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East Carpathian: Difference between revisions
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
The consonant inventory shows some differences among the East Carpathian dialects, but the system is generally the same. | The consonant inventory shows some differences among the East Carpathian dialects, but the system is generally the same. East Carpathian lacks voiced/voiceless contrast like other languages of this branch. Instead of this, it has an opposition of plain vs geminate consonants, which take part in a consonant gradation similar to some Uralic languages, for instance: ''kuotto - kuotok'' ("branch"-"branches"). Almost all consonants (except for ť (which itself can only be a geminate), h, v, j, r and f) have phonemic geminated forms. These are independent phonemes, but can occur only word-medially. | ||
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{{reflist|group=note}} | {{reflist|group=note}} | ||
Puohō dialects lack a palatalized stop, since ť is pronounced the same as ć [t͡sʲ] there. Jīri Carpathian has true palatal consonant, while in other dialects these consonants are only slightly palatalized. Unlike English /s/ and /t/, East Carpathian /s/, /t͡s/ and /t/ are produced with the blade of the tongue against lower teeth and thus make them similar to English "th" sound, while /ʃ/ and /t͡ʃ/ are produced with the tip of the tongue against the superior alveolar ridge, making them sound similar to retroflex consonants. Some Jīri and all Halician dialects actually have retroflex consonants like in Polish and neighbouring Western Ukrainian dialects. | Puohō dialects lack a palatalized stop, since ť is pronounced the same as ć [t͡sʲ] there. Jīri Carpathian has true palatal consonant, while in other dialects these consonants are only slightly palatalized. Unlike English /s/ and /t/, East Carpathian /s/, /t͡s/ and /t/ are produced with the blade of the tongue against lower teeth and thus make them similar to English "th" sound, while /ʃ/ and /t͡ʃ/ are produced with the tip of the tongue against the superior alveolar ridge, making them sound similar to retroflex consonants. Some Jīri and all Halician dialects actually have retroflex consonants like in Polish and neighbouring Western Ukrainian dialects. | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
The vowel systems across East Carpathian show variety among dialectal groups. Up to 12 vowel contrasts may be found in the Western and Eastern dialects: | The vowel systems across East Carpathian show variety among dialectal groups. Up to 12 vowel contrasts may be found in the Western and Eastern dialects: | ||