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Eadlan: Difference between revisions
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Initial /l(ˠ)/ is not allowed in native words. | Initial /l(ˠ)/ is not allowed in native words. | ||
The distinction between hard and soft /n l/ are neutralized before retroflexes /tʂ, dʐ, ʂ, ʐ/; both are pronounced as apical [ɳ ɭ] before retroflexes. | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
Siészal disallows initial consonant clusters. Word-final clusters are allowed, but rare. | Siészal has several phonotactic limitations characteristic of "Altaic" languages: | ||
*It disallows initial consonant clusters. (Word-final clusters are allowed, but rare.) | |||
*It disallows initial /l(ʲ)/. | |||
===Stress=== | |||
Stress was always initial. | |||
==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
===Sino orthography=== | ===Sino orthography=== | ||
Siészal is written in a mixture of Chinese-derived phonetic characters (in which each character represents one morpheme and encodes the phonetics) and ''Xánzý'' [xɑːnˠzˠɰiː], or Chinese characters, for Sinoxenic loans. | Siészal is written in a mixture of Chinese-derived phonetic characters (in which each character represents one morpheme and encodes the phonetics) and ''Xánzý'' [xɑːnˠzˠɰiː], or Chinese characters. The phonetic characters are used for native vocabulary, particles, and non-Sinoxenic loanwords; ''Xánzý'' is used for Sinoxenic loans. | ||
===''Żómazý''=== | ===''Żómazý''=== | ||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
=== | ===Noun clitics=== | ||
*''-í'' = topic | |||
*''-dan/-din'' = "also" | |||
*''-ta/-ti'' = nom. | |||
*''-(u)d'' = genitive | |||
*''-(w/y)é'' = acc. | |||
*''-ak'' = loc. (Jp. e, Kor. -ro) | |||
*''-fý/-fí'' = dat. (Jp. ni, Kor. -e) | |||
*''-(w/y)éla'' = abl. | |||
*''-czy'' = conj./com. | |||
*''-(w/y)úlь'' = inst. | |||
*''-(a/i)smá'' = "up to, until" | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
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**'does': ''tiyah'' | **'does': ''tiyah'' | ||
*present progressive: participial form in ''-(a)n'' + "to be" clitic | *present progressive: participial form in ''-(a)n'' + "to be" clitic | ||
**''fiógan żalah'' | **''fiógan żalah'' (often ''fióganlah'') | ||
**''ti'''én''' żalah'' | **''ti'''én''' żalah'' (often ''tiénlah'') | ||
*past tense: ''- | *past tense: ''-búwah'' (old perfect) | ||
**'' | **''fiógbúwah'' | ||
**'' | **''tibúwah'' | ||
*future tense: ''- | *future tense: ''-áliah'' (old imperfect) | ||
**'' | **''fiógáliah'' | ||
**'' | **''táliah'' | ||
*past conjunctive: old imperfect + conjunctive clitic ''-czy'' | *past conjunctive: old imperfect + conjunctive clitic ''-czy'' | ||
**''fiógálьczy'' | **''fiógálьczy'' | ||
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**''fiógbuhczy'' | **''fiógbuhczy'' | ||
**''tibuhczy'' | **''tibuhczy'' | ||
===Modal inflections=== | |||
Similar to German and Japanese modal particles | |||
*''-ah > -abók'' = similarly to German ''ja'' or English ''you know how...'', used to convey a fact the listener is expected to know. | |||
*''-ah > -agólah'' = used to soften requests | |||
*''-ah'' > ''-ahuczá'' = German ''eben'' or ''halt''; expresses resignation, roughly 'whatcha gonna do?' or 'all right then' | |||
*''-ah'' > ''-bál'' = German ''doch'', emphasis or [[w:mirativity]] | |||
===Relative clauses=== | |||
Replace ''-ah'' with ''-ád'' or ''-nád'' | |||
==Sample texts== | ==Sample texts== | ||
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'''''Dié1(il) dió''''' | '''''Dié1(il) dió''''' | ||
'''''Kúf jinkianá fialajád bászéla zýjúżalatián sunŋiamiczy | '''''Kúf jinkianá fialajád bászéla zýjúżalatián sunŋiamiczy giónlíak czudih biaŋtaŋżalah. Jinkianá lisiaŋiczy liáŋsimé diatxóbatián, ózáhigidь fiéŋdiéajud siaŋżýnúlь hyŋdúŋkiadaxs dżakah.''''' | ||
TRANSCRIPTION: | TRANSCRIPTION: | ||