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#'''Egelstaiv/Egelstæf''' (''"English letter(s)"''): Based on Middle English orthography. | #'''Egelstaiv/Egelstæf''' (''"English letter(s)"''): Based on Middle English orthography. | ||
#'''Teanstaiv/Tjenstæf''' ("''Danish letter(s)''"): Based on Old English orthography, reinforced by Old Norse. | #'''Teanstaiv/Tjenstæf''' ("''Danish letter(s)''"): Based on Old English orthography, reinforced by Old Norse. | ||
This article will use both orthographies separated by a slash (/). The orthographies will | This article will use both orthographies separated by a slash (/). The orthographies will be referred to as ''Egelstaiv'' and ''Tjenstæf'' respectively. | ||
====Consonants==== | ====Consonants==== | ||
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center; | {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center; | ||
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Not all such words undergo lenition. Whether a word undergoes lenition or not is predictable from its orthography. | Not all such words undergo lenition. Whether a word undergoes lenition or not is predictable from its orthography. | ||
The table below summarizes the consonants that can undergo lenition when they occur at the end of a word. Note that this table specifically indicates how consonants are written word-finally and when lenited. | The table below summarizes the consonants that can undergo lenition when they occur at the end of a word. Note that this table specifically indicates how consonants are written word-finally and when lenited. The same phonemes may be written differently in other environments. | ||
{|class=wikitable style="text-align: center" | {|class=wikitable style="text-align: center" | ||
|+ Word-final consonants that can undergo lenition | |+ Word-final consonants that can undergo lenition | ||
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====Vowel simplifications==== | ====Vowel simplifications==== | ||
When vowels are brought into hiatus, due to the addition of a vowel-initial suffix to a vowel-final word or the lenition of /k/ or /x/, the hiatus is simplified according to the following rules. | When vowels are brought into hiatus, due to the addition of a vowel-initial suffix to a vowel-final word or the lenition of /k/ or /x/, the hiatus is simplified according to the following rules. | ||
<!-- | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ | |||
! 2nd > <br /> 1st v !! a !! au/á !! ä !! ai/æ !! e !! ei/é !! ea/je !! i !! ie/í !! ö !! oi/œ !! eo/jö !! ü/y !! üe/ý !! eu/öu !! eou/jöu !! o !! ou/ó !! oa/wo !! u !! ue/ú | |||
|- | |||
! a | |||
| colspan="2"|au/á || colspan="12"| ai/æ || colspan="7" | au/á | |||
|- | |||
! au/á | |||
! ä | |||
! ai/æ | |||
! e | |||
! ei/é | |||
! ea/je | |||
! i | |||
! ie/í | |||
! ö | |||
! oi/œ | |||
! eo/jö | |||
! ü/y | |||
! üe/ý | |||
! eu/öu | |||
! eou/jöu | |||
! o | |||
! ou/ó | |||
! oa/wo | |||
! u | |||
! ue/ú | |||
|} | |||
--> | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
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====Personal pronouns==== | ====Personal pronouns==== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
! !! Subject !! Object !! Possessive | !rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Subject !! colspan="2"|Object !! colspan="2"|Possessive | ||
|- | |||
! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf !! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf !! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf | |||
|- | |- | ||
! 1S | ! 1S | ||
| meizh | | meizh || méc || mei || mé || mien || mín | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2S | ! 2S | ||
| due | | due || dú || dei || dé || dien || dín | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3SM | ! 3SM | ||
| sei | | sei || sé || soan || swon || saiz || sæs | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3SF | ! 3SF | ||
| soi | | soi || sœ || soa || swo || sear || sjer | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3SN | ! 3SN | ||
| daidh | | daidh || dæþ || daidh || dæþ || daiz || dæs | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1P | ! 1P | ||
| bei | | bei || bé || buez || bús || buer || búr | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2P | ! 2P | ||
| jei | | jei || djé || jeu || djöu || jeur || djöur | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3P | ! 3P | ||
| goi | | goi || gœ || gein || gén || geor || gjör | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!3 | !3 | ||
| droi || drœ || | | droi || drœ || drett || drett | ||
|- | |- | ||
!4 | !4 | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
<!-- | |||
Older, for reference: | |||
Dœðesc: won /wɔn/, þwo /θwo/, drœ /drøy/, hjór /çour/, wíf /wi:f/, sex /sɛʃ/, sjöun /ʃœun/, äht /æχt/, nén /nein/, þín /θi:n/ | |||
Doidhesh (alternate orthography): oan, thwoa, droi, hiour, wijv, sesh, seoun, ächt, nein, thijn | |||
--> | |||
===Nouns=== | |||
Nouns are pluralized with the ending ''-as''. The singular is usually used if the context makes it clear that the word is plural (such as after numerals, plural determiners, etc.). | |||
===Adjectives=== | |||
Adjectives do not decline. | |||
===Verbs=== | |||
The citation form of verbs is generally ''infinitive, present, past''. | |||
Doidhesh verbs do not conjugate for person or number. | |||
Verbs are conjugated for three aspects, three tenses, and three voices. | |||
Tenses are marked by the verb form: | |||
*Present: Uses present form. | |||
*Past: Uses past form. | |||
*Future: Uses future form. | |||
**This is formed by replacing the final ''-n'' of the infinitive with ''-d''. | |||
Aspects are marked with particles preceding the verb: | |||
*Imperfective: No marker | |||
*Perfective: ''poi/pœ'' | |||
*Habitual: ''bed'' | |||
Voices are marked with particles preceding the aspect marker: | |||
*Active: No marker | |||
*Middle: ''toun/tón'' | |||
*Passive: ''maudh/máþ'' | |||
Note that subject pronouns are obligatory, and they come before the voice marker. | |||
In summary, a verb is formed as follows: ''subject pronoun + voice marker + aspect marker + tense-specific form of verb'' | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
==Vocabulary== | |||
===Time - ''Thiet/Þít''=== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Seasons - ''Sealas/Sjelas'' | |||
! English !! Doidhesh | |||
|- | |||
| spring || lengthen/lengþen | |||
|- | |||
| summer || soumer/sómer | |||
|- | |||
| fall || gärst | |||
|- | |||
| winter || bender | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
<!-- | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Hijri months - ''Ménþes higjries'' | |||
! English !! Gothedish | |||
|- | |||
| Muharram || Muharram | |||
|- | |||
| Safar || | |||
|- | |||
| Rabi' al-Awwal || | |||
|- | |||
| Rabi' ath-Thani || | |||
|- | |||
| Jumada al-Ula || | |||
|- | |||
| Jumada al-Akhirah || | |||
|- | |||
| Rajab || | |||
|- | |||
| Sha'ban || | |||
|- | |||
| Ramadan || | |||
|- | |||
| Shawwal || | |||
|- | |||
| Dhu'l-Qa'dah || | |||
|- | |||
| Dhu'l-Hijjah || | |||
|- | |||
|}--> | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Gregorian months - ''Sonleizh moundhas/Sonléc mónþas'' | |||
! English !! Doidhesh | |||
|- | |||
| January || Äfterjoul/Äfterdjól | |||
|- | |||
| February || Soalmoundh/Swolmónþ | |||
|- | |||
| March || Greithmoundh/Gréþmónþ | |||
|- | |||
| April || Eastermoundh/Jestermónþ | |||
|- | |||
| May || Dreimelzh/Drémelc | |||
|- | |||
| June || Earleidh/Jerléþ<!--; Searmoundh/Sjermónþ--> | |||
|- | |||
| July || Äfterleidh/Äfterléþ<!--; Meatmoundh/Mjetmónþ--> | |||
|- | |||
| August || Boitmoundh/Bœtmónþ | |||
|- | |||
| September || Gärstmoundh/Gärstmónþ | |||
|- | |||
| October || Bendervöldh/Bendervölþ | |||
|- | |||
| November || Plouthmoundh/Plóþmónþ | |||
|- | |||
| December || Earjoul/Jerdjól | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Days of the week - ''Tais auv beizh/Tæs áf béc'' | |||
! English !! Doidhesh | |||
|- | |||
| Sunday || Sondai/Sondæ | |||
|- | |||
| Monday || Moundai/Mondæ | |||
|- | |||
| Tuesday || Thüestai/Þýstæ | |||
|- | |||
| Wednesday || Wonstai/Wonstæ | |||
|- | |||
| Thursday || Dorstai/Dorstæ | |||
|- | |||
| Friday || Vriedhai/Vríðæ | |||
|- | |||
| Saturday || Saidherstai/Sæðerstæ | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Parts of the day - ''Tealas auv tai/Tjelas áf tæ'' | |||
! English !! Doidhesh | |||
|- | |||
| day || tai/tæ | |||
|- | |||
| dawn || taihoum/tæhóm | |||
|- | |||
| morning || morn | |||
|- | |||
| noon || mittai/mittæ | |||
|- | |||
| afternoon || äftermittai/äftermittæ | |||
|- | |||
| evening || eaven/jeven | |||
|- | |||
| dusk || nichthoum/nihthóm | |||
|- | |||
| night || nicht/niht | |||
|- | |||
| midnight || mitnicht/mitniht | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Units of time - ''Tealas auv thiet/Tjelas áf þít'' | |||
! English !! Doidhesh | |||
|- | |||
| second || bengwiel/bengwíl | |||
|- | |||
| minute || thiemshen/þímcen | |||
|- | |||
| hour || thiem/þím | |||
|- | |||
| day || tai/tæ | |||
|- | |||
| week || beizh/béc | |||
|- | |||
| month || moundh/mónþ | |||
|- | |||
| season || seal/sjel | |||
|- | |||
| year || jear/djer | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Time adverbs - ''Thietleizh piebordhas/Þítléc píborðas'' | |||
! English !! Doidhesh | |||
|- | |||
| now || nue/nú | |||
|- | |||
| then || don | |||
|- | |||
| recently, a short time ago || earnue/jernú | |||
|- | |||
| earlier || ear/jer | |||
|- | |||
| soon, shortly || soun/són; äfternue/äfternú | |||
|- | |||
| later || äfter | |||
|- | |||
| always || sebel | |||
|- | |||
| often || oft | |||
|- | |||
| sometimes || gwielom/gwílom | |||
|- | |||
| rarely || selten | |||
|- | |||
| never || noa/nwo; neaver/njever | |||
|- | |||
| ever || oa/wo; eaver/jever | |||
|- | |||
| still, yet || jüedh/jýþ | |||
|- | |||
| already || ju | |||
|- | |||
| today || thoudhai/þóðæ | |||
|- | |||
| tonight || thounicht/þóniht | |||
|- | |||
| yesterday || jörstanai/djörstanæ | |||
|- | |||
| last night || jörstanicht/djörstaniht | |||
|- | |||
| tomorrow || thoumorn/þómorn | |||
|- | |||
| before yesterday || earjörstanai/jerdjörstanæ | |||
|- | |||
| two nights ago || earjörstanicht/jerdjörstaniht | |||
|- | |||
| after tomorrow || äfterthoumorn/äfterþómorn | |||
|- | |||
| this week || thoubeizh/þóbéc | |||
|- | |||
| last week || jörstabeizh/djörstabéc | |||
|- | |||
| next week || neistbeizh/néstbéc | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===Colours - ''Teas/Tjes''=== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Colours - ''Teas/Tjes'' | |||
! English !! Gothedish | |||
|- | |||
| white || gweidh/gwéþ | |||
|- | |||
| grey || kreai/krjei | |||
|- | |||
| black || plaigh/plæh <!--swärth/swärþ--> | |||
|- | |||
| red || reat/rjet | |||
|- | |||
| orange || reatjeol/rjetdjöl | |||
|- | |||
| brown || pruen/prún | |||
|- | |||
| yellow || jeol/djöl | |||
|- | |||
| green || krein/krén | |||
|- | |||
| blue || ploi/plœ | |||
|- | |||
| pink || rouzen/rózen | |||
|- | |||
| purple || pauz/pás | |||
|- | |||
| golden || költen | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)=== | |||
'''Eagelstaiv:''' Äl mangün goi maudh pear beazed goi vroi od jeliezh en börd od jericht. Goi maudh jeiv bistom od jüedh, älso goi shail akroav älshoudher en kost auv broudhershev. | |||
'''Tjenstæf:''' Äl mangyn gœ máþ pjer bjezed gœ vrœ od djelíc en börd od djerihtas. Gœ máþ djéf bistom od djýþ, älso gœ scæl akrwof älcóðer en kost áf bróðerscef. | |||
'''IPA:''' /æl ˈmɑŋɡʏn ɡøɪ maʊθ pjɛr ˈbjɛzɛd ɡøɪ vrøɪ ɔd dʒɛˈliʃ ɛn bœrd ɔd dʒɛˈrɪxtas ‖ ɡøɪ maʊθ dʒeɪf ˈbɪstɔm ɔd dʒyθ | ˈælsɔ ɡøɪ ʃaɪl ɑˈkrwɔf ˌælˈʃoʊðɛr ɛn kɔst aʊf ˈbroʊðɛrˌʃɛf/ | |||
'''Gloss:''' all mankind they PASS bear being they free and alike in worth and rights. they PASS give reason and conscience, and they should behave-to each-other in spirit of brotherhood. | |||
<!-- | |||
'''Gloss with English cognates:''' All mankind (they) made bear (being) (they) free and alike in worth and rights. (They) made give wisdom and (conscience), also (they) shall a-grope each-other in ghost of brothership.--> |
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