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Differences between the Matrix Model and Extended Case Grammar
'''Differences between the Matrix Model and Extended Case Grammar'''


Eska is a conlang based on Case Grammar; more specifically, it is based on Extended Case Grammar which is my particular view of Case Grammar.  Extended Case Grammar follows the Matrix Model applied by Walter Cook with a few exceptions.  In Cook's Matrix Model there are four mutually exclusive cases: Experiencer, Benefactor, Location, and Time.  To this list I add Range.  It must be noted here that both the Matrix Model and Extended Case Grammar use semantic case rather than syntactic case.  I know of no natural language that marks semantic case.
Eska is a conlang based on Case Grammar; more specifically, it is based on Extended Case Grammar which is my particular view of Case Grammar.  Extended Case Grammar follows the Matrix Model applied by Walter Cook with a few exceptions.  In Cook's Matrix Model there are four mutually exclusive cases: Experiencer, Benefactor, Location, and Time.  To this list I add Range.  It must be noted here that both the Matrix Model and Extended Case Grammar use semantic case rather than syntactic case.  I know of no natural language that marks semantic case.
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The man spends the '''day''' with the woman.
The man spends the '''day''' with the woman.


Range Case
''Range Case''


The Range case is required by Range verbs.  Range is used by verbs such as:  ''weigh'', ''measure'', ''cost'', ''allocate'', ''appropriate'', ''total'' and ''bid''.
The Range case is required by Range verbs.  Range is used by verbs such as:  ''weigh'', ''measure'', ''cost'', ''allocate'', ''appropriate'', ''total'' and ''bid''.
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The book cost '''$10'''.
The book cost '''$10'''.
The man bid '''$100'''.
The man bid '''$100'''.
''State Verbs''
State verbs have a valency of one or two; that is, they require one or two arguments (nominals) in their clauses.  A State verb represents an unchanging state or condition.
examples:
The man '''is tall'''.
The woman '''is beautiful'''.
The man '''is old'''.
The woman '''is happy'''.
The man '''has''' a book.
The woman '''lacks''' a husband.
The man '''sees''' a woman.
The woman '''hears''' a bird.
The man '''smells''' coffee.
The woman '''tastes''' the donut.
The man '''is at''' home.
The child '''is in''' bed.
The dog '''is outside'''.
The meeting '''is on''' Wednesday.
The dog '''weighs''' 70 pounds.
''Inchoative Verbs''
Inchoative verbs denote a change of state.  There is no agent mentioned or implied.  The change of state occurs naturally.
examples:
The man '''becomes''' old.
The woman '''gets happier'''.
The man '''gets''' a book.
The woman '''loses''' her husband.
The man '''spied''' a woman.
The woman '''began to hear''' a bird.
The man '''begins to smell''' the coffee.
The woman '''begins to taste''' the donut.
The man '''arrives''' home.
The child '''goes''' to bed,
The meeting '''lasted''' an hour,
The woman '''allocates''' a place for the book.
''Causative Verbs''
Causative verbs denote a change of state that is caused by an Agent.  The agent is either explicitly mentioned or implied.
examples:
Family '''makes''' the woman '''happier'''.
The woman '''gives''' the man a book.
The man '''buys''' a book.
The woman '''divorces''' her husband.
The man '''showed''' the woman a trick.
The woman '''listened''' to the bird.
The man '''sold''' a car.
The woman '''spends''' an hour in the park.
'''Overt Case Roles'''
Overt case roles are nominals that appear in the surface structure of a clause.  Overt case roles "are always present in the surface structure of simple active sentences" (Cook 1989:201).
examples:
The '''man''' saw a beautiful '''woman'''.
The '''dog''' chased a '''cat'''.
The '''salesman''' sold a '''car'''.
The '''child''' bought '''candy'''.
The '''man''' showed the '''woman''' a '''trick'''.
The '''woman''' spends an '''hour''' in the '''park'''.
'''Covert Case Roles'''
Covert case roles "are sometimes or always absent from the surface structure. Covert roles may be partially covert or totally covert.  Partially covert roles are sometimes present and sometimes absent and are called deletable roles.  Totally covert roles are roles that are never present in the surface structure despite the fact that they are part of the verb's valence.  Totally covert roles include both coreferential roles and lexicalized roles" (Cook 1989:201).
''Deletable Case Roles''
examples:
The woman is cooking ('''something''').
The man seems ('''to me''') to be sad.
Susan told me ('''something''').
Susan said something ('''to me''').
Nick sold the car ('''to somebody''').
John filled the glass ('''with water''').
John poured milk ('''into the glass''').
She told me ('''that she was sick''').
''Coreferential Case Roles''
examples:
'''John''' looked at the sunrise.
John = Agent + one who sees  Agent = Experiencer
'''George''' frightened the baby.
George = Agent + cause of the fright  Agent = Object
The '''girls''' caught 5 fish.
Catch = acquire for self  Agent = Benefactor
'''Sue''' went to New York.
Sue = Agent + moving object  Agent = Object
''Lexicalized Case Roles''
Eska does not allow lexicalized case roles.
Xagena
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