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East Carpathian: Difference between revisions
→Phonology
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*†Transitional East-South Carpathian dialects, extinct. | *†Transitional East-South Carpathian dialects, extinct. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | |||
The consonant inventory shows some differences among the East Carpathian dialects, but the system is generally the same. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center | |||
! | |||
! Labial | |||
! Dental | |||
! Alveolar | |||
! Palatalized<ref group=note>Palatal in the Jīri dialect.</ref> | |||
! Velar | |||
! Glottal | |||
|- | |||
! Nasal | |||
| m | |||
| n | |||
| | |||
| ń [ɲ~nʲ] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! Plosive | |||
| p | |||
| t [t̪] | |||
| | |||
| ť [c~tʲ] | |||
| k | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! Affricate | |||
| | |||
| c [t͡s] | |||
| č [t͡ʃ~t͡ʂ] | |||
| ć [t͡ɕ~t͡sʲ] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! Fricative | |||
| f<ref group=note>Can be found only in loanwords and proper names.</ref> | |||
| s | |||
| š [ʃ~ʂ] | |||
| ś [ɕ~sʲ] | |||
| | |||
| h [h~ɦ] <ref group=note>Voiceless [h] appears before plosives, affricates and fricatives, while voiced [ɦ] appears elsewhere.</ref> | |||
|- | |||
! Approximant | |||
| v [w] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| j | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! Trill | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| r<ref group=note>Can be tapped [ɾ] in a fast speech, but trilled [r] is prefered.</ref> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! Lateral Approximant | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| l | |||
| ĺ [ʎ~lʲ] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
{{reflist|group=note}} | |||
Puohō dialects lack a palatalized stop, since ť is pronounced the same as ć [t͡sʲ] there. Jīri Carpathian has true palatal consonant, while in other dialects these consonants are only slightly palatalized. Unlike English /s/ and /t/, East Carpathian /s/, /t͡s/ and /t/ are produced with the blade of the tongue against lower teeth and thus make them similar to English "th" sound, while /ʃ/ and /t͡ʃ/ are produced with the tip of the tongue against the superior alveolar ridge, making them sound similar to retroflex consonants. Some Jīri and all Halician dialects actually have retroflex consonants like in Polish and neighbouring Western Ukrainian dialects. | |||
===Vowels=== | |||
The vowel systems across East Carpathian show variety among dialectal groups. Up to 12 vowel contrasts may be found in the Western and Eastern dialects: | |||
{| | |||
| | |||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Jīri dialect | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="2" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]] | |||
! colspan="2" |[[w:Back vowel|Back]] | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Short</small> | |||
! <small>Long</small> | |||
! <small>Short</small> | |||
! <small>Long</small> | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]] | |||
| i {{IPA|/i/}} | |||
| ī {{IPA|/iː/}} | |||
| u {{IPA|/u/}} | |||
| ū {{IPA|/uː/}} | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]] | |||
| e {{IPA|/e/}} | |||
| ē {{IPA|/eː/}} | |||
| o {{IPA|/o/}} | |||
| ō {{IPA|/oː/}} | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| a {{IPA|/ɑ/}} | |||
| ā {{IPA|/ɑː/}} | |||
|} | |||
| | |||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Halicia dialect | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="2" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]] | |||
! [[w:Central vowel|Central]] | |||
! colspan="2" | [[w:Back vowel|Back]] | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Short</small> | |||
! <small>Long</small> | |||
! <small>Short</small> | |||
! <small>Short</small> | |||
! <small>Long</small> | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]] | |||
| i {{IPA|/ɪ/}} | |||
| ī {{IPA|/iː/}} | |||
| y {{IPA|/ɘ̟/}} | |||
| u {{IPA|/ʊ/}} | |||
| ū {{IPA|/uː/}} | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]] | |||
| e {{IPA|/ɛ/}} | |||
| ē {{IPA|/ɪ̯e/}} | |||
| | |||
| o {{IPA|/ɔ/}} | |||
| ō {{IPA|/ʊ̯o/}} | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| a {{IPA|/ɑ/}} | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
| | |||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Puoho dialect | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="2" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]] | |||
! colspan="2" |[[w:Back vowel|Back unronded]] | |||
! colspan="2" |[[w:Back vowel|Back ronded]] | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Short</small> | |||
! <small>Long</small> | |||
! <small>Short</small> | |||
! <small>Long</small> | |||
! <small>Short</small> | |||
! <small>Long</small> | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]] | |||
| i {{IPA|/i/}} | |||
| ī {{IPA|/iː/}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| u {{IPA|/u/}} | |||
| ū {{IPA|/uː/}} | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]] | |||
| e {{IPA|/e/}} | |||
| ē {{IPA|/eː/}} | |||
| õ {{IPA|/ɤ/}} | |||
| ȭ {{IPA|/ɤː/}} | |||
| o {{IPA|/o/}} | |||
| ō {{IPA|/oː/}} | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| a {{IPA|/ɑ/}} | |||
| ā {{IPA|/ɑː/}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
|} | |||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
[[Category:Carpathian languages]] [[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Carpathian languages]] [[Category:Languages]] | ||