@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 In syllable codas, approximants, voiced fricatives and aspirated consonants could not appear. The range of permissble consonant clusters was restricted by a similar sonority hierarchy as before: [Stop] < [Fricative] < [Nasal]. However, in codas the more sonorous consonant had to come first. So /list/ - "list", /dɛːns/ - "dance", /pʰaint/ - "paint" were permissible words, but */lits/, */dɛːsn/ and */pʰaitn/ were not. Many words were rearranged to fit this hierarchy e.g. /bɔsk/ - "box". Also, voiced stops could not occur in syllable coda clusters (they were lost via a sound change, so */end/ - "end" became /en/).
+Except in the most careful speech, place of articulation was in free variation for voiceless fricatives in syllable codas. So /laif/ - "life" was often heard as [lais] or [laih].
 ===Stress===
@@ Line 61: / Line 62: @@
 ====Postalveolar Consonants====
-English /dʒ/ and /ʒ/ became /dj/ and /zj/ respectively. /tʃ/ and /ʃ/ became /tj/ and /sj/ respectively, though with the same aspiration rules applying as for /t/ and /s/. So aspiration took place in /aˈtʰjei/ - "to achieve", but not in /miˈtjei/ - "mischievous".
+Before vowels, English /dʒ/ and /ʒ/ became /dj/ and /zj/ respectively. /tʃ/ and /ʃ/ became /tj/ and /sj/ respectively, though with the same aspiration rules applying as for /t/ and /s/. So aspiration took place in /aˈtʰjei/ - "to achieve", but not in /miˈtjei/ - "mischievous".
+In other cases, postalveolar consonants merged into their alveolar equivalents e.g. /beit/ - "beach".
@@ Line 109: / Line 112: @@
+===Japanese===
+The creole borrowed Japanese loanwords from a future version of the language, which had undergone a number of sound changes, heavily influenced by English.
+====Moraic n====
+Before another consonant, this assimilated in place of articulation e.g. /ˈmaŋga/ - "sequence of images that tell a story" (from Japanese /maɴga/).
+====Voiceless Vowels====
+These were all deleted, as long as the resulting consonants would be permitted by English phonotactics e.g. /oneˈgaisimas/ - "can you do me a favour" (from Japanese /onegaiɕimasɯ̥/ via /oneˈgaiɕimas/), /geŋk/ - "lively, healthy" (from Japanese /geɴki̥/).
+====Other Vowel Deletion====
+Japanese /sɯn/ became /sʰn/ e.g. /sʰna/ - "sand" (from Japanese /sɯna/). Likewise, Japanese /sɯm/ became /sʰm/.
+Japanese sequences of obstruent + /ɯɾ/ became clusters of obstruent + /l/ e.g. /ˈsʰakla/ - "cherry blossom" (from Japanese /sakɯɾa/).
+====Aspiration====
+The same process that applied to English nouns also applied to Japanese nouns e.g. /ˈkʰampai/ - "cheers" (from Japanese /kaɴpai/), /ˈkebe/ - "creep" (from Japanese /sɯ̥kebe/ via /skebe/).
+====Gemination====
+All Japanese gemination was lost e.g. /ˈona/ - "female" (from Japanese /oɴna/), /ˈbakiŋ/ - "blood money" (from Japanese /bakːiɴ/ - "fine"). However, if a vowel was followed by a geminate consonant, any consonant immediately preceding that vowel could not be aspirated e.g. /ˈsipai/ - "to fail a test" (from Japanese /ɕipːai/). This occurred via the following mechanism. Geminate consonants glottalised vowels immediately preceding them, and glottalised vowels blocked aspiration, before being lost themselves.
+====Stress====
+The pitch accent was lost, and replaced with a stress accent. In words which were unaccented in Japanese, the stress was placed on heaviest syllable of the word e.g. /ˈoːsaka/ - "Osaka" (from Japanese /oːsaka/). If there was a tie for the heaviest syllable, the accent was placed on the second last such syllable e.g. /ˈdaikoŋ/ - "Japanese radish" (from Japanese /daikoɴ/).
+====Vowel Quality====
+Japanese /ae/ became /ɛː/ e.g. /kʰaŋˈgɛːlu/ - "to think over" (from Japanese /kaɴgaeɾɯ/). Similarly, Japanese /ao/ became /ɔː/ e.g. /ˈkʰɔːdas/ - "to put in an appearance" (from Japanese /kaodaɕi/). Japanese /ɯi/ became /wi/ e.g. /sʰaˈmwiː/ - "cold" (to talk about weather, from Japanese /samɯi/). Also, Japanese long /ɯː/ diphthongised to /eu/ e.g. /ˈkjeuli/ - "cucumber" (from Japanese /kjɯːɾi/)
+====Vowel Length====
+Long vowels were lost outside stressed syllables e.g. /ˈtʰoːkjo/ - "Tokyo" (from Japanese /toːkjoː/). Word final short vowels were lengthened in stressed syllables e.g. /sʰasiˈmiː/ - "raw fish" (from Japanese /saɕiˈmi/).
+====Japanese r====
+Normally, this became /l/ e.g. /kʰaŋˈgɛːlu/ - "to think over" (from Japanese /kaɴgaeɾɯ/). The exception was if it was clustered with /j/, in which case it was lost e.g. /ˈjoːkaŋ/ - "inn" (from Japanese /ɾjoːkaɴ/, but with a considerably greater scope of meaning).
+====Alveo-Palatal Consonants====
+Before /i/, these merged into the alveolar consonants e.g. /sʰasiˈmiː/ - "raw fish" (from Japanese /saɕiˈmi/). Elsewhere, they became sequences of alveolar consonant +/j/ e.g. /ˈtjeutohampa/ - "to leave half done" (from Japanese /tɕɯːtohaɴpa/).
+====Alveolar Affricates====
+Japanese /ts/ became /θ/ via a two-stage process. First it fronted to a dental affricate /tθ/. Then it became a fricative. For example, /ˈθeujaksja/ - "interpreter" (from Japanese /tsɯːjakɯ̥ɕa/).
+Likewise, the affricate allophone of Japanese /z/ (heard word initially) became /ð/ via a similar process e.g. /ðaˈbutoŋ/ - "triangular Japanese-style cushion" (from Japanese /zabɯtoɴ/, pronounced /dzabɯtoɴ/).
+===Burmese===
+A number of words were borrowed from Burmese, especially postpositions. Stress was always placed on the last syllable of Burmese loanwords, and if monophthongs, such vowels were usually long.
+====Glottal Stop Codas====
+These were borrowed into the creole with spelling pronounciations, of how the glottal stops were pronounced before they debuccalised e.g. /pʰauk/ - "to ferment" (from Burmese /pʰauʔ/).
+If a glottal stop came after a monophthong, it was pronounced short (one of the few exceptions to the rule that all Burmese loanwords had long vowels in stressed syllables) e.g. /laˈpʰet/ - "pickled leaves" (from Burmese /ləpʰeʔ/).
+====Nasal Codas====
+These were also borrowed with spelling pronunciations e.g. /aˈsiŋ/ - "religious leader" (from Burmese /aɕiɴ/).
+====Voiceless Nasals====
+These were borrowed as clusters of homorganic aspirated nasal + nasal e.g. /pʰma/ - locative particle (from Burmese /m̥a/)
+====Voiceless l====
+This was borrowed as /sʰl/ e.g. /sʰlaik/ - "to feel empty due to grief" (from Burmese /l̥aiʔ/ - "hollowed out")
+====Phonation====
+Breathy phonation was borrowed into the creole as a coda /h/ e.g. /bwuːnh/ - a type of fish trap that uses the tides to trap fish (from Burmese /bəwṳɴ/).
+On syllables ending in nasals, creaky phonation was borrowed into the creole as a homorganic voiceless stop after the nasal. If the preceding vowel was a monophthong, then it was always short (the other exception to the rule that Burmese loanwords always had long vowels in stressed syllables) e.g. /miŋk/ - "definitely" (from Burmese /mḭɴ/). In other cases, creaky phonation was borrowed as a /d/ after the vowel e.g. /gɛːd/ - "already" (from Burmese /gɛ̰/).
+===Spanish===
+The Spanish speaking migrants who influenced the creole were overwhelmingly from Central America. This is reflected in the loanwords that the creole borrowed.
+====Ceceo====
+After the migration to Antarctica, Central American migrants wished to differentiate themselves from the more numerous South American migrants (who mostly settled to the east of where the creole was spoken). Ceceo pronunciation (presently used only by a small number of rural Costa Rican speakers) became fashionable, with the result that all Spanish words containing soft "c", "s", or "z" were borrowed into the creole with /θ/ e.g.
+/amaneˈθjoː/ - "beginning of the period of midnight sun" (from Spanish "amaneció")
+/θaˈlaðo/ - "ruined" (from Spanish "salado")
+/ˈθwabe/ - "relaxed" (from Spanish "suave")
+====Deaffrication of ch====
+Spanish "ch" first became /ts/, and then deaffricated to either /sʰ/ (before stressed syllables or at the start of words), or /s/ (elsewhere) e.g.
+/ˈsʰoθa/ - "house" (from Spanish "choza")
+/kʰeˈdisa/ - "thankfully", "luckily" (from Spanish "qué dicha")
+Grassman's Law applies to aspirated /sʰ/ (as to all aspirated consonants in the creole) e.g.
+/suˈsʰiŋa/ - "wife beater" (from Spanish "chuchinga")
+====Velar Nasal====
+Word final nasal consonants all became /ŋ/ e.g. /ebaˈθjoŋ/ - "great migration south to Antarctica" (from Spanish "evasión").
+The Spanish consonant cluster "ng" also became /ŋ/ e.g. /suˈsʰiŋa/ - "wife beater" (from Spanish "chuchinga").
+====Spanish r====
+In codas, Spanish "r" was lost e.g. /toˈtʰija/ - "tortilla" (from Spanish "tortilla"). However, in stressed syllables, a coda r resulted in a lengthened vowel e.g /ˈhwaːθe/ - "to put something at risk" (from Spanish "jugarse").
+After most consonants, Spanish "r" became /w/ e.g. /ˈbwete/ - "job" (from Spanish "brete"). The only exception was after Spanish non-word initial "d" and "g", when it was lost, but blocked the lenition of /d/ to [ð] e.g. /ˈpʰjeda/ - "pebble" (from Spanish "piedra") and of /g/ to /ɣ/ e.g. /ˈlagima/ (from Spanish "Lágrima").
+Elsewhere, Spanish "r" and "rr" became /z/ e.g. /ˈpʰuza/ - "pure" (from Spanish "pura"), /zaˈhaðo/ - "incredible" (from Spanish "rajado"), and /foˈzaðo/ - "rich" (from Spanish "forrado"). If "rr" came immediately after a stressed vowel, then that vowel was lengthened e.g. /ˈtʰaːzo/ - "container for water" (from Spanish "tarro").
+====Velar Fricatives====
+Spanish /x/ became /h/ e.g. /ˈhupa/ - "head" (from Spanish "jupa"). Except after a nasal, [ɣ] was lost e.g. /aˈza/ - "to gather" (e.g. shellfish, from Spanish "agarrar"). However, a lost /ɣ/ adjacent to a stressed vowel did often lengthen it e.g. /ˈaːwa/ - "sea water" (from Spanish "agua").
+====Vowels====
+A sequence of /a/ and /e/ (in any order) coalesced to become /ɛ/, or /ɛː/ in stressed syllables e.g. /mɛː/ - "fellow" (from Spanish "mae"), /pʰɛː/ - "stick" (from Spanish "pega"). Likewiese, a sequence of /a/ and /o/ (in any order) coalesced to become /ɔ/, or /ɔː/ (in stressed syllables) e.g. /ˈɔːja/ - "crew" (from Spanish "argolla").
+===Chinese===
+Chinese loanwords came overwhelmingly from Taiwanese, since most other Chinese speakers fled to refuges in the Northen Hemisphere when the runaway global warming crisis hit.
+====Alveolar Affricates====
+Aspirated /tsʰ/ was deaffricated to /sʰ/, still preserving its aspiration e.g. /sʰau/ - "lawn" (from Taiwanese /tsʰau˥˧/). Unaspirated /ts/ was fronted and deaffricated to /θ/ e.g. /sjuˈθwiː/ - "swim" (from Taiwanese /ɕiu˨˩tsui˥˧/). Voiced /dz/ was deaffricated to /z/ e.g. /zuˈhoː/ - "method" (from Taiwanese /ʣu˨˩ho˧˥/).
+====Alveopalatal Consonants====
+Alveopalatal affricates were first unpacked to a sequence of alveolar affricate +/j/ (if not before /i/). Then the alveolar affricates underwent the same sound changes as discussed above e.g. /sʰjɛt/ - "sliced thinly" (from Taiwanese /tɕʰiɛt˩˩/), /ˈθiːŋhkʰak/ - "proper" (from Taiwanese /tɕiŋ˥˧kʰak˩˩/).
+====Stress====
+If a polysyllabic word is borrowed into the language, then the syllable with the highest pitch has stress e.g. /tɔŋˈbuːht/ - "animal" (from Taiwanese /tɔŋ˨˩but˥˥/. In the case of a tie, the first syllable gets stress e.g. /ˈbuːsʰinh/ - "goddess" (from Taiwanese /bu˥˥tɕʰɪn˥˥/). In the case of contour tones, the highest point of the contour tone counts for determining stress e.g. /ˈsʰwiːhθi/ - "informant" (from Taiwanese /tsʰui˥˧tɕiʔ˥˥/).
+====Nasal Vowels====
+These were borrowed into the creole with a coda /ŋ/ e.g. /tʰiːŋh/ - "heaven" (from Taiwanese /tʰĩ˥˥/).
+====Coda h====
+Words with the high yin level tone (55) were always borrowed into the creole with a coda /h/ e.g. /tʰiːŋh/ - "heaven" (from Taiwanese /tʰĩ˥˥/). Non-final syllables with high checked tones (yang entering) and high falling (51) tones were also borrowed with a coda /h/ e.g. /ˈsʰwiːhθi/ - "informant" (from Taiwanese /tsʰui˥˧tɕiʔ˥˥/).
+====Vowel Length====
+Stressed monophthongs were borrowed as long vowels if they had a tone at the top of the speaker's vocal range e.g. /tɔŋˈbuːht/ - "animal" (from Taiwanese /tɔŋ˨˩but˥˥/, or if they rose to or fell from this point e.g. e.g. /ˈsʰwiːhθi/ - "informant" (from Taiwanese /tsʰui˥˧tɕiʔ˥˥/), /pɔˈhiːŋ/ - "pilgrimage" (from Taiwanese /pɔ˨˩hiŋ˧˥/).
+===Thai===
+Thai borrowings into the creole came from a mixture of Central Thai (as spoken in Bangkok), and NE Thai (very similar to Lao) e.g. /pʰwan/ - "friend of the family" (from Central Thai /pʰʉ̂an/- "friend"), /mwanh/ - "to have a party" (from NE Thai /muan/ - "fun").
+====Stress====
+Stress was always on the last syllable of the word e.g. /jahˈphʰeuŋ/ - "premature, hasty" (from Central Thai /jàː pʰʉ̂ŋ/ - "not yet").
+====Tone====
+The Central Thai low tone and the NE Thai mid tone both surfaced as a /h/ in the syllable coda e.g. /daːh/ - "to become angry and speak rudely" (from Central Thai /dàː/), /sʰaˈtih/ - "mindfulness" (from Central Thai /satìʔ/), /mwanh/ - "to have a party" (from NE Thai /muan/ - "fun").
+====Vowels====
+/ʉ/ became /eu/ e.g. /jahˈphʰeuŋ/ - "premature, hasty" (from Central Thai /jàː pʰʉ̂ŋ/ - "not yet").
+/ia/ became /ja/ e.g. /sʰja/ - "wrecked / broken" (from Central Thai /sǐa/).
+/ua/ and /ʉa/ both became /wa/ e.g. /mwanh/ - "to have a party" (from NE Thai /muan/ - "fun"),  /pʰwan/ - "friend of the family" (from Central Thai /pʰʉ̂an/- "friend").
+/ə/ became /a/ e.g. /baˈŋaːn/ - "useful piece of flotsam" (from Central Thai /baŋ ʔəːn/ - "by chance")
+====Consonants====
+Thai /tɕ/ was borrowed as /tj/ e.g. /tjaiˈjen/ - "calm" (from Central Thai /tɕai jen/), while /tɕʰ/ was generally borrowed as /sʰj/ (it is already commonly pronounced as /ɕ/ in Bangkok Thai) e.g. /sʰjɔː/ - "small spoon" (from Central Thai /tɕʰɔ́ːn/)
+/s/ was generally borrowed as aspirated /sʰ/, and aspirated stops were generally borrowed as such e.g. /sʰaˈtih/ - "mindfulness" (from Central Thai /satìʔ/), /pʰwan/ - "friend of the family" (from Central Thai /pʰʉ̂an/- "friend").
+However, Grassman's Law applied to loanwords which would have had more than one aspirated consonant e.g. /sihˈtʰih/ - "right, privilege, authority" (from Central Thai /sìttʰìʔ).
+/tr/ was lenited to unaspirated /s/ (via an intermediate /ts/) e.g. /swaht/ - "inspect" (from Central Thai /trùat/). In other clusters, /r/ was lost e.g. /kʰjat/ - "overly serious" (from Central Thai /kʰrîat/).
+Outside clusters, /r/ was merged with /l/ e.g. /ruˈtjahk/ - "to know someone" (from Central Thai /rúː tɕàk/).
+In clusters, /l/ was deleted e.g. /naˈkjaht/ - "ugly, disgusting" (from Central Thai /nâː klìat/).
+====Minor Syllables====
+When permitted by the creole's phonotactics, minor syllables lost their schwa e.g. /sʰniht/ - "to be close to someone" (from Central Thai /sənìt/).
+===Vietnamese===
+The creole was mostly influence by the Hanoi variety, rather than Southern Vietnamese.
+====Vowels====
+Vietnamese vowels were borrowed with the same changes as Thai vowels, and stress likewise always fell on the final syllable of polysyllablic words.
+====Consonants====
+Vietnamese /v/ was borrowed as /j/ e.g. /jeuŋ/ - "sesame" (from Vietnamese "vững").
+====Tones====
+Words with the nặng tone were borrowed into the creole with short vowels e.g. /tjaŋˈjat/ - "Vietnamese language" (from Vietnamese "tiếng Việt"). Otherwise, words were borrowed with long vowels.
+Words with the huyền tone were borrowed with a /h/ in the coda e.g. /baːh/ - "old lady" (from Vietnamese bà).
 ==Grammar==
@@ Line 203: / Line 453: @@
 It wasn't long before the first syllable on /iˈzu/ was lost. So transitivity was now marked by /zuː/, except for plural pronouns when it was /aː/.
+[[Category:Languages]]
+[[Category:Kämpya]]

Early Kämpya: Difference between revisions

Early Kämpya (view source)

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