Eska: Difference between revisions

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 A clause is divided into a Proposition and a Modality.  The above sections have dealt exclusively with the Proposition.  Now we will focus on the Modality.  The Modality includes:  Modal nominals, Negative, Tense, Mood, Aspect, Voice, Performatives, Manner, Temporals, and Frequency.
-''Modal Nominals''
+'''Modal Nominals'''
 Modal Nominals are nominals that are not necessary for a clause to be grammatical.  They include: Instrument, Topic, Commitative and Modal Dative cases.
-Instrument
+''Instrument''
 The Instrument case takes the suffix -or.  It denotes an instrument or means of completing an action.  It can be a tool such as a hammer that is used to pound in a nail.  It can be a weapon used to hurt or kill someone.  It can be the method of completing an action.
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 Sac iz beldane op mano ap veg bigan husi '''brikor'''.  The man built the very big house using bricks.
-'''Topic'''
+''Topic''
 Topic can be used to indicate the "topic" of discussion.  It is marked by the suffix -ay.
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 examples:
+'''Fixay''', sac az naj plizine ta mi.  Speaking of fish, I don't like it.  (Speaking of fish, it doesn't please me.)
+''Commitative''
-Commitative
+Commitative case denotes accompaniment.  It is marked by the suffix -ar.
+examples:
+Sac iz atise xa husi '''mar'''.  She came home with me.
+''Modal Dative''
+Modal Dative case denotes a dative use that is not an argument of the verb.  It is marked by the suffix -ir.
-Commitative case denotes accompaniment.  It is marked by the suffix -ar.
+examples:
+Sac iz vidise ip mani ap misa '''parkir'''.  The man spied the woman at the park.  (Vidise is in the Experiential Domain and does not require a location.)
+Sac iz baytale op mano buka '''mir'''.  The man bought a book for me.  (Baytale is in the Benefactive Domain and does not require 'for me'.  If '''mir''' is replaced by '''mi''' then the sentence would mean:  the man bought a book from me.)
+'''Verbal Modalities'''
+''Negation''
+Negation is marked by the suffix -j.
+examples:
+naj  no, not
+''Tense''
+Tense is marked by the suffix -z.
+examples:
+az  present
+iz  past
+oz  future
+avaz  perfect
+ingaz  progressive
+botaz  prospective
+''Voice''
+Voice is marked by the suffix -b.
+examples:
+-0  active/direct
+pasib  passive
+envib  inverse
+medib  middle
+reflib  reflexive
+siprib  reciprocal
+''Aspect''
+Aspect is marked by the suffix -k.
+examples:
+trak  iterative
+bitak  habitual
+stak  inceptive
+sesak  cessative
+rizak  resumptive
+kompak  completive
+''Mood''
+Mood is marked by the suffix -x.
+examples:
+-0  indicative
+jex  subjunctive
+bligex  obligation
+ablex  ability
+lex  permissive
+surtex  certainty
+pasex  possibility
+probex  probability
+sotrex  sometimes true
+sugex  suggestive
+nesex  necessity
+evdex  evidentiality
+envex  inevitability
+eptex  acceptability
+segnex  significance
+sikwex  consequentiality
+'''Performatives'''
+Performatives take the suffix -c
 examples:
+sac  statement
+dac  imperative
+kwac  interrogative
+skac  exclamation