered pejorative (ex. '''Annalín''' for "little Anna/Annie" or '''Davílling''' for "little David/Davy", either to indicate a young age or to compare to an older person with the same name; '''Annikki''' or '''Davikki''', meanwhile, would be used out of condescension).
Note that ''-ís'' is a term of endearment; the other suffixes can also be affixed to a name or word of relation, but will have a different connotation, whilst using the neuter suffix to make a name or word of relation diminutive is considered pejorative (ex. '''Annalín''' for "little Anna/Annie" or '''Davílling''' for "little David/Davy", either to indicate a young age or to compare to an older person with the same name; '''Annikki''' or '''Davikki''', meanwhile, would be used out of condescension).
Usage of the diminutive differs vastly between varieties of Dogrish, but is generally commonplace except in Anglo-Dogrish, where it is nearly nonexistent. The diminutive is used so commonly in Dutch Dogrish that it is generally seen as its defining characteristic and thus frequently becomes the subject of imitation and satire of Dutch Doggerlanders.


===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
Personal pronouns are declined according to person, gender, number and case.
In practice, the ablative and locative are, in speech, often replaced with the dative and accusative respectively, and their usage in personal pronouns is considered formal and archaic. Meanwhile, personal pronouns are the only aspect of Dogrish grammar where across the five standard varieties the vocative is still commonly used.
=====The genitive=====
The genitive can be declined according to the gender of the word which it refers to. For example:
: ''Hveres ert husið?'', "Whose (the) house is [it]?", or more accurately "Who does the house belong to?"
: ''Husið ert '''mítt''''', "The house is mine".
Here the 1st person genitive personal pronoun refers to a neuter word and thus becomes ''mítt''. Compare:
: ''Hveres ert mannen?'', "Whose (the) husband is [that]?"
: ''Han ert '''mínn''''', "He is mine".
Here the 1st person genitive personal pronoun refers to a masculine word and thus becomes ''mínn.''
=====Gender=====
When referring to an animate object such as a person or an animal, the gender of the animate object becomes leading rather than the grammatical gender. For example:
: ''Hveres ert mejlínið?'', "Whose (the) girl) is [that]?"
: ''Hun ert '''mínna''''', "She is mine".
Despite ''mejlín'' being grammatically neuter, due to the word referring to a feminine person it is declined in the feminine.
Up until the early 21st century, using the neuter to decline personal pronouns referring to animate objects was considered highly offensive. If a person's gender was not known, declension defaulted to the masculine. However, since the early 2020s, especially in the larger and more progressive cities of Dogger, it has become more common to use the neuter to refer to nonbinary individuals or to individuals whose gender is unknown.
In all varieties of Dogrish it has become accepted to refer to individuals whose gender is unknown in the 3rd person neuter and to decline the genitive using the neuter. In 2023, the Valley Dogrish Language Authority officially declared the usage of the neuter to refer to nonbinary persons grammatically correct.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto"
|+ Declension of pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | !! colspan="5" | Singular !! colspan="5" | Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1st person !! rowspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 1st person !! rowspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person
|-
! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter
|-
! colspan="2" | Nominative
| Jag || Þu || Han || Hun || Það || Ví || Þí || Þeir || Þár || Þyr
|-
! rowspan="4" | Genitive
|-
! Masculine
| Mínn || Þínn || Hanns || Hennes || Þess || Ósin || Ísin || Þeirrer || Þárrer || Þyrer
|-
! Feminine
| Mínna || Þínna || Hanna || Henna || Þessa || Ósa || Ísa || Þeirra || Þárra || Þyra
|-
! Neuter
| Mítt || Þítt || Hatt || Hette || Þett || Ósið || Ísið || Þeitt || Þátt || Þytt
|-
! colspan="2" | Dative
| Mjer || Þjer || Hönn || Hynna || Því || Ös || Ys || Þeim || Þaram || Þyrim
|-
! colspan="2" | Accusative
| Mig || Þig || Hann || Hunn || Þæð || Ós || Ísi || Þá || Þá || Þá
|-
! colspan="2" | Ablative
| Mínent || Þínent || Hænent || Hjunent || Þæðið || Entví || Entþví || Þeimma || Þámma || Þymmi
|-
! colspan="2" | Locative
| Mínent || Þínent || Hinnun || Hjunnun || Þæðun || Ösent || Ysent || Þeirent || Þárent || Þyrint
|-
! colspan="2" | Vocative
| Mín || Þín || Hán || Hjun || Þíð || Ví || Þí || Þei || Þej || Þeyj
|}
====Possessive pronouns====
Possessive pronouns are declined according to gender, number and case. They precede the noun which they refer to. When a possessive pronoun is used, the noun which it refers to will only be declined according to number (singular or plural), with case and article being indicated by the possessive pronoun. Feminine words ending in -a lose their -a when preceded by a possessive pronoun.
Possessive pronouns are less frequently used than the genitive personal pronoun. It is argued that possessive pronouns have recently taken over the function of the vocative when referring to possessions, as words for which previously the vocative may have been used are now always preceded by a possessive pronoun, and if no direct personal possessive relation is present a placeholder "eð" is used instead.
Possessive pronouns referring to masculine and neuter words are declined using the same suffixes as nouns, which are affixed to the following roots:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto"
|+ Possessive pronouns referring to masculine and feminine words
|-
! colspan="5" | Singular !! colspan="5" | Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1st person !! rowspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 1st person !! rowspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person
|-
! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter
|-
| Min- || Þin- || Sin- || Hinn- || Þav- || Vór- || Þin- || Þerr- || Þerr- || Þirr-
|}
Possessive pronouns referring to neuter words have their own seperate declension.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto"
|+ Possessive pronouns referring to neuter words
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" | !! colspan="5" | Singular !! colspan="5" | Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1st person !! rowspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person !! rowspan="2" | 1st person !! rowspan="2" | 2nd person !! colspan="3" | 3rd person
|-
! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter
|-
! colspan="2" | Nominative
| Mitt || Þitt || Sitt || Hitt || Þett || Ótt || Ytt || Þeitt || Þeitt || Þeitt
|-
! colspan="2" | Genitive
| Minn || Þinn || Sinn || Hinn || Þitts || Ótts || Ytts || Þeitts || Þátts || Þitts
|-
! colspan="2" | Dative
| Mið || Þið || Sið || Hið || Þinni || Ónni || Ynni || Þeið || Þáð || Þið
|-
! colspan="2" | Accusative
| Mitt || Þitt || Sitt || Hitt || Þett || Ótt || Ytt || Þeitt || Þatt || Þeitt
|-
! colspan="2" | Ablative
| Mir || Þir || Sir || Hirr || Þir || Ór || Yr || Þeir || Þeir || Þeir
|-
! colspan="2" | Locative
| Minnt || Þinnt || Sinnt || Hinnt || Þiritt || Ónnt || Ynnt || Þeinnt || Þeinnt || Þeinnt
|}
===Numerals===
===Numerals===
===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Adjectives are declined according to gender and number.
====First declension====
The first adjectival declension of the Dogrish language covers the declension of adjectives ending in all except nasal consonants, as well as those adjectives ending in -å, -y or -á. The adjective ''ró'' ("calm, quiet, sedate") is also declined using the first declension.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto"
|+ First declension
|-
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="2" | Masculine !! colspan="2" | Feminine !! colspan="2" | Neuter
|-
! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -en || -er || -a || -ar || -et || -er
|-
! Genitive
| -es || -er || -en || -ar || -es || -er
|-
! Dative
| -em || -erm || -ar || -ar || -em || -er
|-
! Accusative
| -en || -er || -en || -ar || -et || -er
|-
! Ablative
| -ent || -ert || -ena || -art || -ið || -ir
|-
! Locative
| -ent || -ert || -enar || -art || -itt || -ir
|}
====Second declension====
The second declension covers adjectives ending in nasal consonants -n, -m and -ng.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto"
|+ Second declension
|-
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="2" | Masculine !! colspan="2" | Feminine !! colspan="2" | Neuter
|-
! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -en || -er || -a || -ar || -t || -er
|-
! Genitive
| -s || -er || -en || -ar || -s || -er
|-
! Dative
| -em || -erm || -ar || -ar || -em || -er
|-
! Accusative
| -en || -er || -en || -ar || -t || -er
|-
! Ablative
| -t || -er || -ar || -art || -ið || -ir
|-
! Locative
| -t || -er || -ar || -art || -itt || -ir
|}
====Third declension====
The third declension covers adjectives ending in all vowels except -å, -y and -á.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto"
|+ Third declension
|-
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="2" | Masculine !! colspan="2" | Feminine !! colspan="2" | Neuter
|-
! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -ne || -re || -nna || -ra || -nt || -r
|-
! Genitive
| -se || -re || -nnen || -ra || -nn || -r
|-
! Dative
| -nem || -rm || -nnar || -ra || -nem || -r
|-
! Accusative
| -nen || -re || -nnen || -ra || -nt || -r
|-
! Ablative
| -net || -rt || -nnar || -rt || -rið || -r
|-
! Locative
| -net || -rt || -nnar || -rt || -ritt || -r
|}
====Fourth declension====
The fourth declension covers the archaic vocative and is formed by using the stem of the adjective without any modifiers.
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Dogrish verbs are conjugated according to tense, mood, number and person.
Verbs are conjugated according to three tenses: the present, the past, and the future. They are also conjugated according to four moods: the indicative, the imperative, the conditional and the subjunctive.
Verbs always end in '''-a''', '''-ja''', '''-er''', '''-å''' or '''-á'''.
Dogrish verbs are divided into strong verbs, which follow irregular conjugation patterns and are subjected to umlaut, and weak verbs, which follow a regular conjugation pattern. Verbs ending in '''-å''' form a special case: in the present tense they follow the regular conjugation pattern of a weak verb, but in the past tense each '''-å''' verb follows a different irregular conjugation.
====Strong verbs====
====Weak verbs====
=====Present tense=====
======Indicative======
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
! width="100px" | Number || colspan=3| Singular || colspan=3| Plural
|-
! Person
! width="100px" | Jag<br>''I'' !! width="100px" | Þu<br>''you (sing.)'' !! width="100px" | Han/Hun/Það<br>''he/she/it'' !! width="100px" | Ví<br>''we'' !! width="100px"| Þí<br>''you (pl.)'' !! width="100px" | Þeir/Þár/Þyr<br>''they''
|-
! -a verbs<br>tala<br>''to talk''
| tale<br>''talk'' || talað<br>''talk'' || tlet<br>''talks'' || colspan="3" | talar<br>''talk''
|-
! -ja verbs<br>segja<br>''to say''
| segje<br>''say'' || segjið<br>''say'' || segt<br>''says'' || segjun<br>''say'' || colspan="2" | segjar<br>''say''
|-
! -er verbs<br>lærer<br>''to learn''
| lære<br>''learn'' || læreð<br>''learn'' || læret<br>''learns'' || lærun<br>''learn'' || colspan="2" | lærer<br>''learn''
|-
! -å verbs<br>gå<br>''to go''
| gå<br>''go'' || gått<br>''go'' || gået<br>''goes'' || colspan="3" | gåer<br>''go''
|-
! -á verbs<br>þvá<br>''to wash''
| þvå<br>''wash'' || þvað<br>''wash'' || þvået<br>''washes'' || þvön<br>''wash'' || þvið<br>''wash'' || þva<br>''wash''
|}
=====Past tense=====
======Indicative======
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
! width="100px" | Number || colspan=3| Singular || colspan=3| Plural
|-
! Person
! width="100px" | Jag<br>''I'' !! width="100px" | Þu<br>''you (sing.)'' !! width="100px" | Han/Hun/Það<br>''he/she/it'' !! width="100px" | Ví<br>''we'' !! width="100px"| Þí<br>''you (pl.)'' !! width="100px" | Þeir/Þár/Þyr<br>''they''
|-
! -a verbs<br>tala<br>''to talk''
| talade<br>''talked'' || taladað<br>''talked'' || talade<br>''talked'' || colspan="3" | talarad<br>''talked''
|-
! -ja verbs<br>segja<br>''to say''
| segjade<br>''said'' || segjað<br>''said'' || segte<br>''said'' || segten<br>''said'' || colspan="2" | segter<br>''said''
|-
! -er verbs<br>lærer<br>''to learn''
| lærade<br>''learnt'' || læraðe<br>''learnt'' || lærde<br>''learnt'' || lærten<br>''learnt'' || colspan="2" | lærter<br>''learnt''
|-
! -á verbs<br>þvá<br>''to wash''
| þvu<br>''washed'' || þvuað<br>''washed'' || þvytt<br>''washed'' || þvönntun<br>''washed'' || þvejeð<br>''washed'' || þvánn<br>''washed''
|}
===Adverbs===
===Adverbs===
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
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| María did '''not want to read''' the newspaper today. || Íþægen '''villt''' María tíðningen '''inte lesa'''. || María '''villt inte lesa''' tíðningen íþægen. || '''Lesa villt inte''' María tíðningen íþægen.
| María did '''not want to read''' the newspaper today. || Íþægen '''villt''' María tíðningen '''inte lesa'''. || María '''villt inte lesa''' tíðningen íþægen. || '''Lesa villt inte''' María tíðningen íþægen.
|-
|-
| Today I'm '''going to walk''' in the woods. || Íþægen '''gå''' jag í skógent tråða.|| Jag '''skylje gå tråða''' í skógen íþægen. || '''Gå tråða''' jag í skógen íþægen.
| Today I'm '''going to walk''' in the woods. || Íþægen '''gå''' jag í skógent '''tråða'''.|| Jag '''skylje gå tråða''' í skógen íþægen. || '''Gå tråða''' jag í skógen íþægen.
|}
|}


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